Final

When some paleoanthropologists classify Neandertals as Homo neanderthalensis, they are implying that these people were: a) in a different species from modern humans b) a different variety of modern humans c) not humans

A

Which of the following statements is true of the Cro-Magnon people of Europe? a) They probably migrated into Europe from elsewhere. b) They were the first people to migrate into the Americas. c) They eliminated the Neandertals within a thousand years of coming into contact with them.

A

What is a doula?

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth. non medical profession labor coach

(La Ferraisie) France, (Feldhofer )Germany, (Amud Kebara) Israel, (Shanidar) Iraq 150-30 kya -large brain (1250-1700 cc) -big nose, midfacial prognathism -rounded oval shaped braincase -stocky and muscular -descended from H heidelbergensis

Archaic homo: H. nanderthalensis

Who has a larger brain H. Heidelbergensis or H.erectus

H. heidelbergensis

What species made oldowan tools

H.habilis

True or False: Recent studies suggest that neanderthals contributed to the genomes of modern europeans and asians, but not modern africans.

True

H. heidelbergensis characteristics (3)

broad face, and interorbital distance, thick brow

Both the regional continuity and the replacement models of modern human evolution accept that: a) all humans have their ultimate roots in Africa b) The immediate ancestor of modern humans were archaic Homo sapiens c) a and b d) none of the above

c

Taung Child

africanis - lots of controversy skull of a young Australopithecus africanus. Brain size is similar to chimp : physically tiny Bipedal ,controversy b/c missing link but failed expectations → thought it would have a large brain

A.Anamensis, evolved into Lucy due to

angensis

Levallois flakes were intended to be: a) waste flakes produced in the process of manufacturing stone hand axes b) preforms for making specialized tools c) neither of the above

b

the Neandertals apparently were the first humans to: a) adapt to subarctic conditions b) make stone tipped spears for hunting c) paint animals on the walls of caves d) a and b e) none of the above

d

pair-bonding

one male and one female

Where are denisovans from?

asia

true or false Of all the hominids to evolve in Africa, Homo sapiens were the only ones to move into Europe and Asia.

false

Where part of the world did art appear. What kind of behavior was art?

(40 kya ) various parts of the world symbolic behavior

Identify the species by there Characteristics - 640-200 kya -1150- 1250 cc (larger than h erectus) -broad face and interorbital distance, thick brow that gets thinner laterally -who H sapiens possibly evolved from - includes european fossils -petralona, arago, mauer (european fossil), kabwe, bodo (african fossil), Dali (asia)

H.Heidelbergensis

What species did Eugene Dubois Discover outside Africa. 1.H.heidelbergensis 2.)Homo Erectus 3.)Neandertals 4.)Denisovans

Homo Erectus

Hominid Time Line

Modern( top) --- Earlier( bottom) PLEISTOCENE Homo sapiens (modern humans, Neanderthals and speech) heidelbergensis (clothes,cooking) homo erectus (fire use, exit Africa) Home Habilis PLIOCENE (stone tools somewhere in middle) Australopithecus (earliest bipedal) ardipithecus Hominini (Chimp split) Orrorin MIOCENE Sahelnathropus (gorilla Split) (earlier apes

Where have Homo heidelbergensis and other archaic Homo sapiens fossils not been found? a) Africa b) Europe c) Asia d) North America

D

Grandma Hypothesis

a hypothesis to explain the existence of menopause in human life history by identifying the adaptive value of extended kin networking. - female reproductive output as a function of expected adult life span -grandma providing wisdom to enhance the success of the offspring

the Lower Paleolithic includes which of the following tool making traditions? a) Oldowan b) Oldowan and Acheulian c) Acheulian d) Acheulian and Mousterian

b

Which of the following physical traits are characteristic of modern humans but not of Neandertals? a) heavy, protruding brow ridges b) low, sloping forehead c) pointed chins

c

Leaving Africa: Put it in chronological order Georgia, jave, Europe, afria ,asia

Afria- 1.8 mya Georgia- 1.7 mya Java (south asia)_ 1.6-1.8 mya Asia- 1.6-1.2 mya Europe- 1.0 mya

According to mitochondrial DNA studies, the greatest amount of genetic variability is found in populations from A. africa B. Indonesia C. Western Europe

Africa

What is this definition species formation without branching of the evolutionary line of descent.

Angensis

What is the correct Neanderthal sizes? 1)males about 6'5 weighing around 200 pounds -females- 5'3 weighing 110 lbs. -chest- barrel shaped -forearm and shin and limbs were long -characteristics helped in hot areas -bones and joints were all smaller meaning they had a physically demanding life -small body , muscular, and powerful -pubic bone- behind pelvis 2) males about 5'6 weighing around 140 pounds -females- 5'3 weighing 110 lbs. -chest- barrel shaped -forearm and shin and limbs were short -characteristics helped in cold areas -bones and joints were all bigger meaning they had a physically demanding life -large, muscular, and powerful -pubic bone- in front of pelvis

Choice 2.

Difference between Embodied Capital theory and Grandma Hypothesis. Hint (Men Hunting)

Grandma Hypothesis states that showing off motivates men to hunt Embodied capital theory states parental investment motivates men to hunt

What are two Acheulean tools 1) Hand Axes / Cleavers 2)Blades / stones 3) flakes / Stones 4) teeth / claws

Hand Axes and Cleavers

Identify the species by there characteristics. -temporal trend toward larger brain (650- 1150 cc) -Supraorbital torus, -supraorbital sulcus -sagittal keel -angled occipital with occipital torus, - thick cranial bone, -orthognathic, -smaller teeth/jaw -Robust but modern postcranial skeleton

Homo Erectus

who was the handyman or the skilled human?

Homo Habilis

What do we know about modern humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) based on fossil and DNA evidence? (4)

Homo neanderthalensis lived all across Europe and parts of Asia, but only Homo sapiens spread into North and South America. Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis lived on Earth at the same time. The two species evolved from a common ancestor. Many Homo sapiens living today share genes with Homo neanderthalensis.

Modern humans, or___________ are the only ________ species living today. They first appeared about ________ years ago in ________________.

Homo sapiens Hominid 200,000 africa

True or false Chimp is NOT a common ancestor of the humans we share a LAST common ancestor

True

True or False Archaic Homo sapiens fossils display several primitive features found in geologically older hominids (e.g., Homo erectus).

True Archaic H. sapiens exhibits many features seen in older hominids such as Homo erectus (a heavy browridge for example).

Heavy wear on Neandertals' incisor teeth has led some scientists to conclude that Neandertals used their front teeth as a A).A Hunting tool B). A third hand C) A third foot D) scavenging tool

as a kind of third hand for gripping materials. Neandertals have very heavy wear on their front incisors, which suggests that they were using their front teeth as tools

The genetic evidence for a "mitochondrial Eve" best fits the ________________ model. a) regional continuity b) replacement c) neither of the above

b

compared to modern Europeans, Neandertals were generally: a) taller b) heavier boned and more muscular c) less able to walk bipedally d) a and b

b

which of the following evidence has been put forward recently in support of the contention that Neandertals were members of the same species as Homo sapiens? a) The fact that there are no anatomical differences between modern humans and Neandertalss b) The discovery that 1-4% of the DNA in modern Europeans and Asians came from Neandertal c) neither of the above

b

Which of the following statements is true of human evolution? a) All parts of the human body evolved simultaneously into our modern form. b) The human brain increased to the modern size by 2.5 million years ago. c) There was a period of little or no growth in the human brain size beginning around 1.8 million years ago, lasting until about 800,000 years ago.

c

Neanderthal bodies are typical of ___________ populations. 1) Moist adapted 2)warm adapted 3) cold adapted 4) dry adapted

cold-adapted A number of Neandertal features (shorter distal limb segments, a large nasal aperture) are thought to be an adaptation to a cold climate. Larger nasal cavity

Which of the following statements is true of the Cro-Magnon people? a) They were a late Neandertal population in Western Europe. b) Their skeletons generally were lighter than the Neandertals. c) They were similar in appearance to modern Europeans. d) b and c

d

Which of the following statements is true of the Neandertals? a) They hunted big game animals rather than only scavenged dead ones. b) At times, they ate each other. c) They intentionally buried their own dead. d) all of the above

d

Doula Study

looked @ maternal interaction w/ newborn needed 20 uncomplicated vaginal deliveries took way more women without Doulas to get 20 uncomplicated deliveries.

position of the larynx(humans)

lower in humans/expansion of pharynx -allows for greater variety of sounds -tradeoff: greater risk of choking

Neanderthal Admixture

neanderthal common ancestor breaks into neanderthal and homo sapiens h. sapiens break into french, chinese, papuan, yoruba and san very limited interbreeding w neanderthals and h sapiens.

Encephalization Quotient (EQ)

***the ratio of the actual brain size of a species to its expected brain size based on a statistical regression of brain to body size based on a large number of species observed brain size/ expected brain size for typical mammal of same body size humans have big brains based on body size neanderthals had big enough brains to fit w modern human range, but EQ is lower bc they had larger bodies

(biped) Foramen Magnum

- Feature of cranial bipedalism position anteriorly at base of skull, in humans in the middle inferiorly

Lucy Characteristics

-decreased pragmatism, decreased anterior teeth, and dental arcade shifts to U-shaped then parabolic

life history traits (7)

-gestation length -number and size of offspring -age at weaning -age at first reproduction -age at full adult size -length of reproductive period -average lifespan

hominin evolution (5) *think of characteristics *brainsize * is there a CP3 *body size *canine size *where are most hominins found * how is there diet?

-larger brains -loss of CP3 -larger body size but low canine size -most found in Africa -higher quality and more nutrient dense foods

Time line from 60-25 kya

-modern humans leave africa 60kya and migrate to europe 45kya -neanderthals persist until 25kya -modern h sapiens tropically adapted -neanderthals cold adapted -glacial maximum (cold) b/w 40-20 kya tropically adapted species replaced cold adapted species (neanderthals) at height of an ice age

unique human cognitive processes

-position of the larynx -speech and the brain -reconstruction of size of hypoglossal -importance of communication -language as an adaptation

What is present in modern humans. (9)

-presence of chin -teeth reduction and face reduction -angle between face and neurocranium-basicranial flexion -canine fossa-depression above canines -larger mastoid process in humans -small to no brow ridge in humans -small or no occipital torus -tall, short cranium -reduction in robusticity(thinner bones)

language as an adaptation

-replacement for grooming -social group size replaced with grooming: allows social groups to expand -you can talk about individuals who aren't there

Post cranial features of bipedalism

-valgus knee -curved pelvis -characteristics of foot -stout hallux -bipedalism being more efficient -shape of proximal femur and cortical bone

What is the Human Life History (7)

1. Big brain 2. Extended Juvenile period 3. Multiple dependent young 4. Menopause 5. Specialization in High quality foods. 6. Male Provisioning 7. Sexual Division of Labor

Replacement Hypothesis: FOSSILS

1. Fossils intermediate between archaic and modern humans will be found only in Africa. 2. Fossil species should overlap for a period of time as modern humans move into an area before replacing local hominins. -supported by fossil evidence -correct hypthesis ** SUPPORTED **

1) speech and the brain(humans) 2) importance of communication in humans

1. a symmetric Broca's area(speech) in homo erectus(evolution of language) -Wernicke's area(speech comprehension -hypoglossal nerve(tongue control) 2.lips and facial representation

Multiregional hypothesis: FOSSILS

1. fossiles intermediate b/w archaic and modern humans would have to be found in every region 2. fossil types (species) will not overlap as all are part of a single evolving lineage -Neither of these are followed so it can't be supported ** NOT SUPPORTED **

Mutliregional hypothesis (regional genetic variation)

1. gen variation will be greatest in eurasian pops bc gene flow is greatest there -NOT met -NOT Supported

What are Neanderthal characteristics? (9) 1. large or small cranial capacity 2. short or long vault.---- low or high vault 3.what kind of cheeks is there a canine fossa 4. what kind of prognathism 5. is there a chin? 6.is there an occipital bun

1.double arched brow ridges 2. large cranial capacity 3. long, low vault 4. inflated cheeks w/out canine fossa 5.midface projection 6.no chin 7.occipital bun 8.juxtamastoid eminence 9.shovel-like incisors

What is volume of the human brain

1300 cc

when was the first human fossil found in Africa?

160 kya

When did Neanderthals disappear?

25 kya

Cro-Magnon Characteristics (4) *NICKNAME *ROBUST OR GRACILE *BIG OR SMALL FACE *BIG OR SMALL BRAINCASE

27 kyo "old man" gracile small face large and bulbous braincase

Refer back to the seven different human life history list. Which one out of the seven can this fall under: -Lengthened juvenile period and multiple dependents -Primate Infants after weaning -Humans Infants after weaning

3. multiple dependent young

Refer back to the seven different human life history list. Which one out of the seven can this fall under: Depletion of ovarian follicles to the point of reproductive cessation

4.Menopause

Refer back to the seven different human life history list. Which TWO out of the seven can this fall under: Grandmother Hypothesis explain.

4.Menopause 6. & male provisioning What motivates mens hunting→ showing off-Male provisioning Peak production of women is post- menopause

Refer back to the seven different human life history list. Which one out of the seven can this fall under: - < 5% of mammalian males involved in parental care - Altricial young -Embodied Capital Theory

6. Male Provisioning

Refer back to the seven different human life history list. Which one out of the seven can this fall under: -Men's specialization in hunted meat -Women's specialization in gathering and childcare

7. sexual division of labor

Lucy is classified as 1)A. Anamensis 2)A.Afarensis 3)A. Sediba

A.afarensis

Where are H. Rhodesinesis from?

Africa

what may represent H.heidelbegensis and H.rhodesiensis? 1)Neanderthals. 2)Homo sapiens 3)Archaic H Sapiens.

Archaic H sapiens.

Evolution of Bipedalism

Associated with dramatic climate change throughout africa Energetics : less energetically expensive than quadrupedalism for moving between places

what was the earliest homo similar to?

Australopithecus

How were the first modern humans (Homo sapiens) different from any other hominid species? A) They used and controlled fire. B) They had large brains. C) They used symbolic thought. D) They used tools. E) They lived outside of Africa.

C

Which of the following statements is true of Neandertals? a) Their brains were smaller on average than the brains of modern humans. b) They had pointed chins like most modern Homo sapiens. c) They had relatively large brow ridges and noses.

C

The basic idea of hominins

Change of species and fossil record over time ex. changes in prognathism

What are the best known early modern humans from europe?

Cro magnon

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Neandertals? a) They died out before the first modern humans evolved. b) They were not related to the archaic Homo sapiens. c) They were not related to Homo erectus. d) none of the above

D

Modern Homo sapiens

Earliest appearance: -Herto, Omo in Africa; - Skhul, Qafzeh in Israel. ****160 kya until present**** Technologically sophisticated Colonizes world, only extant hominin (but remember H. floresiensis!) Art is symbolism

use of Acheulean tools were during.. (1.76 may -250 kya)

Early Stone Age or Lower paleolithic

What was the first Neanderthal discovered (In belgium) 1) Lucy 2) Bergmann 3) Engis Child 4) H.Neanderthalensis

Engis Child (young boy was 2- 3 years old)

When humans left Africa (60 kya) where did they go.

Europe 45 kya

True or False The Replacement and multiregional hypothesis for "regional genetic continuity" are all supported.

FALSE BOTH UNKOWN = NOT SUPPORTED Multiregional--> archaics and neanderthals will have passed some of their genes to modern descendants ( modern europeans) -UNKNOWN -- NOT SUPPORTED Replacement --> africa is the only region in which archaics will ahve passed their genes on to modern humans - UNKNOWn

Put these events in order from earliest to most recent Neanderthals become extinct, homo sapiens appear ,first hominids appear, first members of genus homo appear, first primates appear

First primates appear First hominids appear first members of genus homo appear home sapiens appear Neanderthals become extinct

replacement hypothesis (regional genetic variation)

Genetic variation will be greatest in African populations because they have been diverging from each other the longest -this is MET so this is more correct

What is the longest living hominin species?

Homo Erectus

What is the transitional species between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens (larger brain size)

Homo heidelbergensis

Chemical and archaeological evidence suggest that Neanderthals were heavily reliant upon.... 1) Hunted Meat 2) Hunted Veggies 3) Hunted salt water animals (fish)

Hunted Meat Chemical analysis shows that Neanderthal diets were very high in animal protein, indicating they were quite adept hunters and relied on hunted meat.

modern Homo sapiens face/ head characteristics (3)

Large brain small/ flat face, chin

Genus Homo Characteristics (5) Ask Yourself: large or small brain case more or less prognathic face small or big teeth small or big body size Bipedalism?

Larger braincase Smaller less prognathic face Smaller teeth Larger body size More efficient bipedalism

biped Anatomical Changes in the Arm are...

Limb Proportions arms not used to bear weight Arms bones less robust compared to legs Arms short relative to legs

Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools, usually associated with Neanderthals, are called the: 1) Mousterian 2) Oldowan 3) Acheulean

Mousterian black- core tools

Based on these behavior what species is this? -used fire a lot -used animal skins/hides for shelter/cloaks -migrated seasonally -found with middle paleolithic tools -had thrusting spears -didn't leave art behind (beads, artwork) -dead buried for ritual or practical. no grave "goods" -some sites suggest that they practiced cannibalism

Neandertals.

What first appeared in Western Europe (150Kya) and disappeared around 39 Kya. (Also overlapped with H. Sapiens)

Neandertals.

What was the refined model?

Neanderthal admixture

promiscuous

No strong pair bonds or lasting relationships. multi-male, and multi-female

What are the oldest known tools that are made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge.

Oldowan tools

Which characteristics allow bipedalism. (Adaptions) (5)

Orientation of Foramen Magnum- located underneath skull, anteriorly located Angles Femur- inward angle : supports broader pelvis and places center of gravity below us. Lumbar Spine/ s curve: Chimps have C- curve , counter balances weight → allows us to stand up right effortlessly. Stride → big toe - used to push off, aductive,inline, chimp big toe is grasping Footprints are evidence of bipeds.

Amits skull traits (8)

Presence of a chin Small jaw and teeth Small retracted face (high basicranial flexion ) Canine fossa Large mastoid process Relatively small/ or no brow ridge Relatively small or no occipital torus / bun tall , short cranium ( front to back)

ROBUST OR GRACILE sagittal crest, large molars, thick and massive mandables -very large anterior sagittal crest -flared and more anteriorly oriented zygomatic -small front teeth, reduced canines, huge cheek teeth -strong post orbital constriction -tall, dish-shaped face -thick mandible -parallel dentition/palate -no CP3 complex

ROBUST

Are Neanderthals robust or gracile?

Robust

What were the first two early hominins.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Orrorin tugenensis

What is the importance of Kebara

Site where the most complete Neanderthal skeleton was found in 1982. (Middle East)

what skull had a similar brain size to a chimp-- tiny

Taung Child

Textbook: What is the best fossil evidence to suggest that Neanderthals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?

The Hyoid bone The strongest evidence for Neanderthal speech comes from the hyoid bone of the Kebara Neanderthal, which is identical to the hyoid bone of a living human.

Anatomical changes associated with bipedalism are

The foot, the arm, limb proportions

Cro-Magnon

These people who are identical to modern humans appeared around 40,000 years ago. They had new tools, planned hunts, and appear to have migrated from Northern Africa to Asia and Europe. from cro magnon rock shelter in France discovered in 1868 remains include 4 adults, infant and various remains

When were blades, microliths bone harpoons and bone needles used? 1)Lower Paleolithic 2)Upper Paleolithic 3) Middle Paleolithic

Upper Paleolithic

Blombos Cave, South Africa

Upper Paleolithic site Cave site with oldest known evidence of art and Homo sapiens-style artifacts dating to as early as 75,000 years ago. Shell Ornaments

What places knee joints under hip joints

Valgus Knee

What is the youngest gracile 1)A. Anamensis 2)A.Afarensis 3)A. Sediba

a.sediba

biped foot characteristics

adducted big toe in humans, calcaneus toes are line → bones are stouter (especially big toe ) 2 arches to store and return energy -Transverse arch and Longitudinal arch Heel strike → mid stance → toe off .

modern human genetic variation based on mitochondrial DNA

ancestral split shows african group and group including africans and ppl from the rest of the world

Human Pregnancy

bipedalism lead to the compromise of the lumbar vertebrae to wedge -child birth: pubic bones separate due to large head and shoulders -neonate rotates throughout process

what happens to body size through hominins?

body size increases through hominins until humans

facultative bipeds are 1) gorillas 2)chimps 3)human 4)monkeys

chimps

What supports internal organs. 1) stout hallux 2)valgus knee 3) curved pelvis

curved pelvis

regions of the brain _____ in volume with age (chimps don't show this)

decrease

Piltdown man lost its validity when

discoveries such as taung child were found

Early hominins and australopiths fossils were found in....

eastern and southern africa (exception of mandible from central america.

Bipedalism (obligate or habitual) is more _______ than knuckle walking

energetically efficient

brain tissue shrinkage is

evolutionary, as a result of extended human lifespan

Humans have _______ infancy and juvenile period

extended/ longer

Does the Bergmann's Rule focus on body size or body proportions?

focuses on body size colder the climate, the larger the body. makes sense bc as vol increases, surface area decreases so less heat dissipates through skin Warm-blooded animals that live in cold areas are bigger than those that live in warm areas

Herto

from ethipia 200-100 kyr 1450 cc

origin of modern humans (replacement)

h erectus (af/as) to h heidelbergensis (all 3 ) ___________________________________________ neanderthals (europe) to h sapiens (africa)

Origin of Modern Humans: Multiregional Hypothesis

h erectus (africa/asia) to archaic h sapiens or late h erectus (europe, africa, and asia) to regional tralsational archaic h sapiens ( all 3) to neandertahals (europe) and Modern h sapeiens (all 3)

Archaic Homo sapiens (4) and their skull features (6) Ask Yourself: -small or big brow ridges -what kind of cheeks -is there a occipital torus - low or high cranial vault -thick or thin bones -large or small nasal aperture.

important transitions diverse anatomically larger brain taller than H.erectus Skull features large and arching bro ridges inflated cheeks occipital torus low cranial vault w thick bones large nasal aperture

Plitdown Hoax

in England , a fake skull was found and claimed to be the missing link between man and ape it was proven to be wrong. The skull was debunked and it was discovered that the skull was human but the jaw belonged to an orangutang.

stout hallux(big toe)

inability to grasp as an important biped adaptation, grasping toe more susceptible to dislocation since it absorbs more force in biped locomotion

dramatizes after homo erectus

increases in cranial capacity

What was thought to differentiate humans and chimps

intellect

frontal lobe in humans and apes has it expanded or gotten smaller?

is expanded in modern humans relative to other primates -associated to higher intelligence(ability to form goals and plans)

H neandertalensis characteristics (6) -small or large brain -small or big nose -which sort of prognathism -what shape is there brain case -muscular or weak -skinny or stocky

large brain, huge nose (midfacial prognathism), rounded/oval braincase, stocky, muscular build

Human Secular Trends life expectancy-increase or decrease growth-increase or decrease menarche-increase or decrease

life expectancy-increase growth-increase menarche-decrease

humans have a _______post-reproductive period

long

how does menopause impact fitness?

menopause impacts fitness directly (no more reproduction)

the first evidence of marine resource use at the time.

middle paleolithic tools Middle Stone Age blade like forms mousterian.

These facts classify a... lived around the mediterranean, some going to uzbekistan and siberia -brain case- large, but long and low -post. view- oval shaped brain case -midface is prognathic. large nasal aperature -browridges- large/double arched -retromolar fossa on mandible. No chin -DNA is very different from humans -likely evolved from h heidelbergensis - sometimes seen as separate species or sometimes subspecies of h sapiens

neandertal

Allen's Rule does it focus on the relationship between body proportions with the cold or body size and volume?

relationship between body proportions and cold -focuses on the appendages of the body. -in warner climates, limbs would be longer relative to body bc it can dissipate heat -shorter limbs in cold climates bc conserves body heat. mammals living in the cold have shorter faces and limbs than mammals living in warmer areas

replacement models

suggests humans had a localized origin- thought to be africa. - Localized African origin - Replaced indigenous hominids *****Move into an area before replacing local hominins (hypothesis)

Skhul

sympatric with neanderthal found in Jebel (modern human looking) 110 kya sympatric means --> same place at the same time

Homins are bipedal when......

terrestrial

Bipedalism ______ brain expansion

then

Kya stands for

thousand years ago

Is Lucy a biped

yes

multiregional hypothesis of human origins

-propose that our origins cant be pinned down to a single population or area -gene flow and repeated migration movements was extensive among old world hominin populations -says humans originated in the context of gene flow between multiple regions ****Evolving lineage (hypothesis)

Neanderthal vs. Modern H sapiens

-reduction in skeletal robusticity -reduction in overall body size. -Double arched brow -No canine fossa in Neanderthals. -Neanderthals were much more heavily built than anatomically modern humans

selection pressure for cognitive complexity (2 )

1. social intelligence *large social groups= *complex societies= *enlarged neocortex 2. ecological intelligence * =high quality diet= * complex feeding = * enlarged neocortex=

Refer back to the seven different human life history list. Which one out of the seven can this fall under: -Of surveyed groups, meat eaten in the diet ranged up to 80% of daily calories -Weighted mean of all samples was 60% daily calories came from meat -Rest of food came from extracted foraging and other high/medium foods (Kaplan et al., 2000)

5. Specialization in high-quality foods

"Encephalization" is another word for: a) the brain increasing in size over and beyond that explainable by an increase in body size b) punctuated evolution c) mosaic pattern of evolution

A)

Over the course of hominin evolution, from the australopiths up through anatomically modern humans, there has been a general trend for basicranial flexion to _________ over time. a. decrease b. increase c. remain the same

A. decrease

Features of Bipeds (4)

Cranial- foramen magnum Postcranial- part/whole skelton not including skull Facultative- animals that are able to walk on 2 legs but does not all the time(ex chimps: there knee and feet are different that humans.) Habitual- bipedalism is the primary locomotion example humans. Quadrupedal walking (using all 4 limbs) is too engerically tiring.

Changes through time derived Early hominins and australopiths Ask yourself: * How have faces changed *Shape of throax * food adpatations *small or big CP3 complex

Faces are flatter → called proganism when it sticks out Barrel shaped thorax instead of triangular/ funnel Changed to adapt to more nutrient rich foods- smaller hind guts. Smaller CP3 complex- canine and dentition Mandible shape- Less parallel, more parabolic/U shape teeth generally decrease in size, some became larger (ROBUST) 2 apparatus' → chewing apparatus for hard chewing adaptations

ROBUST OR GRACILE -Shallow, U-shaped palate with reduced canines • Small cranial capacity and, when present, cranial crests is small and posteriorly located • Rounded cranial vault • Somewhat megadont ( smaller) • Relatively prognathic • smaller Sagittal crest • Temporo-nuchal crest • Cp3 complex • Bicuspid premolar • Slightly smaller cranial capacity • Small anterior teeth, small canines

GRACILE

Where is Shanidar cave? (45-60kya) 1. india 2.iraq 3.america 4. europe

Zagros Mountains (IRAQ)

4. Which of the following statements is true of the Mousterian Tradition? a) It was created by the Neandertals and some other humans living at the same time. b) It was marked by the progressive reduction in the use of flake tools as large core tools, such as hand axes, became more common. c) It was primarily an adaptation to tropical environments in Africa.

a

In which of the following models of evolution is it proposed that all modern Homo sapiens share relatively modern African ancestry and that all other lines of humans that had descended from Homo erectus became extinct? a) replacement model b) regional continuity model c) neither of the above

a

The Paleolithic has been divided into three successive stages of development based on sophistication of technology. Which one is the oldest? a) Lower Paleolithic b) Upper Paleolithic c) Primolithic

a