Fill in the Blank PEQ's Exam 2 (part 2)

In your mind, evening is related to relaxing and dinner time with a glass of wine, but not to waking up or working out. You know that each evening the sun gets low in the sky; the sky often turns red, orange, and purple; then darkness will come, and it will get cooler outside. You feel that the that the perfect evening is slightly cool but not cold and has enough clouds to make a beautiful sunset, but no so many that you cannot see the sun. Tonight, however, it is very cloudy and rainy as it get dark. You can still close your eyes and see in your mind a beautiful sunset from memory. By definition evening is the time between 5pm and 9pm, but it is quicker and easier to just look and see if it is getting dark to tell if it is evening. 1) The _______________ in this example of representations in memory is "evening" 2) The _______________ in this example of representations in memory is 3) The _______________ in this example of representations in memory is " the time between 5pm and 9pm " 4) The ________________ in this example of representations in memory is " anytime it is getting dark " 5) The _________________ in this example of representations in memory is " the sun gets low in the sky; the sky often turns red, orange, and purple; then darkness will come, and it will get cooler outside " 6) The _____________ in this example of representations in memory is " slightly cool but not cold and has enough clouds to make a beautiful sunset, but no so many that you cannot see the sun " 7) The ___________________ in this example of representations in memory is "tonight which is cloudy and rainy" 8) The __________________ in this example of representations in memory is

1) concept 2) image 3) algorithm 4) heuristic 5) schema 6) prototype 7) exemplar 8) neural network

You can close your eyes and see in your mind what a McDonald's fast food restaurant looks like. You also know that when you go there you can drive thru or go in, then read a posted menu, then tell a cashier your order, and receive your food in a paper bag. You also know that the perfect fast food restaurant always has high quality hot burgers and fries ready for a low price, but the McDonald's near you is slow and often serves cold food. By definition these restaurants should provide quick service and low cost ready-made food, but it is quicker to look for a neon sign saying "Burger" to identify one than research its pricing and type of service. In your mind, fast food is linked to greasy and not linked to nutritious. 1) The _______________ in this example of representations in memory is "fast food restaurant" 2) The ______________ in this example of representations in memory is "drive thru or go in, read posted menu, tell cashier order, get food in paper bag" 3) The ________________ in this example of representations in memory is "place that always has high quality hot burgers and fries ready for a low price" 4) The ________________ in this example of representations in memory is "the McDonald's near you" 5) The _________________ in this example of representations in memory is "restaurants that provide quick service and low cost ready-made food" 6) The _____________ in this example of representations in memory is "any place with a neon sign saying 'Burgers'" 7) The __________________ in this example of representations in memory is 8) The __________________ in this example of representations in memory is

1) concept 2) schema 3) prototype 4) exemplar 5) algorithm 6) heuristic 7) neural network 8) image

Human language has several qualities that distinguish it from the communication of other animals. First, we can talk about things that are not happening here at this moment but at some other place or time, a quality called displacement in language. Second, we can use almost any symbol ( a sound, an image, even a touch) we want for language as long as the people using it agree on the meaning of the symbol, a quality called arbitrariness in language. Also human language uses rules called syntax to combine language units. Therefore human language has many small units that can be combined, a quality called discreteness in language, and it also has a quality called duality in language because the physical stimulus produced by the rules (the surface structure) may have multiple meanings based on the rules (deep structure). Perhaps the reason why humans can produce such complicated communication is that we have a specialized part in the left frontal lobe of our brain called ________ to manage language production and the syntactic rules.

Broca's area

Each sense has its own sensory memory (the first memory stage) where information is transduced from the physical stimulus to a nervous system signal. Iconic memory is for sight. Echoic memory is for sound. _____ memory is for touch. Smell and taste also have their own, but those memories have not been given names.

Haptic

Three students are studying for biology. Tatiana is looking at pictures of anatomy but not really thinking hard about them, so she is only doing sensory processing (thinking using only the physical stimulus) of the material. Connie is reading aloud the names and locations of each body part, so she is doing somewhat deeper phonemic processing (thinking using language) of the information. Beatrice is trying to understand the relationships between the location and function of the body parts, so she is doing semantic processing (thinking at the level of meaning). _________ theory says that Beatrice will have the best memory for the class material because she thought deeply and connected the information to other knowledge in long term memory.

Levels of processing

_____ of information being stored in memory is very important for later retrieval of the information, just like putting clothes away in their correct places is important for finding all parts of an outfit when you want to get dressed later. Otherwise, information that may be stored in long term memory cannot be accessed when it is needed because it is not connected with other knowledge that is also stored in memory. When information cannot be found at the time it is needed, a type of forgetting called retrieval failure occurs.

Organization

Dreaming (which happens during _____) seems to help cognitive development. Sleeping after studying before a test improves long term memory. Going a period of time without thinking about a problem (called incubation) can help solve the problem and lead to insight when a new way of looking at a problem leads to a sudden understanding of its solution.

REM sleep

After getting hit hard on the left side of Their heads, Carl and Jeremy have acquired a loss of language ability know as an aphasia. Carl could still hear and talked (but without saying anything meaningful), but could not read or understand speech. Carl probably suffered damage to _____ in the left temporal lobe of his brain. Jeremy, on the other hand, could not talk or write, but understood what people said and could read. Jeremy probably suffered damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe of his brain.

Wernicke's area

Jeremy and Paul have had brain damage and acquire a loss of language ability called aphasia. Jeremy suffered damage to a part of the left temporal lobe of his brain between the auditory cortex and the visual cortex. Nowhe cannot understand what people say but he can still talk even though he makes no sense. Jeremy probably has suffered damage to Wernicke's Area. Paul, on the other hand, suffered damage to a part of the left frontal lobe of his brain near the motor cortex for his mouth. Now Paul cannot speak or write, but understands what other people say. Paul probably has suffered damage to Broca's Area .

Wernicke's area

These user manual for the lawnmower has step-by-step instructions for adding oil to the machine. These fool-proof, although complicated instructions for maintaining the machine are a(n) _____ to keep the lawn mower running well. A heuristic like "mix a little oil into the gas each time you fill the lawn mower" may be quicker and easier to use to solve the problem, but it also may fail to work.

algorithm

Memory is sometimes compared to a computer because memory must encode information, that is get information in to it with sense organs like a keyboard gets information into a computer. Memory must also store information, that is keep it for use at a later time like a computer saves information on its hard drive. Finally information must to retrieved from memory when it is needed, like a computer file must be opened when it is needed. Unlike a computer, however, human memory can select what information gets paid _____ to because it has a central executive that can choose how to direct mental resources while a computer has no such ability to choose what information it wants to process.

attention

Baby Billy is 7 months old. He does not know any words yet, but he loves to "talk" to people using a repetitive string of consonant vowel syllables, e.g. gaga, boobooboo, teetee. This stage of language development is called ____ and it comes after the cooing stage when babies make breathy vowels sounds but no consonants. Billy will be almost 2 year old, however, before he speaks his first very short sentences using telegraphic speech.

babbling

Subcortical brain structures are important for long term memory. The hippocampus is a structure that allows people to store new memories, especially explicit (declarative memory) that a person can say that they know. The amygdala is also involved in memory, especially for emotional memories like fear. Another limbic system structure called the _____ works with the cerebellum in the brain stem to store procedural memory (how to perform some action) which is part of implicit (nondeclarative memory).

basal ganglia

Household furnishings is a general level for the category (grouping of related concepts) of stuff people own. Therefore it is at the superordinate level. At a very specific level things like: loveseat, recliner, expensive china, cooking utensils, and grandfather clock form subordinate levels. However, people mostly think about the world using middle level groups like furniture, dishes, and clocks called ______.

basic level categories

Unless you read Hebrew, when you are asked to remember how to spell a brand new word you can much more easily remember the spelling of words using the Latin alphabet (the ABCs) than using the Hebrew alphabet גב‎א . This increase in memory reflect the fact that you can use _____ to combine the lines, curves, and dots of Latin letters so each letter is one unit of information, but each line, curve, or dot of a Hebrew letter is its own unit of information. Short term memory, or working memory, is only able to hold the magic number 7 (5 to 9) of these units of information, but there is not limit of the size of the unit as long as you can combine the information in a meaningful way to you.

chunking

The boss at Sellalot Marketing has assigned you to a group that needs to develop many ways to sell a new product called a Thing-A-Magigger. Your group needs to use divergent thinking to come up with as many ideas as possible about how to sell this product. Using ________ (also called epistemic cognition) will let your group appreciate the perspectives of different buyers and design marketing strategies to sell to the people with different needs and goals. You will also need to use relativistic thinking to evaluate each way of selling Thing-A-Magiggers as better or worse based on many factors like cost, effectiveness, time needed, etc.

dialectical reasoning

Donald is taking a test of creativity. Instead of getting questions with one correct answer like "How many inches are in a foot?" he is asked open ended questions with many possible answers like "How many words can you create using only the letters a, e, h, t, and r if you can reuse letters multiple times and do not have to use all 5 letters in every word?" This test requires Donald to use _____ rather than convergent thinking.

divergent thinking

Riba and Kevin are having an argument over how to play a video game. Kevin, who uses ______, insists that the only right way is to follow the rules to win all the challenges in the game and that all other ways of playing are wrong. Riba, who uses relativistic thinking, says that people with different perspectives can have different goals. The best way to play the game depends on the person's goals (e.g. exploring a new world, defeating monsters, collecting coins, or enjoying the graphics). Riba is able to use dialectical reasoning (also called epistemic cognition), but Kevin seems unable to do so.

dualistic thinking

Teddy remembers the first day he rode a horse very clearly. He can relate the event as if he is reliving it and he can tell you the facts he learned about horses that day too, because in explicit (declarative) memory, ____ for events and semantic memory for facts work together to form the autobiographical memory of Teddy's life.

episodic memory

When Zelma was younger, she always thought that information had to be totally true or totally false because she used dualistic thinking. Now that she is a more experienced adult, Zelma can see that even seemingly contradictory positions can be valid. It just depends on a person's perspective which position is better or worse. Zelma has this ability to use relativistic thinking like this because she has developed dialectical reasoning also know as ________.

epistemic cognition

Craig is super big, 6' 4" and 280 pounds of all muscle. When he tells people that he is an athlete, people guess he plays football because the representativeness heuristic leads people to assuming big muscular guys who are close to the prototype of an ideal football player are more likely to be a football player than a(n) ____________ of another sport. In fact Craig is a swimmer.

exemplar

While Betsy's stuffed spiny sea urchin may be far from the ideal prototype of a stuffed animal, it fits into the algorithm, or definition, or a stuffed animal because it is a plush toy filled with stuffing. Therefore Betsy's spiny sea urchin still qualifies as a(n) ____ of a stuffed animal because it is one instance of this concept.

exemplar

Positive psychology has found that work that is challenging enough to meet a person's skill level can provide a sense of well-being. When people's attention becomes focused on meaningful work they can get "in the zone" and experience______ (being so engrossed in the work that other needs become negligible).

flow

Clarita, who is 14 years old, is very good at intuitively operating her smart phone (much better than her grandmother), because the logical thinking that requires little prior knowledge known as _____ is often very good in younger people and tends to decline with age. Clarita's grandmother, on the other hand, is better at remembering phones numbers and addresses for family members than Clarita, because this crystallized intelligence which requires specific learned information is usually just as good or even better for older people than for young people.

fluid intelligence

Bran needs a hammer to fix a nail that is pulling out of fence around his backyard. He goes to his work bench and finds a large wrench, a screw driver, and a crow bar, but no hammer. Because of _____ which prevents Bran from considering using a tool for anything other than its most common function in his schema (mental concept of what the tool does) and his mental set of having always used a hammer to fix the fence in the past, Bran is having difficulty with problem solving. Bran cannot figure how to fix the nail by hitting it with the wrench or using the screwdriver and crow bar to rig up a machine to press the nail back into the fence. Bran needs to use divergent thinking to generate multiple solutions to his problem instead of sticking to convergent thinking which makes him look for one correct answer.

functional fixedness

Carol is connecting her new blue ray player to her television. She uses the instruction manual to follow precise steps that are guaranteed to work if she follows them correctly. Carol is using an algorithm to solve the problem of how to connect her blue ray player. Bill is less patient and uses a simpler, but more error prone, method of plugging the wires into whatever slot is the same color as the plug. Bill is using a heuristic to solve the problem of how to connect her blue ray player. Greg simply cannot connect the blue ray player because his concept for blue ray player has a schema that is simply something you put discs into and has no representation of something with plugs and wires. Greg is suffering from _________, where he cannot think of different ways to use his device.

functional fixedness

Traditional intelligence tests attempt to measure one underlying factor that can predict a person's overall ability to learn and process information called g, or _____. However, these tests have proved to be difficult to develop so that they have both reliability, the quality of giving consistent measurements over repeated use of the test, and validity, the quality of truly reflecting intelligence and not culture or other factors. Because of these problems researchers like Howard Gardener have proposed that people have multiple intelligences, and every person had areas in which they perform very well and other areas where they do not do as well.

general intelligence

Traditionally theories of mental ability such as Spearman's G have focused on measuring a single underlying factor that measured ability to learn, solve problem, and think called_____. More recent theories developed by psychologists such as Gardener focus on measuring many abilities that a person may have in order to determine the relative strengths and weaknesses each person has in various ways of thinking. These multiple intelligence theories can account for savant abilities where a person who has severe cognitive disabilities can also be gifted in other areas like music or math.

general intelligence

While Spearman's theory of intelligence said that people have just a limited amount of_________ called G, they can take some G and devote it to a specific intelligence like athletic ability or linguistic ability. Thurstone said that intelligence is much more flexible and G can be rotated among seven primary mental abilities (PMAs) depending on what a person is doing. Other theories say everyone has more than just one type of intelligence. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence has three types (analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Gardner's multiple intelligences theory describes at least 8 different types of intelligence and says every person is better at some and less skilled with others.

general intelligence

The word "unoiled" has 7 letters (u, n, o, i, l, e,d) - each called a(n) _________ ; 5 speech sounds (/ǝ/, /n/, /oy/, /l/, /d/) - each called a phoneme ; and 3 units of meaning (un-, oil, and -ed) - each called a morpheme. All these units are combined together using the rules of language called syntax. Because language has these multiple levels the surface structure (physical stimulus) of language may have multiple meanings because of different relationships between units in the deep structure (rules connecting units). This is called the quality of duality in language.

grapheme

Leo is a tall and thin. When he tells people that he is an athlete, people guess he plays basket ball because the representativeness ____ leads people to assuming tall thin people who are close to the prototype of a basket ball player are more likely to be one than an exemplar of a different sport. In fact Leo is a wrestler.

heuristic

Pavlov's dogs learned to salivated to the sound of a bell because the association learned through classical conditioning between the bell and food was stored in _____, the nondeclarative division of long term memory. If the dogs could speak they may not be able to tell us that they remember an association between bells and food, but we know that they do remember it because of how they behave. If dogs could state that they know the fact that bells mean food is on the way, then we would say dogs have that fact stored in semantic memory, a part of explicit (declarative) memory.

implicit memory

One reason that distributed practice, or studying a little bit at a time with rest breaks, improves memory is that it reduces _____ in long term memory (permanent storage of information) where material learned before or after some new information prevents retrieval of that new information when it is needed.

interference

Sammy is very good at understanding his own feelings and those of people around him. Daniel Goleman would say Sammy has very good emotional intelligence which exists alongside of traditional types of intelligence. Howard Gardener's multiple intelligences theory would say that Sammy's ability actually reflects two types of intelligence - ___________ which is his ability to understand his own feelings and interpersonal intelligence which is his ability to understand other people.

intrapersonal intelligence

Carol has played "For Elise" on the piano so many times that she can now do it without even thinking about her playing. In fact, she cannot easily describe how she moves her fingers to hit the correct piano keys while she is playing. This fact suggests that Carol has a procedural memory (muscle memory) in the division of _____ called implicit memory that allows her to perform the actions; however she does not have a very good explicit (declarative memory) that would allow her to state in words exactly what those actions are.

long term memory

Jeff is taking his test in history and must write a paragraph about the battle of Yorktown during the American Revolution. In order to write this essay, Jeff must recall information about this battle that is in the semantic memory, factual knowledge division, of _____ when all information a person knows is kept for permanent storage. However, Jeff has no autobiographical memory for the battle of Yorktown since eff was not even alive when that battle took place.

long term memory

Jeremiah is trying to memorize a long list of vocabulary words, but he never is able to to recall the words in the middle of the list even though he does remember the first few words, which were the first words to be stored in _____, and the last couple of words in the list, which were probably still in Jeremiah's short term memory. This pattern of remembering the beginning and end of a list is common and called the Serial Position Effect. It is cause by proactive interference which means memory of the first few words interferes with newer information and retroactive interference which means memory of the last few words interferes with older information

long term memory

Mnemonics are memory tricks that can help you remember information by connecting it to other concepts (mental representations in memory) in long term memory. Some types of these tricks are using an acronym to link the initials of what you want to remember to a particular word or phrase. Another called _____ links new information to a familiar location. A third one links new information to a song so that the music or rhyme can help memory. A fourth one, called the keyword method, uses images to help connect information.

method of loci

Changing the prefix on a word from un- to re-, like changing "undo" to "redo," changes the meaning of the word because although un- is not a complete word it is a(n) _____ which is the smallest unit of meaning. The rules of syntax describe how people combine these units of language to create meaningful communication (the semantic level).

morpheme

Grant's dog is obviously very sick, and Grant is afraid the dog has cancer. Grant says he is going to take the dog to the vet, but he has missed three appointments so far. He says the appointment just slips his mind, but likely he is not remembering because of ______. Grant does not really want to go to the vet because he is afraid to hear if his dog really does have cancer.

motivated forgetting

Jessica just took and intelligence test, but her results did not tell her she was smarter than some percent of other people. Instead the test told her that she had very high musical and intrapersonal intelligence and relative low linguistic and logical intelligence. Jessica most likely did not take a standard IQ test that measures general intelligence, but a test of _____ which looks at a person's relative strengths and weaknesses in learning and thinking.

multiple intelligences

The Flynn effect is the fact that raw (not standardized) scores on IQ test have been steadily increasing since the 1950's. However, the average IQ score for people has remained at 100 because today these score are ______. That means the raw scores are transformed so that the top 2% of people will always be categorized as "geniuses" with IQs over 130, the bottom 2% will always be considered "disabled" with IQs less than 70, and the vast majority of people 96% will have IQs between 70 and 130.

normalized

Psychologist with a biological perspective and functionalist perspective use the fact that children have a similar level of intelligence as their parents to suggest that nature (inborn qualities) affects a person's IQ. However, psychologist from a sociocultural perspective point out that IQ is also influence by family experiences (like birth order and parental expectations), socioeconomic class (relative wealth and work prospects), toxins (like lead and mercury), and _________ (the amount and quality of food eaten) and therefore, nurture (the effect of experiences) also impacts IQ.

nutrition

The word "achingly" has 8 letters (a, c, h, i, n, g, l, y) - each called a grapheme ; 6 speech sounds (/e/, /k/, / ĭ /, /ŋ/, /l/, /i/) - each called a(n) _____ ; and 3 units of meaning (ache, -ing, and -ly) - each called a morpheme. All these units are combined together using the rules of language called syntax. Because language has these multiple levels the surface structure (physical stimulus) of language may have multiple meanings because of different relationships between units in the deep structure (rules connecting units). This is called the quality of duality in language.

phoneme

Professor Oblivious is your traditional absent minded professor who seems clueless about everyday life and he is also terrible at art and music despite being a genius in his field of science. According the Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Professor Oblivious has very good analytic intelligence (book smarts), but poor _________ intelligence (street smarts) and creative intelligence (musical and artistic ability).

practical

Gretchen works at the information desk at the mall. When a customer asks her "Do you know where Starbucks is located?" she does not answer simply "Yes, I do." Because top-down processing allows her to use contextual cues called _______ to understand the semantics (level of meaningful communication) that customer is not really questioning Gretchen's knowledge, but actually wants directions to Starbucks.

pragmatics

Top-down processing affects memory in a way that can be explained by neural network/spreading activation models of long term memory. ____ studies have shown that people are faster to read, more accurate at recognition, and better able to recall words if they are presented in pairs of related words such as rain-wet or fast-slow because the first word can serve as a cue to help remember the second word.

priming

Rebecca's bathtub just overflowed and she needs to mop up the water; however she cannot find her mop. In her closet she finds an old cotton blanket, a few beach towels, and her father's wet/dry vacuum. Because of functional fixedness which prevents Rebecca from considering using a tool for anything other than its most common function in her schema (mental concept of what the tool does) and her mental set of having always used a mop to clean up spilled water in the past, Rebecca is having difficulty with ________. She cannot figure how to soak up water with the blanket or beach towels or use the wet/dry vac to suck up the water.

problem solving

Karen knows how to knit. She knits all the time. However, she finds that when she tries to explain how to knit to her cousin, she cannot really say how she actually moves her needles to make the nice even stitches that she makes while knitting. This effect demonstrates that while Karen has the process of knitting in her ____, a type of implicit or non-declarative memory that stores knowledge of how to perform actions, she does not have that knowledge in semantic memory, aka declarative memory.

procedural memory

Whenever Cary goes to the beach he always compares it to the beach in Wildwood, NJ with its large sandy shore, a wooden boardwalk with shops and game, the amusement park on the pier, and the ampithreatre overlooking the ocean. The beach in Wildwood is Cary's ideal, most perfect beach. In his mind this beach is the _____ for the concept of beaches.

prototype

Five employees at a fast food restaurant are asked "What menu item is ordered the most often at this store?" Pedro loves the cheesy fries and feel good about them so he uses the affect heuristic to quickly answer "cheesy fries." Karlo just filled an order for a chocolate milk shale as so quickly thinks of shakes and uses the availability heuristic to quickly answer "milk shakes." Cassie thinks that burgers are the prototype for fast food and uses the representativeness heuristic to quickly answer "hamburgers." Sharon is look at the menu at the time and notices side salads first, so she uses the ________to quickly answer "salads." The manager, however, gets the correct answer by using the algorithm of looking up the sales for the last month and seeing that sweet tea is ordered twice as often as any other item on the menu.

recognition heuristic

Eye witness testimony is not always accurate because human beings do not actually store in long term memory every detail of what they experience. Instead, salient details unique to one event are stored in memory and when people recall what happened the use ____ to fit those details into a schema that is a general outline of similar events. Therefore top-down processing encourages people to remember what they expect would happen rather than what really happened at a certain time.

reconstruction

Maria just got her new locker combination. Until she gets some paper and pencil to write it down she keeps saying it over and over to herself. This ____ keeps the new information active in short term memory until she can organize it well enough to put it into long term memory, or just write it down on paper.

rehearsal

A good intelligence test should actually measure a person's ability to learn and think, i.e. it should have validity, and the scores the test give should not change dramtically each time you take the test, i.e. it should have _____. Traditional intelligence tests have had trouble with these requirements, partially because they are culturally specific. WEIRD Men from WEIRD (males from white, educate, industrialized, rich, democratic societies) score better on the test because the test were written from the perspective of these men.

reliability

Several basketball fans were discussing what profession basketball player has made the most career free throws. Desiree decides to consult the NBA records in order to be sure to get a correct answer (Karl Malone) because she uses a longer but more accurate way to solve the problem called a algorithm. Meanwhile her friends use quick rules of thumb to make easier, but less accurate decisions. Pete just read an article about Magic Johnson and so easily thinks of Magic. So Pete uses the availability heuristic and answers that it is Magic Johnson. Amanda thinks Michael Jordan is the perfect, prototypical basketball player and chooses him based on the _______ heuristic. Jarvis does not know the names of many NBA players, so using the recognition heuristic guesses LeBron James just because Jarvis actually recognizes LeBron James as the name of a basketball player. Larry idolizes Larry Bird and so uses the affect heuristic to answer Larry Bird because it makes him feel good to think that he and the record holder share a name.

representativeness

____ of information from long term memory can be measured two ways. Both of the measures test how well you can get information out of memory when you need it (i.e. remember) but recall (when you have to come up with the information all on your own) tends to be harder because fewer cues are available to help locate the information you want to remember than on recognition tests like multiple choice where all you need to do is pick out what information you learned.

retrieval

Brian expects snakes to feel slimy and wet because his concept of snake in memory includes a(n) ____ for snakes, or an outline of what snakes do and are, that goes: "Snakes are long and scaly; they squirm around on the ground; and they can bite you and inject poison." Carl expects snakes to feel smooth and dry because his conceptual outline for snakes is very different and includes: "Snakes have smooth dry tight fitting scales that allow them to slide along the ground and catch bugs, mice, and other pests for food."

schema

Carol is going to the grocery store. She knows that she will need to push a buggy through the store because she has stored in long term memory a(n) _____ for grocery shopping that says "first you park, then you get a buggy from the parking lot or near the door, the you push the buggy up and down the aisles putting food in to it, then you unload the buggy at the check out and a bagger puts it into bags. you pay and take your bags of food to the car." Carol also has stored in procedural memory the knowledge of how to push a cart without running into people, but she cannot really explain how she does it because this knowledge is in implicit (nondeclarative) memory and not in explicit (declarative) memory.

schema

Eye witnesses at Bear Lake swear they saw a boat out on the lake yesterday, even though it was actually a floating animal food trough in the dark of the evening. One reason mistakes like this happen is that people do not actually store exact pictures of events in long term memory. Instead, salient details unique to one event are stored and when people recall what happened, they use reconstruction to fit those details into a(n) _______ that is a general outline of similar events. Therefore top-down processing encourages people to remember what they expect would happen rather than what really happened at a certain time.

schema

While working on a challenging, but not overwhelming project, for her favorite class, Steph gets "into the zone" where she experiences intense focused attention on the project so that she hardly notices time passing and very little self-consciousness (an awareness of other people evaluating her). Positive psychology calls this experience flow and says that it promotes a good life by providing a person with high _________ (a person's own assessment of their ability to do something), achievement (a psychological need to feel accomplished), and a sense of personal control (ability to regulate your own situation).

self-efficacy

Becky can explain to you the exact difference between a reptile and an amphibian, because after studying the classes of animals in her science class she has stored all the facts about animal classification in her long term memory (permanent storage of information) the division of explicit (declarative) memory known as ____ that is dedicated to storage of facts without regard to the situation when the facts were first learned. She does not remember the exact events that happened during each class period, however, because those details were not stored in the division of memory known as episodic memory that is dedicated to storage of events rather than facts.

semantic memory

After images of sights we have seen fade almost instantaneously because even though the capacity of iconic memory (____ for vision) is very large, information in this stage of memory disappears quickly unless it is paid attention to and encoded into short term (working) memory. Similarly, information in haptic memory for touch and echoic memory for sound also fades very quickly.

sensory memory

The Modal Model of Memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin breaks memory down into three separate systems. Information first enters sensory memory (iconic memory for sight, echoic memory for hearing, haptic memory for touch, or another memory specific to the sensation) where it is perceived. If that information is paid attention to, it is encoded into ________ (working memory) where conscious thought occurs. Well-organized information is permanently stored in long term memory for retrieval when it is needed in the future.

short term memory

Katie is two years old and starting to say her first 2 word sentences like "give milk" and "doggy dirty." These first sentences are called _____ because the sentences leave out all inessential words like "the," "is," and "to" and use primarily nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Katie also creates words that adults never use like "thinked" and "teethes." The fact that Katie can so quickly and easily create new statements supports Noam Chomsky's cognitive perspective explanation that human beings are born with a Universal Grammar and a Language Acquisition Device. A behaviorist perspective that language is learned through conditioning just cannot explain how human's easily learn language.

telegraphic speech

While you are listening and watching a video of your last birthday party, your short term memory (working memory) is using multiple ways to process the information in the video. The phonological loop processes the sounds and language your hear. The ______ processes the images you see. The episodic buffer connects the video to your memories of the event. The central executive coordinates the actions of all these processes.

visuospatial sketchpad

Will is 10 years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisestablishmentarianism. He realizes that he can group the letters into units like "anti", "dis", "establish", and so forth rather than trying to remember 28 unrelated letters. This process is called chunking. By using this method he can increase the capacity (amount of information that can be held) in his short term memory, which is also called _______

working memory