Final 581- EN&A
What is the AMDR for carbohydrate?
45-55% total energy needs
Matching each description with the correct Glucose Transporter: GLUT protein that is active during HYPOglycemia and found in most cells
GLUT 1
Matching each description with the correct Glucose Transporter: GLUT protein that is active during HYPERglycemia
GLUT 2
Matching each description with the correct Glucose Transporter: GLUT protein found in the brain and neural tissue
GLUT 3
Matching each description with the correct Glucose Transporter: GLUT protein that is insulin sensitive and found in adipose tissue
GLUT 4
What is the goal of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Prevention of chronic disease
Which of the following is NOT a function of essential omega-3 fatty acids? Select one: a. Cardiovascular function b. Neurodevelopment c. Cognitive function d. Weight loss
d. Weight loss
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber? Select one: a. Apples b. Prunes c. Potatoes d. White rice
d. White rice
Which food is highest in fiber? Select one: a. lettuce b. wheat bread c. tomato, raw d. cooked dried beans
d. cooked dried beans
Ketogenesis would be the HIGHEST: Select one: a. after a high-CHO meal. b. after a high-protein meal. c. after a high-fat meal. d. during prolonged starvation.
d. during prolonged starvation.
The goal of Healthy People is to Select one: a. identify national trends in food consumption. b. identify leading causes of death in the United States. c. establish the DRI. d. set goals for the nation's health over the next 10 years
d. set goals for the nation's health over the next 10 years
Please match each section with the appropriate food group according to the chooseMyPlate.gov: blue section
dairy
Which of the following is the best source of prebiotics? Select one: a. Keifer b. Yogurt c. Kimchi d. All choices are correct e. Onions
e. Onions
What antithrombotic n-3 fatty acid is found in fish oil?
eicosapentaenoic
Which test helps you determine if a diabetic has been following her diet?
glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1C)
Please match each section with the appropriate food group according to the chooseMyPlate.gov: brown/tan section
grains
Which is most associated with the incidence of Type 2 diabetes? Select one: a. Protein intake b. Overweight/obesity c. Salt intake d. Sugar intake
b. Overweight/obesity
Which of the following is NOT the best source of monounsaturated fat (MUFA)? Select one: a. Extra virgin olive oil b. Walnuts c. Almonds d. Avocados
b. Walnuts
Which of the following foods is/are NOT a rich source of soluble fiber? Select one: a. Barley b. Wheat bran c. Legumes d. Oat bran
b. Wheat bran
The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally Select one: a. more than twice as high as anyone needs. b. designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people. c. the minimum amounts that average people need. d. designed to prevent deficiency diseases in half the population.
b. designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people.
A 6'2" male, large frame, 230 lb with T2DM should Select one: a. gain 5 lb to be at desirable body weight. b. lose 20 lb slowly following balanced diet. c. lose 10 lb slowly by following a balanced diet. d. lose 20 lb in 4 weeks on an 800 kcal diet.
b. lose 20 lb slowly following balanced diet.
Acidic chyme in the duodenum is neutralized by pancreatic _______________.
bicarbonate
Which of the following provides the most fiber? Select one: a. 1 orange b. 1/2 cup oatmeal c. 1 cup split peas d. 1 slice whole-wheat bread
c. 1 cup split peas
Which of the following is the fructose transporter? Select one: a. GLUT 2 b. GLUT 4 c. GLUT 5 d. GLUT 7
c. GLUT 5
The catecholamines released during stress cause ___________.
hyperglycemia
A woman with peptic ulcers should consume: Select one: a. a bland diet. b. milk every 2 hours. c. a balanced diet she can tolerate. d. a low-fiber diet.
c. a balanced diet she can tolerate.
Which of the following is not a set of values within the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? Select one: a. Estimated Average Allowances b. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels c. Recommended Daily Allowances d. Adequate Intakes
a. Estimated Average Allowances
Ketones are produced from _______________.
acetyl-CoA
When fatty acids are completely oxidized the end products are:
carbon dioxide, energy, and water.
Dietary fat enters the blood as____ and leaves the liver as____.
chylomicrons; lipoproteins
Gluconeogenesis is the ________________________.
creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria? Select one: a. Cellulose b. Lignins c. Phytates d. Fermentable
d. Fermentable
The dumping syndrome: I. follows a gastrectomy. II. is secondary to CHO overload. III. draws fluid into the intestine. IV. needs a high-CHO diet. Select one: a. I, III, IV b. I c. II, III, IV d. I, II, III
d. I, II, III
Bile is produced in the ____ and stored in the ______.
liver; gallbladder
All of the following are required for fat digestion EXCEPT _____.
lysolecithin
Which of the following is NOT true regarding an individual with lactose intolerance? Select one: a. He/she cannot breakdown any amount of lactose and therefore a diet with no lactose should be consumed. b. He/she is deficient in the enzyme lactase that hydrolyzes lactose into monosaccharides. c. Tolerance can sometimes be improved by consuming small amounts of lactose and increasing amounts to a personal threshold or limit of tolerance. d. It is important to replace both nutrients and calories with other options, such as Lactaid products, soy milk, high protein almond milk, and the use of lactase enzyme pills.
a. He/she cannot breakdown any amount of lactose and therefore a diet with no lactose should be consumed.
Which of the following is a feature of kefir? Select one: a. It contains live bacterial organisms b. It is a recommended substitute for people with milk allergy c. It contains half as much lactose as milk d. Its low pH inactivates lactose
a. It contains live bacterial organisms
Which of the following is NOT true regarding ketosis? Select one: a. Ketosis occurs only when the body produces dangerously-high levels of ketones. b. Ketosis occurs in response to a very-low carbohydrate, high-fat diet. c. Ketosis occurs when the body uses fat as its primary fuel source. d. Ketosis occurs when the body is in a prolonged state of starvation.
a. Ketosis occurs only when the body produces dangerously-high levels of ketones.
Which of the following is not a branched chain amino acid (BCAA)? Select one: a. Lysine b. Leucine c. Valine d. Isoleucine
a. Lysine
Which type of vegetarian eats egg products, but does not consume meat, fish, fowl, or dairy products? Select one: a. Ovo b. Lacto-Ovo c. Vegan d. Lacto
a. Ovo
Which of the following liver products is degraded into ammonia via intestinal bacteria? Select one: a. Urea b. Sodium bicarbonate c. Bile d. Glutamine
a. Urea
Of the following SOURCES of amino acids, which would be the best absorbed in normal, healthy people? Select one: a. Whole proteins b. Proteins from raw foods c. Predigested proteins d. Mixtures of free amino acids
a. Whole proteins
Which of the following digestive enzymes, found at the brush border of the small intestine, cleaves more complex carbohydrates into sugar and is usually inhibited in Type II Diabetes treatment? Select one: a. alpha-glucosidase b. pancreatic lipase c. insulin d. pancreatic amylase
a. alpha-glucosidase
Lipolysis is activated during fasting in response to: Select one: a. an increase in insulin and a decrease in catecholamines. b. a decrease in insulin and an increase in catecholamines. c. a decrease in insulin and a decrease in catecholamines. d. an increase in insulin and an increase in catecholamines.
a. an increase in insulin and a decrease in catecholamines.
Oxidized LDL is more atherogenic than native LDL because it _____ Select one: a. attracts blood monocytes into the subendothelial space. b. oxidizes membrane fatty acids. c. absorbs cholesterol readily to become foam cells. d. delays clotting of platelets, which narrows the lumen, restricting blood flow.
a. attracts blood monocytes into the subendothelial space.
Of the 3 short-chain fatty acids created by gut bacteria, which one is the preferred source for colonic epithelial cells? Select one: a. butyrate b. acetate c. propionate d. oleate
a. butyrate
A child with PKU can eat: Select one: a. carrots and celery sticks. b. aspartame-sweetened Jell-O. c. vanilla ice cream. d. spaghetti with tomato sauce.
a. carrots and celery sticks.
Fiber lowers serum cholesterol concentrations by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT _____. Select one: a. decreased transit time b. increased excretion of bile acids in the feces c. shift of bile acid pools toward chenodeoxycholic acid which inhibits HMG CoA reductase d. production of propionate from gut fermentation of fiber
a. decreased transit time
Which of the following amino acids is not essential for humans? Select one: a. glutamine b. lysine c. isoleucine d. leucine
a. glutamine
Nutritional therapy for hepatitis includes: Select one: a. high protein, high-CHO, moderate fat, high kcal b. low protein, high-CHO, low fat, high kcal c. low protein, high-CHO, low fat, low kcal d. high protein, low-CHO, low fat, moderate kcal
a. high protein, high-CHO, moderate fat, high kcal
What would you first advise a constipated patient to do? Select one: a. increase fiber and fluid intake b. take a mild laxative c. eat less fat d. eat more protein
a. increase fiber and fluid intake
Which of the following is NOT a typical gastrointestinal response to ingestion of dietary fiber? Select one: a. increased glucose absorption b. delayed gastric emptying c. increased bile-acid excretion d. increased fecal bulk
a. increased glucose absorption
The immediate post-stress release of glucagon Select one: a. increases glucose release into the bloodstream. b. increases fluid and sodium excretion. c. increases glucose uptake into cells. d. increases insulin release into the bloodstream.
a. increases glucose release into the bloodstream.
Conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine improves their ability to Select one: a. ionize and form micelles. b. undergo enterohepatic recirculation. c. be excreted in the feces, thus keeping serum cholesterol normal. d. promote the formation of bile salts.
a. ionize and form micelles.
Which fiber type is not fermentable? Select one: a. lignin b. pectin c. gums d. resistant starch
a. lignin
All of the following can be good sources of probiotics except: Select one: a. onions b. kefir c. kombucha d. kimchi
a. onions
Cholesterol serves as a precursor for all of the following EXCEPT _____. Select one: a. phospholipids b. estrogens and androgens c. bile acids d. vitamin D
a. phospholipids
Match each function with its corresponding tissue. Answers may be used once, more than once or not at all: Storage of triglycerides
adipose tissue
Match each function with its corresponding tissue. Answers may be used once, more than once or not at all: Uptake of free fatty acids
adipose tissue
Correctly identify each hormone as either anabolic or catabolic: Growth Hormone
anabolic
Correctly identify each hormone as either anabolic or catabolic: Insulin
anabolic
Correctly identify each hormone as either anabolic or catabolic: Testosterone
anabolic
Most of the digestive enzymes produced by the intestinal mucosal cells function __________________.
at the brush border.
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-35%
Energy requirements for patients with pancreatitis may be up to ____% of those predicted by the Harris-Benedict equation due to their ________ state.
140; hypermetabolic
What is the desirable amount of dietary fiber recommended for most population groups each day?
20-40 g
If a person consumed the upper AMDR limit for protein as part of a diet providing 2500 kcalories, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?
219 grams
A diet provides a total of 2200 kcalories, of which 40% of the energy is from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?
220 grams
What % urea produced in the body is converted to ammonia and reabsorbed by bacteria in the colon?
25%
At what age does our gut microbiome resemble that of an adult?
3 years
How long does it take for most of the carbohydrate, protein and fat to be absorbed from chyme after it enters the small intestine?
30 minutes
What is the toxic level of blood ethanol?
50 to 100 mg/dL
What percentage of cholesterol in bile is used to form chylomicrons?
50%
How many grams of protein would you receive on a 1500 kcal diet consisting of 20% protein?
75 g
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?
755 kcals
Beta oxidation is a spiral pathway and it takes _____ rounds of beta oxidation to degrade C16 fatty acid which produces ______ molecules of Acetyl CoA, to then make ATP.
7; 8
_______% of cholesterol in the body comes from dietary sources.
<50%
What is the meaning of a resistant starch?
A fiber that escapes digestion in the small intestine
______ molecules are the foundation of fatty acid synthesis.
Acetyl CoA
The enzyme _____ is responsible for the digestion of polysaccharides, specifically the α-1,4-bonds of amylose or amylopectin.
Amylase
_____ is a gastrointestinal disorder resulting from a gluten allergy, that may be evidenced by lipid malabsorption and steatorrhea.
Celiac disease
_____ stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
A patient is admitted to the hospital after feeling very dizzy and confused. You soon find out that she also has type 2 diabetes. Based off her labs, she has a very high glucose level and is severely dehydrated. What condition could she be experiencing?
Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome
_______________ catalysts that change the rate of reactions occurring in the body.
Enzymes
What is a likely reason that large quantities of fructose may cause gut discomfort?
Facilitated diffusion is slower than active transport.
What is a disadvantage (if any) for a T2DM Patient consuming polyols (e.g. sugar alcohols) as a sugar substitute?
GI distress (e.g. gas, bloating, diarrhea) may occur if consumed in large quantities) d/t the fact that they are partially- digested and fermented by gut bacteria.
The glucose transporter which is sensitive to insulin is __________.
GLUT 4
Matching each description with the correct Glucose Transporter: GLUT protein known as the fructose transporter
GLUT 5
Matching each description with the correct Glucose Transporter: GLUT protein that is found in hepatocytes and transports free glucose into the cytosol of the cell
GLUT 7
_____ is the regulatory peptide that is responsible for acid release from the stomach.
Gastrin
____ is a peptide that stimulates appetite.
Ghrelin
Which molecule is pictured below: 4 O rings with arms
Glycogen
________ are essential for removing excess cholesterol from cells.
HDLs
The following enzymes help regulate cholesterol synthesis. Which enzyme specifically is inhibited by statins and is considered the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis?
HMG-CoA reductase
As an RDN, you have a patient preparing for a liver transplant. His diagnoses include malnutrition, fatty liver disease, ascites and anemia. What is the MNT you prescribe to best prepare him for his transplant?
High protein, low-fat, moderate CHO
______________ chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes.
Hormones
A patient is on a high-protein, low-CHO diet. What advice should you offer?
Increase fluid intake
______ is a hormone that decreases appetite in humans.
Leptin
______________ is the only amino acid that is completely oxidized for energy in the muscle. ________ can be converted to glucose that is then released into the bloodstream and available for energy. ______________ is the major carrier of nitrogen between cells.
Leucine, Alanine, Glutamine
The enzyme _____ can be found in both the stomach and the pancreas, and is responsible for the digestion of triglycerides.
Lipase
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Almond
MUFA
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Avocado
MUFA
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Olive
MUFA
In what part of the cell does fatty acid oxidation occur in?
Mitochondria
____stimulates intestinal motility and secretions during digestion.
Motilin
(Think about this Q in the context of digesting CHO) Salivary alpha- amylase is first released in the ______ to break down CHO. Then the food moves to the ______ , (now the food is known as chyme), where the acid will further break down the CHO. Lastly, pancreatic alpha-amylase is then released into the______.
Mouth; Stomach; Small Intestine
What is the current Tolerable Upper Intake Level established for protein and amino acids?
No Tolerable Upper Intake Level has been established.
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Flaxseed
PUFA
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Salmon
PUFA
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Walnut
PUFA
A decrease in dietary fat is medical nutrition therapy (MNT) used for many different disease states. Which of the following diseases requires a low-fat diet as part of MNT for adequate disease management?
Pancreatitis
A protease secreted in the stomach is _____.
Pepsin
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Beef
SFA
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Coconut
SFA
Match each Food source with its major fatty acid type (e.g. "rich in XXX fatty acids"). Abbreviations: MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA: saturated fatty acid: Palm
SFA
_____ inhibits pancreatic and / gallbladder secretions.
Somatostatin
_____________________ fibrous and contractile proteins found in bone, teeth, skin, muscles, blood vessels, blood vessels, hair.
Structural proteins
Why might a child with PKU have an increased incidence of dental caries?
The diet is high in CHO and low in protein.
Diane is out at the bar with a couple of colleagues, and has been drinking off the week's stress with some alcoholic beverages. After eating a small lunch a few hours before, and drinking 3 glasses of wine, she starts feeling the effects of the alcohol. Her colleagues suggest eating a basket of fries to reduce the effects. How will the French fries affect her?
The fries will have no effect (e.g. still drunk).
The _______ method is an assessment tool that effectively estimates an individual's past daily alcohol consumption. The accuracy and reliability of this method makes it applicable for use in both the research and clinical settings.
Timeline follow-back
Bob consumes about 2500 kcalories per day, which is apportioned as 150 g of fat, 140 g of carbohydrate, and 150 g of protein. What would be the appropriate revisions to help Bob adjust his nutrient intake so that it matches the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges? Select one: a. 70 g fat, 156 g protein, 313 g carbohydrate b. 140 g fat, 150 g protein, 150 g carbohydrate c. 500 g fat, 750 g protein, 1250 g carbohydrate d. 10 g fat, 20 g protein, 45 g carbohydrate
a. 70 g fat, 156 g protein, 313 g carbohydrate
Synbiotics are a combination of pre- and probiotics. These supplements may provide several benefits, including: Select one: a. All choices are correct b. stimulation of immune response c. improved mineral absorption d. improved digestive health
a. All choices are correct
Alcohol consumption inhibits the secretion of which of the following hormones (... the effect of which is increased urinary output)? Select one: a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) b. Adrenaline c. Thyroxin d. Blood alcohol content (BAC)
a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
You are assigned a patient who has just been diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Of the following, which is the best PES statement to describe the nutrition diagnosis you would write as an RDN for this patient. Select one: a. Food and nutrition-related knowledge deficit, related to the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, as evidenced by eating a diet high in saturated fat, and dyslipidemia. b. Undesirable food choices, related to unwilling or disinterested in learning/applying information, as evidenced by obese BMI of 36 kg/m^2. c. Physical inactivity, related to hardening of the arteries, as evidenced by not being able to breathe stationary. d. Inadequate energy intake, related to atherosclerosis, as evidenced by altered laboratory values.
a. Food and nutrition-related knowledge deficit, related to the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, as evidenced by eating a diet high in saturated fat, and dyslipidemia.
The following is a list of the stages of protein absorption. Identify the correct order of those stages. 1. Sodium (Na) is pumped out of the cell by Na/K ATPase. 2. Na-amino acid (AA) co-transporter complex forms. 3. Na binds to the carrier. 4. A conformational change in complex --> delivery of Na and AA into the cytoplasm. 5. Binding of Na increases the affinity of the carrier for the AA. Select one: a. 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 b. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1 c. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 d. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
b. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1
If a group of people consumed an amount of protein equal to the average requirement for their population group, what percentage would receive insufficient amounts? Select one: a. 98 b. 50 c. 33 d. 2
b. 50
Proteins primary functions are based on its characteristic structure and organization. When a protein loses its structure the function of it is lost. What can cause a protein to denature? Select one: a. Heavy metals b. All choices are correct c. Heat d. Acid
b. All choices are correct
Synbiotics are a combination of pre- and probiotics. These supplements may provide several benefits, including: Select one: a. improved digestive health b. All choices are correct c. stimulation of immune response d. improved mineral absorption
b. All choices are correct
What are the benefits of prebiotics? Select one: a. Enhanced immunity b. All choices are correct c. Reduction of harmful microbes d. Increased bowel motility
b. All choices are correct
Our gut microbiome as an infant is determined by: Select one: a. our mode of delivery into the world. b. All options are correct. c. antibiotic administration. d. our environment's cleanliness. e. our dietary intake.
b. All options are correct.
Which of the following has the least g protein per serving? Select one: a. Lentils b. Almond milk, unsweetened c. Skimmed milk d. Almonds
b. Almond milk, unsweetened
Which is not a fiber in the diet? Select one: a. Pectin b. Amylose c. Cellulose d. Hemicellulose
b. Amylose
Which of the following fibers is water insoluble? Select one: a. Mucilages b. Cellulose c. Gums d. Pectins
b. Cellulose
Your patient has a rare urea disease where her body is unable to synthesize urea. What might be the result? Select one: a. Elevated glucagon levels b. Elevated ammonia levels c. Compromised visceral protein levels d. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
b. Elevated ammonia levels
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy? Select one: a. Carbohydrates b. Fat c. Proteins d. Alcohol
b. Fat
Which of the following is NOT true about fat? Select one: a. Our liver uses fatty acids as fuel when our blood glucose level drops, such as during fasting and prolonged exercise. b. Fat is a readily-available, efficiently-used source of energy. c. Fat is an efficient storage form of energy. d. Our muscles use fatty acids as fuel when our blood glucose level drops, such as during fasting and prolonged exercise.
b. Fat is a readily-available, efficiently-used source of energy.
For which of the following diseases is diet therapy the primary treatment? Select one: a. Diabetes b. Galactosemia c. Wilson's Disease d. Peptic Ulcer
b. Galactosemia
Which of the following patients has the lowest protein requirements (g/day)? Select one: a. Male burn patient b. Male diabetic with chronic kidney disease, without dialysis c. Male diabetic with chronic kidney disease, with dialysis d. Female vegetarian endurance runner
b. Male diabetic with chronic kidney disease, without dialysis
Which of the following nutrient sources yields more than 4 kcalories per gram? Select one: a. Plant proteins b. Plant fats c. Animal proteins d. Plant carbohydrates
b. Plant fats
Which of the following amino acid precursors are correctly paired with its biological end-products? Select one: a. Tryptophan --> serotonin, tyrosine --> glutathione b. Tryptophan --> serotonin, tyrosine --> epinephrine c. Glutamic acid --> glutathione, tyrosine --> serotonin d. Tryptophan --> epinephrine, tyrosine --> thyroxine
b. Tryptophan --> serotonin, tyrosine --> epinephrine
What are the two amino acids primarily released from muscle during starvation? Select one: a. leucine and isoleucine b. alanine and glutamine c. threonine and phenylalanine d. arginine and histidine
b. alanine and glutamine
Protein quality of foods is influenced by: Select one: a. amino acid composition and CHO digestibility of the food source. b. amino acid composition and protein digestibility of the food source. c. CHO and protein digestibility of the food source. d. fiber content and protein digestibility of the food source.
b. amino acid composition and protein digestibility of the food source.
Functional fiber is currently defined as Select one: a. carbohydrates and lignin that are nondigestible by human enzymes and are intact and intrinsic in plants. b. carbohydrates that are nondigestible by human enzymes, have been isolated, extracted or manufactured and have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans. c. all dietary fiber. d. the same as crude fiber.
b. carbohydrates that are nondigestible by human enzymes, have been isolated, extracted or manufactured and have been shown to have beneficial
Which regulatory peptides in the pancreatic phase of digestion activate the release of brush-border enzymes such as enteropeptidase? Select one: a. trypsinogen and trypsin b. cholecystokinin and secretin c. carboxypeptidase A and B d. elastin and chymotrypsin
b. cholecystokinin and secretin
Which of the following lipoproteins are normally NOT present in blood in the fasting state? Select one: a. VLDL b. chylomicrons c. LDL d. HDL
b. chylomicrons
A 24 year old female graduate student is attending a holiday party. She consumes 15 fl oz of red wine with her cheese and crackers. She has: Select one: a. consumed twice that of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recommendation for alcohol for her age/population group. b. consumed three times that of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recommendation for alcohol for her age/population group. c. consumed half of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recommendation for alcohol for her age/population group. d. consumed (met 100% of) the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recommendation for alcohol for her age/population group.
b. consumed three times that of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recommendation for alcohol for her age/population group.
What dietary fatty acid exerts anti-atherogenic properties? Select one: a. palmitic acid b. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) c. myristic acid d. stearic acid
b. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Alcohol in beverages is degraded mainly in the liver cytoplasm with the production of one NADH for each ethanol molecule. Predict what effect consumption of alcohol would have on the activity of the liver malate shuttle. Select one: a. no change b. increased c. decreased d. reversed
b. increased
Which of the following types of foods contributes the most fiber in a usual serving? Select one: a. whole-grain breads b. legumes, beans c. meat, dairy d. leafy vegetables
b. legumes, beans
Which three amino acids cannot undergo transamination to an appreciable amount, making them totally indispensable? Select one: a. leucine,isoleucine, valine b. lysine, threonine, histidine c. valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine d. methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine
b. lysine, threonine, histidine
Which of the following diets is appropriate for reactive hypoglycemia? Select one: a. high protein, high-fat, high-CHO b. reduced intake of concentrated CHO, 5-6 small meals c. decreased complex CHO, low-fat d. increased complex CHO, low-fat, high protein
b. reduced intake of concentrated CHO, 5-6 small meals
Of the 3 short-chain fatty acids created by gut bacteria, which one is the preferred source for colonic epithelial cells?
butyrate
When the diet is lacking in the amino acids lysine and threonine Select one: a. proteins will be made without one amino acid. b. the body will synthesize them. c. protein synthesis will be limited. d. another amino acid will be substituted so that synthesis is uninterrupted.
c. protein synthesis will be limited.
Which of the following amino acids represent the branched-chain amino acids found in systemic circulation? Select one: a. glycine, alanine, threonine b. phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan c. valine, leucine, isoleucine d. arginine, lysine, histidine
c. valine, leucine, isoleucine
What mineral that is released in the colon by fermentation of fiber is considered to improve the proliferation of normal colon cells, thus inhibiting cancer?
calcium
Correctly identify each hormone as either anabolic or catabolic: Cortisol
catabolic
Correctly identify each hormone as either anabolic or catabolic: Glucagon
catabolic
What are two major components implicated in the mechanism of atherogenesis?
cells of the immune system and serum lipids
In the Dietary Guidelines, which of the following represents the fat recommendations? Select one: a. 35% kcal, <15% saturated fat b. 30% kcal, <5% saturated fat c. 35% kcal, <10% saturated fat d. 20-35% kcal, <10% saturated fat
d. 20-35% kcal, <10% saturated fat
Which of the following is NOT a source of blood glucose? Select one: a. Liver glycogen through glycogenolysis b. Dietary CHO c. Blood and RBC lactate through gluconeogenesis d. All choices are sources of blood glucose
d. All choices are sources of blood glucose
Which of the following diets is most restrictive in nature? Select one: a. DASH b. Mediterranean c. MyPlate / USDA d. American Heart Association (AHA)
d. American Heart Association (AHA)
As an RDN, you have a 50 year old female patient who is a chronic alcohol consumer. Her symptoms upon admission are accumulation of fluid in her abdominal area, abdominal discomfort and early satiety. What is the likely cause of her physical symptoms, secondary to chronic alcohol consumption? Select one: a. Hypothyroidism b. T2DM c. Jaundice d. Ascites
d. Ascites
Which of the following is the lowest in fat? Select one: a. Goat cheese b. Salami c. Ground beef d. Canadian bacon
d. Canadian bacon
Which of the following is the best source of protein? Select one: a. Sweet potato b. Walnuts c. 1% Milk d. Chicken thigh
d. Chicken thigh
Of the following, which would improve your gut microbiome the most? Select one: a. Consuming artificial sweetener over refined sugar. b. Consuming a gluten-free diet. c. Consuming a high-protein, low-CHO diet. d. Consuming a USDA dietary pattern (e.g. MyPlate).
d. Consuming a USDA dietary pattern (e.g. MyPlate).
Which of the following is most likely NOT associated with fat malabsorption? Select one: a. Cystic fibrosis b. Chronic pancreatitis c. Celiac disease d. Diabetes mellitus
d. Diabetes mellitus
Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a role in giving one the euphoric feeling from drinking alcohol? Select one: a. Insulin b. Adrenaline c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine
d. Dopamine
Which of the following patients has the highest protein requirements (g/day)? Select one: a. Female vegetarian diabetic b. Female vegetarian c. Female vegetarian endurance runner d. Female vegetarian burn patient
d. Female vegetarian burn patient
Which of the following diagnoses is not related to alcohol consumption? Select one: a. Pancreatitis b. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders c. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome d. Glycogen storage disease
d. Glycogen storage disease
Which drug therapy is associated with reduced cholesterol synthesis in the liver? Select one: a. insulin b. niacin c. gene therapy d. HMG COA reductase inhibitors
d. HMG COA reductase inhibitors
A patient with hepatitis needs a high protein intake. Besides helping the liver to regenerate, what other purpose is served? Select one: a. Helps to increase iron absorption b. Restores glycogen reserves c. Helps to prevent necrosis of the liver d. Helps to prevent a fatty liver
d. Helps to prevent a fatty liver
Of the following, which is NOT a mechanism by which fiber lowers serum cholesterol? Select one: a. Interference with the mixing of intestinal contents b. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis c. Interference with digestive enzymes and micelle formation d. Increased gastric emptying
d. Increased gastric emptying
Which of the following amino acids is completely oxidized for energy in the muscle? Select one: a. Arginine b. Lysine c. Glutamine d. Leucine
d. Leucine
Which of the following are NOT water-soluble fibers? Select one: a. Pectins b. Mucilages c. Gums d. Lignins
d. Lignins
Which of the following inborn errors of metabolism is due to a defect in branched-chain alpha-keto-acid dehydrogenase? Select one: a. Glutaric Acidemia b. Phenylketonuria c. Albinism d. Maple Syrup Urine Disease
d. Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Which of the following dietary patterns may be most beneficial for improving the quality and fueling the quantity of gut microbial content? Select one: a. Ketogenic b. Gluten-Free c. Western d. Mediterranean
d. Mediterranean
One of the benefits of fiber is that it is fermented in the intestine by one's collection of microbiota producing: Select one: a. LCFAs resulting in a decreased pH and thus increased nutrient absorption. b. SCFAs resulting in increased immune function with no effect on nutrient absorption. c. SCFAs resulting in an increased pH and thus increased nutrient absorption. d. SCFAs resulting in an acidic environment and thus increased nutrient absorption.
d. SCFAs resulting in an acidic environment and thus increased nutrient absorption.
What organ is first to absorb alcohol after a person takes a drink? Select one: a. Jejunum b. Colon c. Duodenum d. Stomach
d. Stomach
Each individual has a rate at which their body metabolizes alcohol. Which of the following is not a factor affecting this rate? Select one: a. Amount of alcohol consumed b. Liver size c. Body mass d. Variations in ADH and ALDH
d. Variations in ADH and ALDH
Arterial fatty steaks are formed primarily due to Select one: a. platelet aggregation at the endothelium. b. smooth muscle proliferation. c. toxicity of oxidized LDL to endothelial cells. d. accumulation of foam cells filled with cholesterol.
d. accumulation of foam cells filled with cholesterol.
Three short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon are _____. Select one: a. lactate, sodium acetate, and carbon dioxide b. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci c. methane, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen d. acetic, propionic, and butyric
d. acetic, propionic, and butyric
Which of the following is not true of prions Select one: a. can be genetic or acquired b. is a proteinaceous infectious particle c. causes conformational changes in nearby proteins d. contains nucleic acids
d. contains nucleic acids
Translation is the process by which Select one: a. the genetic information (base sequence) in a single strand of DNA is used to specify a complementary sequence of bases in an mRNA chain. b. synthesis of a daughter duplex DNA molecule is made identical to the parental duplex DNA. c. the polypeptide chain of the protein product is extended. d. genetic information in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product.
d. genetic information in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product.
Excessive alcohol consumption can induce which of the following? Select one: a. starvation b. hyperglycemina c. glycolysis d. ketoacidosis
d. ketoacidosis
An infant with PKU requires which of the following dietary alterations? Select one: a. low phenylalanine, high valine b. high phenylalanine, low tyrosine c. high isoleucine, low tyrosine d. low phenylalanine, high tyrosine
d. low phenylalanine, high tyrosine
Which of the following high-fiber foods are most effective in lowering serum cholesterol? Select one: a. corn and wheat b. chitosan and chitin c. rice bran and wheat bran d. oat bran and legumes
d. oat bran and legumes
Fatty acid saturation and chain length influence all of the following except: Select one: a. melting point b. solubility c. polarity d. pH
d. pH
Which regulatory peptide synthesized in the pancreatic and intestinal cells appears to inhibit release of gastrin, secretin, and motilin? Select one: a. neurotensin b. GRP c. insulin d. somatastatin
d. somatastatin
Serotonin is made from which amino acid? Select one: a. tyrosine b. niacin c. threonine d. tryptophan
d. tryptophan
During protein digestion, peptides are broken into free amino acids mainly Select one: a. in the mouth. b. in the stomach. c. at the brush border. d. within the enterocyte.
d. within the enterocyte.
If you have a lactose intolerance, which food could you most likely tolerate? Select one: a. ice cream b. whole milk c. skim milk d. yogurt
d. yogurt
Undigested lipid in the stomach creates satiety because it
delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents.
In an adult, different parts of the body host _________ microbial communities, while in a newborn, different parts of the body host_______ microbial communities.
distinct, similar
The hormone epinephrine: Select one: a. 1) lowers blood glucose during catabolic stress b. 2) raises blood glucose during catabolic stress c. 4) stimulates glycogen production d. 3) stimulates glycogenolysis in muscle and liver along with glucagon e. 5) Both 2 and 3 are correct
e. 5) Both 2 and 3 are correct
Which of the following is the best source of prebiotics? Select one: a. Keifer b. All choices are correct c. Yogurt d. Kimchi e. Onions
e. Onions
The intoxicating ingredient in alcohol is ____________.
ethanol
Please match each section with the appropriate food group according to the chooseMyPlate.gov: red section
fruits
_________ is a common bariatric procedure during after which your stomach shrinks by roughly 70-80%, so that it can hold only 1.5 ounces instead of 6 oz.
gastric bypass (RYGB)
In the fed state, the brain uses which nutrient as a source of energy?
glucose
When given as the sole source of energy, isocaloric amounts of which energy substrate would most effectively reduce starvation ketosis?
glucose
A particular amino acid is very important for several metabolic pathways in enterocytes and so it is often added to nutritional mixtures used for hospitalized patients. The important amino acid is ________________.
glutamine
Legumes are limited in sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. What food group is considered complementary because it supplies these amino acids?
grains
A 47-year old female had RYGB surgery 12 months ago. One day, she felt hungry, dizzy, sweaty and weak two hours after eating her lunch. This is likely _________.
hypoglycemia
Consumption of alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis, which may lead to __________________.
hypoglycemia
This part of the brain is the primary regulator of satiety and central controller of energy homeostasis.
hypothalamus
__________________ bind to antigens and inactivate them or cause them to be destroyed.
immunoproteins
Fiber, like that found in oats and beans, results in _______________.
increased water absorption from the intestine
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: Cellulose
insoluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: Lignin
insoluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: Wheat bran
insoluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: increases fecal bulk
insoluble
In starvation, the brain uses which nutrient as an energy source?
ketone bodies
Following a cholecystectomy, bile is produced by the _________.
liver
Match each function with its corresponding tissue. Answers may be used once, more than once or not at all: De novo lipogenesis
liver
Match each function with its corresponding tissue. Answers may be used once, more than once or not at all: Very low density lipoprotein synthesis, secretion
liver
What organ serves as the primary site of amino acid metabolism?
liver
A genetic defect diminishing branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity results in ____________________.
maple syrup urine disease.
Acidic chyme becomes neutralized in the duodenum by:
mixing with bicarbonate and fluids
Endogenous proteins are produced within our body. Locations include _________________ and __________________. 70 grams per day of endogenous proteins can be produced daily.
mucosal cells, digestive enzymes
What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
pepsin
When nitrogen taken into the body exceeds nitrogen losses, we say the person is in ______________________________.
positive nitrogen balance.
Urea excretion is related to _____, while creatinine excretion is related to ______.
protein intake, muscle mass
Which is most associated with the incidence of T2DM?
overweight
Please match each section with the appropriate food group according to the chooseMyPlate.gov: purple section
protein
In humans, the majority of glycogen is stored in the ___________.
skeletal muscle
Match each function with its corresponding tissue. Answers may be used once, more than once or not at all: Re-esterification of free fatty acids to form triglycerides
small intestine
Most of the enzymatic digestion (via pancreatic enzymes) happens in the _______.
small intestine
In general, most amino acids are absorbed from the _________________.
proximal small intestine
The ketogenic diet is used to help treat ___________.
seizures
Prebiotics act as substrates for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon and are _____.
selected fibers
Digestion of lipids begins in the_______.
stomach
Protein digestion begins in the _____________ and ___________ is the enzyme associated with protein digestion.
stomach, pepsin
In which type of reactions is an α-amino group moved from one carbon chain to another in order to form its respective amino and keto acids?
transamination
_______________ combine with nutrients and regulate their circulation and their flow into and out of cells.
transport proteins
In what form is most body fat stored?
triacylglycerols
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: Draws water from intestine into stool
soluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: Inulin
soluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: increased satiation
soluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: legume
soluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: oat
soluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: pectin
soluble
Classify each of the following as either soluble or insoluble fiber: psyllium
soluble
The major end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrate include ______________________________.
water, carbon dioxide, and energy.
The ______ is the initial site of vitamin B12 digestion.
stomach
Please match each section with the appropriate food group according to the chooseMyPlate.gov: Green section
vegetables
______ contributes most to the total cholesterol content of fasting plasma concentration.
LDLs
What is a major reason for constipation in the elderly?
decreased gastric motility
Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet? Select one: a. arachidonic acid b. omega-9 fatty acid c. linoleic acid d. oleic acid
c. linoleic acid
Allen is 20 years old and asks for help in selecting a fiber-rich diet. After he ranks the kinds of foods he likes to eat, you provide him with a list of food items consisting of Select one: a. 16 ounces of low-fat cheese, 3 medium apples, 2 cups blackberries, 1/2 cup spinach, and 1/2 cup of broccoli. b. 1 cup of cooked barley and 1 cup of garbanzo beans, 1 kiwi, and 1 slice whole-wheat bread. c. 1 cup baked beans, 1 medium apple, 1 banana, 1 1/2 cups oatmeal, 1 ounce 100% bran cereal, and 1/2 cup chopped raw carrots. d. 3 slices of whole-wheat bread, 2 cups of black beans, 1 ounce 100% bran cereal, and 1 cup apple juice.
c. 1 cup baked beans, 1 medium apple, 1 banana, 1 1/2 cups oatmeal, 1 ounce 100% bran cereal, and 1/2 cup chopped raw carrots.
Which of the following is not a "standard" drink, containing approximately 14 g of pure alcohol. Select one: a. 8-9 fl oz malt liquor b. 12 fl oz regular (not "light") beer c. 2.5 fl oz distilled liquor or spirits d. 5 fl oz wine
c. 2.5 fl oz distilled liquor or spirits
Which of the following racial groups may experience intoxication or alcohol poisoning at a lower blood alcohol level, due to being more likely to have genes for the inactive form of ALDH? Select one: a. White b. Black c. Asian d. European
c. Asian
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy? Select one: a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Fat d. Alcohol
c. Fat
Which lab test helps you to determine if a diabetic has been following his or her dietary prescription? Select one: a. Urine sugar b. Blood glucose c. Glycosylated hemoglobin d. Urine ketones
c. Glycosylated hemoglobin
Which of the following should be included in the diet for celiac disease? I. decrease intake of eggs II. use potato and rice flour III. intramuscular vitamin B12 and iron IV. low-kcal, high-fat, high protein Select one: a. III, IV b. I, II, IV c. II, III d. II, IV
c. II, III
In which of the following patient populations is bariatric surgery the safest and most effective? Select one: a. Teens b. Pregnant women c. Is this a trick question? d. Middle-aged women
c. Is this a trick question?
Which of the following is a human disease caused by prions? Select one: a. scrapie b. mad cow disease c. Variant CJ disease d. bovine encephalopathy
c. Variant CJ disease
Which of the following is not an effect of alcohol metabolism? Select one: a. B vitamins are not absorbed b. dim light vision is affected c. Vitamin D is overactivated causing toxicity d. Stomach cells oversecrete histamine
c. Vitamin D is overactivated causing toxicity
Which of the following enzymes has diagnostic value for disease? Select one: a. isocitrate dehydrogenase b. ornithine carbomoyl transferase c. alanine aminotransferase d. phosphofructokinase
c. alanine aminotransferase
Common food sources of fructans are _____. Select one: a. strawberries, apples and citrus fruits b. whole grains c. chicory, onions and Jerusalem artichokes d. legumes
c. chicory, onions and Jerusalem artichokes
The main goal for an obese patient with T2DM with persistent hyperglycemia is: Select one: a. weight loss. b. consumption of a low-protein diet. c. control of blood glucose levels. d. consumption of a low-fat diet.
c. control of blood glucose levels.
Which fiber is insoluble in water? Select one: a. gums b. pectin c. hemicellulose d. polysaccharides
c. hemicellulose
