Final

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration and citizenship in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act was also used to restrict and bar immigration and citizenship of Japanese and Koreans. p. 546-549

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. pp. 554-555

Wounded Knee

1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by American cavalry at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota

Robert Kennedy

"Bobby," brother to JFK, attorney general during the Kennedy and then LBJ administration. H ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated, like his brother, in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans. p. 811

Adlai Stevenson

"Egghead" intellectual Senator from Illinois and democratic candidate for president in 1952 and 1956 against Eisenhower. p.807

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Martin Luther

(1517) A German monk; 95 Thesis, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

The Second Great Awakening

(1790-1840s) a series of American religious revivals occurring throughout that eastern U.S.; these revivals encouraged a culture performing good deeds in exchange for salvation, and therefore became responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolitionism, (Chap. 8) pp. 259-265

Frederick Douglass

(1818-1895)A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery. p. 351

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)-an early and influential women's rights convention, the first to be held in the west, in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Philadelphia-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her orating ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion. p. 356-357

Lord Baltimore

(Cecillius Calvert) He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Cooperatives

(Co-ops) Groups of farmers that would buy in bulk together at wholesale prices, cutting out the middleman, and passing savings on to farmers. p. 553

Evangelical Abolitionist

(Cultural) A religious concept originating from a section of evangelical Christians in the North/Midwest. Many Quakers, Methodists and Baptists had already freed their slaves, and advocated the gradual emancipation of all blacks. p. 348

subversive

(adj.) intended to undermine or overthrow; (n.) one who advocates or attempts to undermine a political system. p. 786

capitalism

(aka free enterprise) an economic system in which individuals own and operate the majority of businesses that provide goods and services. Competition, supply, and demand determine which goods and services are produced, how they are produced, and how they are distributed. pp. 554

Harriet Tubman

(c.1820-1913) American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people. p. 351

Korean War

..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. p. 797

Moctezuma

1466-1520, Ruler of Tenochtitlan and Aztec, killed during the Spanish conquest of Mexico by Hernan Cortes.

Francis Drake

1500s; English sea dog; paid by Elizabeth to raid the Spanish ships; completed first English circumnavigation

XYZ Affair

1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803 - 1882 a famous American essayist, public speakers in the Lyceum Movement, and one of America's most influential thinkers. First expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay "Nature." Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England. pp. 332 to 333

James Farmer

Member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, founded Congress of Racial Equality

Settlement of Texas

Mexican government offers land grants to new immigrants to the province of Tejas

B'hoys

Mid-19th century New York dandy's: Men who cropped their hair close in the back, wore long front locks matter with hair grease, rolled and combed shiny. Known for sexual promiscuity and stylish dress. p. 343

white flight

Middle class whites who could afford to began to move away from urban neighborhoods where crime, pollution, and racial integration of schools made that option more attractive

Porfirio Diaz

Military dictator of Mexico who led a corrupt government and was overthrown by revolutionaries in 1911.

Economic Opportunity Act

1964 act which created a series of programs, including Head Start to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten and the Job Corps and Upward Bound to provide young people with training and employment, aimed at alleviating poverty and spurring economic growth in impoverished areas.

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history. p. 807

Battle of Gettysburg

A battle that ended with a Union victory and marked the closest a Confederate Army got to a major northern city

Panama Canal

A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Built by the US army corps of engineers and opened in 1914, the canal gave US naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the US with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere

Organizatio of Petroleum Exporting Countries/OPEC

A cartel formed in 1960 by the Persian Gulf states and other oil-rich developing countries, which allowed its members to exert greater control over the price of oil.

Open Door Policy

A claim put forth by US Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access

Space race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union during the 1960s. p. 814

Mixed Government

A concept which spreads the governmental power through the Monarch, the House of Lords, and a republican society. This dispersed authority and maximized liberty.

Munich Conference

A conference in September 1938 during which Britain and France agreed to allow Germany to annex Sudetenland--a German-speaking border area of Czechoslovakia--in return for Hitler's pledge to seek no more territory.

Equal Rights Amendment/ERA

A constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 that would require equal treatment of men and women under federal and state law. Facing fierce opposition from the New Right and the Republican Party, the ERA was defeated as time ran out for state ratification in 1982.

Counterculture

A culture embracing values or lifestyles opposing those of the mainstream culture. Became synonymous with hippies, people who opposed and rejected conventional standards of society and advocated extreme liberalism in their sociopolitical attitudes and lifestyles.

Freedmen's Bureau

A department created by Congress to assist and aid displaced blacks and war refugees. Vetoed then overrode into law.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Environmental Protection Agency/EPA

A federal agency created by Congress and President Nixon in 1970 to enforce environmental laws, conduct environmental research, and reduce human health and environmental risks from pollutants.

Free-Soil Movement

Movement of Northeners who believed that high ranking southerners were trying to expand slavery.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world. p. 812

matriarchy

A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the female line.

American GI Forum

A group founded by WWII veterans in Corpus Christi, TX in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans

Bonus Army

A group of 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans who set up camps near the Capitol building in 1932 to demand immediate payment of pension awards due to be paid in 1945.

Medicare

A health plan for the elderly passed in 1965 and funded by a surcharge on Social Security payroll taxes.

Medicaid

A health plan for the poor passed in 1965 and paid for by general tax revenues and administered by the states.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the Great Depression. By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction.

political machine

A highly organized group of insiders that directs a political party. As the power of notables waned in the 1820's disciplined political parties usually run by professional politicians appeared in a number of states. (p. 317)

Union League

A league of Northern white Republicans and Southern black Republicans that pressured Congress to protect the rights of freedmen

Hundred Days

A legendary session during the first few months of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in which Congress enacted fifteen major bills that focused primarily on four problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment.

blacklist

A list circulated among employers containing the names of persons who should not be hired. Used during the McCarthy era against the "Hollywood Ten," as well as many others, including gays and lesbians. p. 801

Ohiyesa (Dr. Charles Eastman)

A man of American Indian (Sioux) descent who became a physician and author. He was an advocate for native american rights and founded native american chapters of the YMCA and the Boy Scouts of America.

caucus

A meeting held by a political party to choose candidates, make policies, and enforce party discipline. (p. 318)

Yalta Conference

A meeting of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945, in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations, and Russian entry into the war against Japan.

Ostend Manifesto

A message from American diplomats in Europe to Pierce to seize Cuba

Scorched Earth

A military doctrine of destroying surrounding environment and infrastructure to weaken the enemy

Realism

A movement that called for writers and artists to picture daily life as precisely and truly as possible.

Modernism

A movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural forms. Modernism became the first great literary and artistic movement of the twentieth century and remains influential today.

Tax Revolt

A movement to lower or eliminate taxes. California's 1978 Proposition 13, which rolled back property taxes, capped future increases for present owners, and required that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature, was the result of one such revolt, inspiring similar movements across the country.

Social Gospel

A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service.

Louis Armstrong

A native of New Orleans, Armstrong learned his craft playing in the saloons and brothels of the city's vice district. Like tens of thousands of other African-Americans he moved north, settling in Chicago in 1922. Armstrong showed an inexhaustible capacity for melodic invention, and his dazzling solos inspired other musicians. By the late 1920s, solos became the celebrities of jazz, thrilling audiences with there improvisational skills

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and, along with Roosevelt, planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Comanches

A pastoral society that controlled the Santa Fe Trail in modern Southwest America

Red Scare

A period during the Cold War - 1945- 1991 - where the American public was terrified of Communists and the spread of Communism. Most intense during the McCarthy Era of the 1950s. pp. 800- 801

Henry Kissinger

National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973.

energy crisis

A period of fuel shortages in the United States after the Arab states in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) declared an oil embargo in October 1973. As a result, gas prices jumped by 40 percent and heating oil prices by 30 percent.

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States p. 348

NSC-68

National Security Council mem, "bristling with alarmist rhetoric" #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs. P. 794

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. p. 332

Lost Generation

A phrase coined by writer Gertrude Stein to refer to young artists and writers who had suffered through WW1 and felt alienated from America's mass-cultured society in the 1920s

recall

A pioneering progressive idea, enacted in Wisconsin, Oregon, California, and other states, that gave citizens the right to remove unpopular politicians from office through a vote.

Townsend Plan

A plan proposed by in 1933 that would give $200 a month (about $3,300 today) to citizens over the age of sixty. Clubs sprang up across the country in support of the plan, mobilizing mass support for old-age pensions.

free silver

A policy of loosening the money supply by expanding federal coinage to include silver as well as gold. Advocates of the policy thought it would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry, but the defeat of the Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan ended the movement and gave Republicans power to retain the gold standard.

Wisconsin Idea

A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.

American Protective Association

A powerful political organization of militant Protestants, which for a brief period in the 1890s counted more than 2 million members. In its virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants, the APA prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.

Atlantic Charter

A press release by President Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 calling for economic cooperation, national self-determination, and guarantees of political stability after the war.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793 allowing US citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain.

Report on Manufactures

A proposal by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports.

Gadsden Purchase

A purchase of Mexican Land that allowed the United States to build a railroad from New Orleans to Los Angeles

Roosevelt recession

A recession from 1937 to 1938 that occurred after President Roosevelt cut the federal budget.

Islam

A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet. Following the death of Muhammad in A.D

Dominion of New England

A royal providence created by King James II in 1686 that would have absorbed Connecticuit, Rhode Island, Massechusetts Bay, Plymouth, New York, and New Jersey into a single, vast colony and eliminated their assemblies and other chartered rights

Black Protestantism

A sect of Christianity that advocated for racial equality in the eyes of god and did not advocate passages for unthinking obedience

dust bowl

A series of dust storms from 1930 to 1941 during which a severe drought afflicted the semiarid states of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas, and Kansas.

fireside chats

A series of informal radio addresses Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in which he explained New Deal initiatives.

Fourteenth Amendment

National citizenship for all persons born in the United States. States cannot deprive citizens of their civil rights or equal protection under the law. Representation in House now reduced by amount of adult male citizens denied the vote.

Palmer raids

A series of raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on radical org.s that peaked in Jan 1920, when federal agents arrested 6,000 citizens and aliens and denied them access to legal counsel

Insular Cases

A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S. Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories; only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship

Siege of Vicksburg

A siege that ended with a Union victory and disabled the Confederate's use of the Mississippi River

Siege of Atlanta

A siege that ended with a Union victory and pushed Northern public opinion in support of the war.

Popular Front

A small but vocal group of Americans who pushed for greater US involvement in Europe. American Communist Party members, African American civil rights activists, and trade unionists, among other members of the coalition, encouraged Roosevelt to take a stronger stand against European fascism.

Slave Society

A society where all aspects of life are affected by slavery

client states

A state that is economically, politically, or militarily dependent on another state. During the Cold War, colonized countries who had become independent,-like Korea, Vietnam, countries in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America were prone to break outs of warfare that were known as "proxy wars." p. 786

republic

A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.

Double V Campaign

A strategy that originated by James G. Thompson through the Pittsburg Courier that urged colored Americans to strive for victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home.

chattel slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

town meeting

A system of local government in New England in which all male heads of households met regularly to elect selectmen, levy local taxes, and regulate markets, roads, and schools.

Red scare

A term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the US, first after WW1, and led to a series of gov.t raids on alleged subversives and a suppression of civil liberties

code talkers

Native American soldiers trained to use native language to send messages in battle during WWII. Neither the Japanese nor the Germans could decipher the codes used by these Navajo, Comanche, Choctaw, and Cherokee speakers, and the messages they sent gave the Allies great advantage in the battle of Iwo Jima, among many others.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. p. 335

Treaty of Paris of 1783

A treaty which verified America's independence from the British, and took back land which was once captured by Britain. It also took about 5 million acres from the Cherokees and gave it to the Americans.

Fourierism

A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity. p. 336

Redemption

A violent southern democratic movement that terrorized republicans, lynched African Americans, and seized power in state legislatures

Angelina & Sarah Grimke (sisters)

Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. p. 349

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Act that directed the mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi. Jackson insisted that his goal was to save the Indians and their culture. Indians resisted the controversial act, but in the end most were forced to comply. (p. 327)

Scott Joplin

African American composer and pianist who achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime Writers."

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders formed this in 1957 to coordinate civil right activity in the South

Jacob Leisler

New York, Dutchman Led rebellion against the Dominion of New England Initially he enjoyed broad support but he soon alienated many English-speaking New Yorkers and well-to-do Dutch residents Heavy-Handed tactics made him vulnerable King William and Queen Mary made Henry Sloughter governor Leisler was indicted for treason, hanged, and decapitated

"Remember the Maine"

After the US battle cruiser "Maine" exploded in Havana harbor, the New York Journal rallied its readers to "Remember the Maine", galvanizing popular support for the US war against Spain. Evidence of Spanish complicity in the explosion was not found; the likely cause was later found to have been internal to the ship

Consumer Credit

New forms of borrowing, such as auto loans and installment plans, that flourished in the 1920s but helped trigger the Great Depression

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Negro Leagues

All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.

Sitting Bull

American Indian holy man who led his tribe during years of resistance to US government policies.

Margaret Sanger

American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse who popularized the term "birth control" and established organizations that evolved into Planned Parenthood.

Lyman Beecher

American clergyman, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the Great Awakening ministers. He served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education.

Machine Tools

American craftsmen pioneered this development of machines that made parts for other machines. A key innovator was Eli Whitney (1765-1825), the son of a middling New England farm family.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" and the "Frontier Thesis"

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill

Cyrus McCormick

American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.

Sellers Family

American inventors whose Franklin Institute in Philly trained a new generation of businessmen and inventors

Clean Air Act

Nixon's 1970 CAA act greatly expanded the federal governments (EPA) power to punish corporations for emitting excessive air pollutants into the atmosphere

Gordon Hirabayashi

Among the few Japanese Americans who actively resisted incarceration. He challenged internment by refusing to register for evacuation; instead, he turned himself in to the FBI. He was tried and convicted in 1942. He appealed his case to the Supreme Court in 1943.

Adams Onis Treaty

An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain's claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1869 Supreme Court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities, if they claimed to be "separate but equal," were permissible according to the Fourteenth Amendment.

Comstock Act

An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature," defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control.

Pendleton Act

An 1883 law establishing a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination. This act dealt a major blow to the "spoils system" and sought to ensure that government positions were filled by trained, professional employees.

Omaha Platform

An 1892 statement by the Populists calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans.

Election of 1860

Northern Democrats-Stephen Douglas Midwest+Southern Democrats-John Breckenridge Republican-Lincoln -Generally more moderate than most republicans on slavery -Opposed slavery AND racial equality -Egalitarian philosophy Lincoln win

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Adolf Zukor

An Eastern European Jewish immigrant starting with fur sales, this man and a partner then set up five cent theaters in Manhattan. "I spent a good deal of time watching the faces of the audience," he called. "With a little experience I could see, hear, and feel their reaction to each melodrama and comedy." Founding Paramount pictures, he signed emerging stars and produced successful feature-length films.

Revenue Act (1942)

An act that expanded the number of people paying income taxes from 3.9 million to 42.6 million. These taxes on personal incomes and business profits paid half the cost of WWII.

Teller Amendment

An amendment to the 18988 US declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the US to occupy Cuba. The Amendment assured the public that the united states would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home

Earth Day

An annual environmental event that was first celebrated on April 22, 1970, when 20 million citizens gathered in communities across the country to express their support for a cleaner, healthier planet.

nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. p. 344

Battle of Tippecanoe

An attack on Shawnee Indians at Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison, Indiana's territorial governor. The governor's troops traded heavy casualties with the confederacy's warriors and then destroyed the holy village.

stagflation

An economic term coined in the 1970s to describe the condition in which inflation and unemployment rise at the same time.

Charles Grandison Finney and Lydia Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Booker T. Washington

An ex-slave founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881. He stressed patience, manual training and hard work for blacks. Made the Atlanta Compromise speech.

Executive Order 9066

An order signed by President Roosevelt in 1941 that authorized the War Department to force Japanese Americans from their West Coast homes and hold them in relocation camps for the rest of the war.

Executive Order 8802

An order signed by President Roosevelt in 1941 that prohibited "discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin" and established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC).

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

An ordinance which created the territories of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. It also earmarked funds from land sales in order to support schools. Congress appointed judges to administer the land among the new territories, and gave them the ability to join the Confederacy when they reached 60,000 free adult males.

American Civil Liberties Union

An org. formed during the Red Scare to protect free speech rights

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader. Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence.

National Association of Colored Women

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

An organization founded in 1910 by leading African American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African Americans, especially through the courts.

Edmund Andros

Appointed by James II as governor of the Dominion of New England Hard-edged former military officer James II ordered him to abolish legislative assemblies In Mass, he banned town meetings (angered villagers) and advocated public worship in the Church of England

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. p. 785

American Colonization Society

As some American's redefined slavery as a problem rather than a centuries-old social condition, a group of prominent citizens founded this organization in 1817. According to Henry Clay a society member, and speaker of the house of representatives, racial bondage hindered economic progress.

Artisan Republicanism

As the Industrial Revolution gathered momentum, it changed the nature of workers' lives. Following the American Revolution, many craft workers espoused this ideology of production based on liberty and equality. They saw themselves as small-scale producers, equal to one another and free to work for themselves.

therapeutic culture

As zeal for social and political reform declined with the elimination of the draft and the end of the Vietnam War and the slowing down of the civil rights movement, people's' attention migrated from "we" to "me"--a concern with their personal well-being, spiritual satisfaction, and material comfort; increasingly, people sought out psychological help and therapy to deal with their personal issues

Haymarket Square Riot

On May 4, 1886, a labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing. The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. At the same time, the men convicted in connection with the riot were viewed by many in the labor movement as martyrs. p. 552

Wilmot Proviso

Bill to ban slavery in all states from Mexican land. Killed in the Senate.

Persian Gulf

Body of water between Iran and Iraq where a large percentage of the world's petroleum is shipped

Tea Act of May 1773

British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it. Resistance to the Tea Act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Massachusetts.

Commonwealth System

By 1820, state governments had created this republican political economy which funneled state aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare of the state.

Slavery Follows the Flag

Calhoun's belief that planters could take their slaves into the territories

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government (an independent executive agency). Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers. Created during the rise of the Cold War in 1947. pp. 808-809

Billy Graham

Christian evangelist, Southern Baptist minister, held many rallies, sermons, radio and television broadcasts, spiritual advisor to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon

Hollywood

City in LA area of Cali where, by the 1920s, nearly 90% of all films in the world were produced

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

Commission appointed by President Kennedy in 1961, which issued a 1963 report documenting jobs and educational discrimination.

Dixiecrats

Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a candidate. p. 799 [pictured famed segregationist Strom Thurmond.]

COMECON

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949-1991) Economic group led by the Soviets comprised of the Eastern bloc and other satellite states.P. 793

Border States

Critical slave states bordering free states that were divided in whether or not to secede. Kentucky was critical to hold the Ohio River. Missouri was critical to hold the Missouri River Valley. When Virginia seceded from the union, West Virginia seceded from Virginia. Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, and future West Virginia stayed in the Union.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party from 1976 to 2008. Alarmed by his friendly relations with the Soviet Union, the United States government unsuccessfully attempted to remove him, by assassination, economic blockade and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961. Countering these threats, Castro formed an economic and military alliance with the Soviets and allowed them to place nuclear weapons on the island, sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis - a defining incident of the Cold War - in 1962. p. 811

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Decided in favor of Sandford and stated that slaves had no access to the legal system and ability to sue any one else regardless. Also affirmed that slaves were property and that the government could not interfere.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Declared formerly enslaved people to be citizens with equal protections, rights of contract, and access to the courts. Vetoed then overrode into law.

Panic of 1819

Dubious banking policies helped bring on this event which was also greatly influenced by other forces. As the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Americans sharply increased their consumption of English woolen and cotton goods. Farmers also began to lose profits after a abrupt 3% drop in world agricultural prices. This event gave Americans a taste of the business cycle, the periodic boom and bust inherent to an unregulated economy.

Emancipation Proclamation

One of Lincoln's executive orders that abolished slavery in all states OUTSIDE of union control

Richard M. Nixon

Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history. Rockefeller was an aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration." p. 533

Unchurched

Evangelical Methodist and Baptist Churches were by far the most successful institutions in attracting new members especially from this group, the great number of irreligious Americans.

Credit mobilier

Fake corporation set up by the Union Pacific Railroad to give massive government grants to the Union Pacific Railroad for massive profit

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Federal New Deal program established in 1935 that provided government-funded public works jobs to millions of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression in areas ranging from construction to the arts.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Federal agency established in June 1933 to promote industrial recovery during the Great Depression. It encouraged industrialists to voluntarily adopt codes that defined fair working conditions, set prices, and minimized competition.

Church-State Relations

Few influential Americans want red a complete serration of church and state because they believed that religious institutions promoted morality and government authority.

Harvey Milk

First openly gay politician in the U.S.; served as San Francisco councilman; assassinated--along with SF Mayor Frank Moscone by angry fellow councilman

Free-Soil Party

Opposed slavery on the grounds that it did not conform to Republican ideals and Jeffersonian society

Young Lords Organization

Organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the US and in the Caribbean. Though immediate victories were few, their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness

W. E. B. Du Bois

Fought for immediate implementation of African American rights. Opponent of Booker T Washington, he helped to found Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP.

Coercive Acts

Four British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea. Known in America as the Intolerable Acts, they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.

Classic Liberalism

Free trade, free government, low property taxes, limitation of voting rights to the literate and wealthy

Alabama Constitution of 1819

Gave universal white male suffrage and the secret ballot

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. p. 794-795

Holocaust

Germany's campaign during WWII to exterminate all Jews living in German-controlled lands, along with other groups the Nazis deemed "undesirable." In all, some 11 million people were killed in the Holocaust, most of them Jews.

Nelson Rockefeller

Governor of NY in 1959; was the de facto leader of the liberal wing of the Republican Party. p. 806

Chicano Moratorium Committee

Group founded by activist Latinos to protest the Vietnam War.

Black Christianity

Other evangelists persuaded planters to spread Protestant Christianity among their African American slaves. During the eighteenth century most black had maintained the religious practices of their African Homelands, giving homage to African gods or spirits or practicing Islam. This lead black christians to adapt Protestant teachings to their own needs.

CONTAINMENT IN THE POSTCOLONIAL WORLD

PAGE 807

Minor v. Happersett

Held that the right to vote is not inherent in citizenship

royal colony

In the English system, a royal colony was chartered by the crown. The colony's governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the Board of Trade.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to the Indies in 1493.

Ich bin ein Berliner!

JFK gives a speech in Berlin about how Berlin is free and should never succumb to communism and calls himself a Berliner, 1963, shortly after the Berlin wall is erected. [Bad translation work though: in German a "Berliner" is actually not someone who lives in Berlin; it's a jelly doughnut.] Anyway, the German loved him for it. p. 812

William of Orange

James II angered English political leaders so William led the Glorious Revolution and overthrew him He was a Protestant Dutch prince who was married to James' Protestant daughter Created a constitutional monarchy (forced by Whig politicians)

Terence Powderly

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women. pp. 551-552

freehold

Land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or land lord obligations. Freeholders had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their landed property.

Black Codes

Laws designed to force freedmen back into plantation life

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII, leader of troops in Africa, and commander in the D-Day invasion. He was elected president and was president during integration of Little Rock Central High School.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Alice Paul

Leader of the National Woman's Party and the Congressional Union, campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution and led protests

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces (according to him).

Second Continental Congress

Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration. It established an army, created its own money, and declared independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan put towards the South for admitting a Southern state back into the union when 10% of its voters had taken a loyalty oath+ratified the 13th amendment. Rejected by the Southern States

Huey Long

Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a "Share the Wealth" program; wanted to give $5k to all families.

Tet Offensive

Major campaign of attacks launched throughout South Vietnam in January 1968 by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong. A major turning point in the war, it exposed the credibility gap between official statements and the war's reality, and it shook Americans' confidence in the government.

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic programs, which included civil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protections, and aid to the arts and humanities.

George Grenville (1712-1770)

Prime Minister of Great Britain who understood the need for imperial reform, and who passed the Currency Act of 1764 and the Sugar Act of 1764

mass production

Production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. With job production and batch production it is one of the three main production methods. Utilized by Henry Ford.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary. Nicknamed Mr. Progressive!

Tom Johnson

Progressivist who aided public access to things like street cars, bathing, and parks.

Thirteenth Amendment

Prohibited Slavery

closed-shop

Prohibits a union member from requiring that a person be a member of the union before he or she can be hired by the employer. p. 554

ethnocultural politics

Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group. (p. 340)

temperance movement

Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920. p. 354

Nation of Islam

Religion founded in the US that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s. Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam, anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice

Wade-Davis Bill

Required an oath of allegiance by the majority of each states adult white men, the creation of a government without past confederates, and the disenfranchisement of confederate leaders. Lincoln defeats with a pocket veto.

white-collar workers

Salaried workers whose jobs generally do not involve manual labour. p. 536

John Muir

Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevadamountains of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas

William Seward

Secretary of State, governor of New York, and Senator. Republican who was beat by Lincoln for his party's nomination in 1860. Opposed slavery.

Continental Congress

September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts. The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain.

American Temperance Society

Set out to curb the consumption of alcoholic beverages in 1832. The society quickly grew to two thousand chapters and more than 200,000 members. It's nationwide campaign employed revivalist methods-group confession and prayer, using women as spiritual guides, and sudden emotional conversation-and was a stunning success.

Leonora Barry

She helped the Knights of Labor recruit women. p. 552

Executive Order 9835

Signed by Harry Truman in 1947 to establish the "Loyalty-Security Program" requiring federal employees to sign loyalty oaths and undergo security checks. Empowered officials to investigate any employee of "subversive" activities. p. 801

Benevolent Masters

Slaveholders adopt paternalistic ideology by splitting slaves into good and bad groups absolving guilt from splitting most families and saving a few

Black Family Values

Slaves shunned incest and respected loyalty to one's partner despite lacking the right to create binding contracts

Contrabands

Slaves that were seized by the union army under the doctrine of "Contraband of War"

America Colonization Society

Society established for colonizing Africa with American Slaves

Fifteenth Amendment

States cannot deny the right to vote on the grounds of race or previous condition of servitude

Freedom of Texas

Stephen Austin led a peaceful movement to negotiate autonomy from the Mexican government and successfully extracted concessions. Santa Anna nullifies these contracts leading to rebellion. For the Alamo!

silent majority

Term derived from the title of a book by Ben J. Wattenberg and Richard Scammon (called The Real Majority) and used by Nixon in a 1969 speech to describe those who supported his positions but did not publicly assert their voices, in contrast to those involved in the antiwar, civil rights, and women's movement.

neo-Europes

Term for colonies in which colonist sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures they knew at home.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. It nearly doubled the size of the United States and opened the way for future American expansion west. The purchase required President Thomas Jefferson to exercise powers not explicitly granted to him by the Constitution.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that ended WW1. The agreement redrew the map of the world, assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war, and saddled it with a debt pf $33 billion in war damages. Its long term impact around the globe- including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"- was catastrophic

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through Muller v. Oregon

"To Secure These Rights"

The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans. President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendation- including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practices Commission- into law, leading to discord in the Democratic Party

Battle of Saratoga

The British were defeated by the continental army at Saratoga. Burgoyne's British army was surrounded in Saratoga, and called for more troops to come rescue them. The troops were cut off by Patriots and the British remained surrounded by American soldiers.

General Horatio Gates

The Continental Army leader who lead the US to the win at the Battle of Saratoga. He helped fall trees to get in the way of the British and surrounded them at Saratoga.

House Un-American Activities Committee

The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." pp. 801-802 [see video]

Potsdam Conference

The July 1945 conference in which American officials convinced the Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin to accept German reparations only from the Soviet zone, or far eastern part of Germany. The agreement paved the way for the division of Germany into East and West.

General William Howe

The Soldier who was appointed by Lord North to capture New York for the British. He ended up going after Pennsylvania and was defeated in the Battle of Long Island by George Washington.

Frances Perkins

The U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet who remained in offices for his entire Presidency.

Demographic Transition

The United States was one of the first nations to experience a sharp decline in the birthrate as a part of this process. This was caused by several things, couples began to limit the size of their families so children could be left adequate inheritance.

competency

The ability of a family to keep a household solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation.

producerism

The argument that real economic wealth is created by people who make their living by physical labor, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers." In the late nineteenth century, producerism was a popular ideology among farmers, skilled tradesmen, and factory workers. p. 551

prohibition

The ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol that went into effect in Jan 1920 with the 18th amendment. It was repealed in 1933

nullification

The constitutional argument advanced by John C. Calhoun that a state legislature or convention could void a law passed by Congress. (p. 324)

deindustrialization

The dismantling of manufacturing - especially in the automobile, steel, and consumer-goods industries - in the decades after World War II, representing a reversal of the process of industrialization that had dominated the American economy from the 1870s through the 1940s. Struck hardest by this were the nation's "Rust Belt" of manufacturing states, which stretched from the Northeast through the Great Lakes region and the Upper Midwest. This long-term process began in the 1950s but only drew national attention in the 1970s and 1980s.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

The first federally funded health care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses

Forty-Niners

The first men to arrive in California in the California Gold Rush

Whigs

The second national party, the Whig Party arose in 1834 when a group of congressmen contested Andrew Jackson's policies and conduct. The party identified itself with the preRevolutionary American and British parties — a lso called Whigs — t hat had opposed the arbitrary actions of British monarchs. (p. 332)

William Jennings Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Self-Made Man

This became a central theme of American popular culture and inspired many men to seek success. Just as the yeoman ethic had served as a unifying ideal in pre-1800 agrarian America, so the gospel of personally achievement linked the middle and business class of the new industrializing society.

Voluntarism

This idea was welcomed in Connecticut, a devout congregationalist state, which was the funding of the churches by their members: it allowed the laity to control the clergy, while also supporting self-government and the principles of republicanism.

Sentimentalism

This movement originated in Europe as part of the romantic movement and after 1800 spread quickly to all classes of American society. This movement led more and more young women and men to chose their own partners in a new cultural attitude.

Burlingame Treaty

This treaty with China was ratified in 1868. It encouraged Chinese immigration to the United States at a time when cheap labor was in demand for U.S. railroad construction. It doubled the annual influx of Chinese immigrants between 1868 and 1882. (The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.) p. 546

Erie Canal

To carry people, crops and manufactures to and from the Great Mississippi River Basin, public mont and private business developed a water-borne transportation system of unprecedented size, complexity and cost. The key event was the New York Legislature's 1817 financing of this 364-mile long waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Previously the longest canal in the US was just 28 miles long-reflecting the huge capitol cost of canals and lack of American engineers expertise.

radicalized

To cause (someone) to become an advocate of radical political or social reform. p. 551

Herrenfolk ("Master Race") Revolution

To preserve their privileged social position, southern leaders redefined republicanism. They restricted individual rights and legal equality to whites.

Waltham-Lowell System

To reasuure parents about their daughters moral welfare, the mill owners enforced strict curfews, prohibited alcoholic beverages and required regular church attendance. At Lowell(1822), Chicopee(1823) and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the company built new factories that used this labor system.

loyalty oaths

Truman orders background checks on 3 millon federal employees, and loyalty oaths were demanded, especially from teachers. Many citizens feared that communist spies were undermining the government. p. 801

John Wesley Powell

US explorer famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition through the Grand Canyon

Jazz

Unique American musical form, developed in New Orleans and other parts of the South before WW1. Jazz musicians developed an ensemble improvisational style

Burger Court

Warren Burger succeeded Earl Warren as the Chief Justice; appointed by Nixon as a judicial conservative; the Burger Court moderated, but did not reverse, the liberal direction of the Court under warren

Sedition Act of 1918

Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the US or help in the cause of its enemies

Geronimo

Was a prominent leader of the Bedonkohe Apache who fought against Mexico and Arizona for their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades during the Apache Wars.

Missouri Crisis

When Missouri applied for statehood in 1819, Congressman James Tallmadge of New York said he would only support statehood if its constitution banned the entry of new slaves and provided for the emancipation of existing-bonds people. Missouri whites rejected Tallmadge's proposals, and the northern majority of the House of Representatives blocked the territory's admission. White southerners were horrified.

Post-Colonialism

When the legacy of colonial rule prevents a former colony from achieving full sovereignty, complete self determination, economic and political independence. p. 807

Emmeline Wells

Women's rights activist and 5th Relief Society General President of the LDS Church

Dissertation on the English Language

Written by Webster in 1789 this celebrated language as a marker of national identity by defining words according to American usage. With less success it also proposed that words be spelled as they were pronounced such as labour (British Spelling) being replaced with labur. Despite this effort by Webster republican literary culture developed slowly.

Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980), p. 795

Social Settlement

a community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf

Ngo Dinh Diem

a conservative anti-communist who overthrew Bao Dai, the emperor of southern Vietnam, when it seemed likely that a communist leader would be elected in the upcoming elections.

Yellow Journalism

a derogatory term for newspapers that specialized in sensational reporting

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a devastating fire that quickly spread through the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City on March 25, 1911, that killed 146 people

Blues

a form of american music that originated in the Deep South, especially from the black workers in the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta

Ragtime

a form of music, apparently named for its "ragged rhythm" that became widely popular in the early twentieth century among audiences of all classes and races and ushered in urban dance craze

Tenement

a high density, cheap, five-or-six story housing unit designed for working class urban populations

Women's Trade Union League

a labor organization for women founded in New York in 1903 that brought elite, middle-class, and working class women together as allies, support organizing efforts among garment workers

Progressivism

a loose term for political reformers -- especially those from elite and middle classes, who worked to improve political systems, fight poverty, conserve environmental resources, and increase government involvement in economy

Fetterman Massacre

a massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Letterman and 80 Soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them

constitutional monarchy

a monarchy limited in its rule by a constitution

National Municipal League

a political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like corporate executive

collective bargaining

a process of negotiation between labor unions and employers, which after WWII translated into rising wages, expanding benefits, and an increasing rate of home ownership

teenager

a term for young adult. American youth culture, focused on the spending power of the teenager

Mutual Aid Society

an urban aid society that served members of an ethnic immigrant group, usually those from a particular province or town, societies functioned as fraternal club

Mary E. Lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Sunbelt

name applied to the Southwest and South, which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and non unionized labor

Jack Kerouac

novelist and poet, pioneer of the Beat Generation, known for his spontaneous prose, progenitor of the hippie movement, died of alcohol abuse

Hull House

one of the first and most famous social settlements, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams an her companion Ellen Gates Starr in an impoverished, largely Italian immigrant neighborhood

Samuel Adams (1722-1803)

one of the most outspoken Patriots by 1770; repudiated parliamentary supremacy and claimed equality for American assemblies within the British empire

Dr. Benjamin Spock

pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care was one of the best-sellers of all time, first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to understand children and family dynamics, was involved in the anti-Vietnam War movement, won an Olympic gold medal

police action

phrase used to describe the U.S. intervention in Korea in 1950; the United States never officially declared war. p. 796

Stono Rebellion

slave uprising in 1739 along the Stono River in South Carolina in which a group of slaves armed themselves, plundered six plantations, and killed more than twenty colonists. The colonists quickly suppressed the rebellion

Homestead Act

the 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property, this policy led to the rapid development of the American West after Civil War

Dawes Severalty Act

the 1887 law that gave Native Americans severalty (individual ownership of land) by dividing reservations into homesteads. The law was a disaster for native peoples, resulting over several decades in the loss of 66 percent of lands held by Indians at the time of the law's passage

Scopes trial

the 1925 trial of John Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, for violating his state's ban on teaching evolution. The trial created a nationwide media frenzy and came to be seen as a showdown between urban and rural values

tribalization

the adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states

Middle Passage

the brutal sea voyage from Africa to the Americas that took the lives of nearly two million enslaved Africans

Soft power

the exercise of popular cultural influence abroad, as American radio and movies became popular around the world in the 1920s, transmitting American cultural ideals overseas

1970's economy

the long-lasting post WW II economic boom came to a halt in the 1970's as inflation robbed people of their purchasing power, high energy prices produced economic stagnation, along with the dramatic increase of high quality imported goods from Germany and Japan; many primary industrial plants closed and moved their operations overseas, where labor costs were cheaper.

"City Beautiful" movement

turn of century movement that advocated landscape beautification, playgrounds, and more and better urban parks

Hernan Cortes

(1485-1547) Spanish conquistador who in1519, led an army of 600 men to the Yucatan Peninsula; he defeated and conquered the Aztecs.

Philip II

(1556-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Charles Grandison Finney

(1792 1875) American Evangelist, theologian, and educator. Licensed to the Presbyterian ministry in 1824, he had phenomenal success as a revivalist in the Northeast, converting many who later became noted abolitionists. p. 338

Warsaw Pact

1955: An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO. p. 793

Bay of Pigs

1961 - 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates left from Nicaragua to try to topple Castro's regime, landing at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. When promised U.S. air cover also failed to materialize, the invaders were easily killed or captured by the Cuban forces. Many of the survivors were ransomed back to the U.S. for $64 million. President Kennedy had directed the operation. Disasterous! p. 811

burning Cuyahoga River

1969 fire on Cleveland's industrial Cuyahoga River became powerful symbol of our degraded and polluted environment

Yom Kippur War

1973 Arab-Israeli War that nearly triggered a conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

Bakke v. University of California

1978 landmark SCOTUS decision allowing universities to use race as a factor in the admissions process in order to establish "racial diversity" on campus; disallowed "racial quotas".

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Female Moral Reform Society

It was organized by middle-class women in New York in 1834. They wanted to liberate prostitutes from lives of sin. Also they sought to protect the morality of single women. To this end they published lists of men who frequented prostitutes or abused women. This was a direct attack on the double standard of the time. The society was replicated in hundreds of American communities by 1840. p. 354

vertical integration

It was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie. It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production. p. 531

Lend-Lease Act

Legislation in 1941 that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the United States without cash but with the promise to reimburse the United States when the war ended. The act reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war.

"right to work"

Legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join a union if it is present. This sounds pro-union, but it is anti-union. p. 798-799

Neutrality Act of 1935

Legislation that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. It imposed an embargo on selling arms to warring countries and declared that Americans traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk.

black nationalism

Major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Present in black communities for centuries, it periodically came to the fore, as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early 20th century and in various organization in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party

Ghost Dance Movement

religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of christianity and traditional Native American religion

Operation Rolling Thunder

Massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam authorized by President Johnson in 1965; against expectation, it ended up hardening the will of the North Vietnamese to continue fighting.

Minstrel Shows

Minstrel shows were preformed by white people in black face and portrayed black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, happy-go-lucky, sexual indulgent, and musical. The minstrel show began with brief burlesques and comic actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form in the next decade. By 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national artform, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Famous minstrel performed John Dartmouth Rice developed the character named, "Jim Crow." By the turn of the 20th century, the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville. It survived as professional entertainment until about 1910; amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools, and local theaters. pp. 343 - 345

The Shah of Iran

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last monarch of Iran, took the throne in 1941 and was supported to promote U.S. interests in their oil reserves until he was deposed by the Iranian Revolution of 1979. p. 809

Robert Morris

Morris was the chief treasury official who relied on funds which were requisitioned from states. The problem was that the states seldom paid their requisitions, so Morris had to get loans from France and Holland.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid.

Battle of Big Horn

the 1876 battle begun when American cavalry George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indians who resisted removal to a reservation. Custer's force was annihilated, but with whites calling for U.S. soldiers to retaliate

Roosevelt Corollary

the 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the US would act as a "policeman"in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect US interests in Latin America

Sand Creek Massacre

the November 29, 1864 massacre of more than a hundred peaceful Cheyennes largely women and children

Four- Minute Men

Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Info. to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters, as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war and suppress dissent

National Audubon Society

Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.

Election of 1864

National Union(Republican)-Lincoln -Appealed to Democrats who wanted to win the war -Substantially helped by morale boost after victory at Atlanta Democrat-McClellan -Advocated for peaceful resolution of the war with the South Lincoln Victory by a Landslide

Second Bank of the United States

National bank with multiple branches chartered in 1816 for twenty years. Intended to help regulate the economy, the bank became a major issue in Andrew Jackson's reelection campaign in 1832. (p. 325)

Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"

Naturalist and journalist Rachel Carson's 1960's attack on the U.S. chemical pesticide industry for their harmful use of DDT; regarded as important inspiration for Environmental Movement of Seventies.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

New Deal legislation passed in May 1933 that aimed at cutting agricultural production to raise crop prices and thus farmers' income.

Shay's Rebellion

Similar to the Stamp Act revolt, Massachusetts farmers and subsistence producers were enraged when the new constitution quintupled the normal tax amount, as they faced debt, taxes, and possible lawsuits if they were unable to pay. They banded together and closed the courts by force. Their attempt to reverse the tax failed, but showed a lot.

Inland System

Slave Traders bought rural slaves and marched them in columns (coffles) across the South then sold the slaves at a destination

Coastal Trade

Slaves bought along the Southern Coast of the US and sold in the New Orleans market, very visible and condemned by abolitionists

Pan- Africanism

the idea that people of African descent, in all parts of the world, have a common heritage and destiny and should cooperate in political action

Enforcement Laws

Laws, created in response to the KKK, authorizing federal federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorist activity

Florence Kelley

Social and political reformer who helped create the NAACP, served as first secretary of the NCL, and advocated minimum wage, 8-hour workdays, and children's rights.

Jane Addams

Social worker who created the Hull House, co-founded the ACLU, and was the first American woman awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

"Solid South"

The post-Reconstruction goal--achieved by the early twentieth century--of almost complete electoral control of the South by the Democratic Party.

A. Philip Randolph

Leader of black trade union Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for march on Washington early 1941, planned to bring protester to nation's capital if African Americans weren't given equal opportunity in war jobs, cancelled march w/ Executive Order 88002, efforts showed that white leaders and institutions could be swayed by concerted African American action

Chief Joseph

Leader of his American Indian tribe in Oregon when they were forcibly moved northeast by the federal government. Led his tribe in the Nez Perce War.

Yellowstone National Park

established in 1872 by Congress, Yellowstone was the first U.S. first national park

Long Drive

facilitated by the completion of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1865, a system by which cowboys herded cattle hundreds of miles north from Texas to Dodge City

Quartering Act of 1765

A British law passed by Parliament at the request of General Thomas Gage, the British military commanded in America, that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.

Pietism

A Christian revival movement characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual's personal relationship with God. It began as an effort to reform the German Lutheran Church in the mid-seventeenth century and became widely influential in Britain and its colonies in the eighteenth century.

Hiawatha

A Mohawk man who lost his family in one of the Indian wars and while stricken by grief, he met a spirit who taught him a series of condolence rituals; which led to his preaching a new gospel of peace and power; the condolence rituals he taught became the foundation for the Iroquois Confederacy.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. (She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders.) She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

proprietorship

A colony created through a grant of land from the English monarch to an individual or group, who then set up a form of government largely independent from royal control

redemptioner

A common type of indentured servant in the Middle Colonies in the eighteenth century. Unlike other indentured servants, redemptioners did not sign a contract before leaving Europe. Instead, they found employers after arriving in America.

Stamp Act Congress

A congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the right to trial by jury. The congress challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them.

Renaissance

A cultural transformation in the arts and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century and spread through much of Europe. Its ideals reshaped art and architecture and gave rise to civil humanism.

joint-stock corporation

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.

patriarchy

A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line and male heads of family rule over women and children.

encomienda

A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the sixteenth century by the Spanish kings to prominent men. Encomenderos extracted tribute from there Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction.

vice-admiralty court

A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge, with no jury.

Counter-Reformation

A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders, including the Jesuits (founded in 1540), who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.

Christianity

A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine. For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe, and it was from Europe that Christianity spread to the Americas.

heresy

A religious doctrine that is inconsistent with the teachings of a church.

revival

A renewal of religious enthusiasm in a Christian congregation. In the eighteenth century, revivals were often inspired by evangelical preachers who urged their listeners to experience a rebirth.

Crusades

A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D. 1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.

headright system

A system of land distribution, pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land-usually 50 acres-to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival. By this means, large planters amassed huge landholdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves.

outwork

A system of manufacturing, also known as putting out, used extensively in the English woolen industry in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Merchants bought wool and then hired landless peasants who lived in small cottages to spin and weave it into cloth, which the merchants would sell in English and foreign markets.

mercantilism

A system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain.

Enlightenment

An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world.

consumer revolution

An increase in consumption in English manufacturers in Britain and the British colonies fueled by the Industrial Revolution. Although the consumer revolution raised living standards, it landed many consumers - and the colonies as a whole - in debt.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Stamp Act of 1765

British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies. Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.

Sugar Act of 1764

British law that decreased the duty on French molasses, making it more attractive for shippers to obey the law, and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling. The act enraged New England merchants, who opposed both the tax and the fact that prosecuted merchants would be tried by British-appointed judges in a vice-admiralty court.

William Penn

Charles II bestowed Penn Pennsylvania as a payment for a large debt owed to Penn's father His colony was united on one purpose... All who came hoped to create a prosperous neo-European settlement that approximated the social and economical systems they knew at home Joined the Quakers (Pennsylvania as their refuge) Nice to Native Americans (bought colonist's land from Indians, told colonists to "sit downe Lovingly")

Sons of Liberty

Colonists - primarily middling merchants and artisans - who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s. The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.

Old Lights

Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers; the preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous Christian life.

Puritans

Dissenters from the Church of England, who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. The Puritans' religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.

Navigation Acts

English laws passed, beginning in the 1650's and 1660's, requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships manned primarily by English sailors in order to benefit English merchants, shippers, and seamen

New Lights

Evangelical preachers, many of them influenced by John Wesley, the founder of English methodism, and George Whitefield, the charismatic itinerant preacher who brought his message to Britain's American colonies. They decried a Christian faith that was merely intellectual and emphasized the importance of a spiritual rebirth.

William Byrd II

Father was a successful planter-merchant in Virginia Sent to England for an education Classmates shunned him because of his status (calling him a "colonial") Was rejected several times in England Eventually moved back to Virginia (age 52), built a brick mansion, and accepted his lesser destiny as a member of the colony's elite

Glorious Revolution

King James II was overthrown in 1688 by William of Orange. Whig politicians forced the new King William and Queen Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights, creating a constitutional monarchy that enhanced the powers of the House of Commons at the expense of the crown

Regulators

Landowning protesters who organized in North and South Carolina in the 1760s and 1770s to demand that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly.

Pilgrims

One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.

House of Burgesses

Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants.

guilds

Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of, a trade. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa, India, Indonesia, Spain, and the Balkan regions of Europe.

Quakers

People who believed that God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither ministers nor the Bible was essential to discovering Gods word put them in conflict with both the Church of England and orthodox Puritans

John Locke

Political philosopher Rejected divine-right monarchy celebrated by James II Legitimacy of government rests on the consent of the governed and that individuals have inalienable natural rights to life, liberty, and property Lasting influence in America because of beliefs

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

squatter

Someone who settles on land he or she does not own or rent. Many eighteenth-century settlers established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sales began.

animism

Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world. Animists do not worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world.

covenant of grace

The Christian idea that God's elect are granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. This doctrine holds that nothing people do can erase their sins or earn them a place in heaven.

covenant of works

The Christian idea that God's elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn their salvation.

deism

The Enlightenment-influenced belief that the Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws.

predestination

The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.

predestination

The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth-century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.

toleration

The allowance of different religious practices. Lord Baltimore persuaded the Maryland assembly to enact the Toleration Act (1649), which granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. The crown imposed toleration on Massachusetts Bay in its new royal charter in 1691.

civic humanism

The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self-governing republic.

reconquista

The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors ( Muslim Arabs ) from the European mainland. After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spaniards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1942 and secured control of all of Spain.

English common law

The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.

virtual representation

The claim made by British politicians that the interests of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies.

Columbian Exchange

The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere that began after the voyages of Columbus.

tribute

The practice of collecting goods from conquered peoples. The Aztecs and Incas relied on systems of tribute before they were conquered by Spain; after the conquest, Spanish officials adapted indigenous tribute systems to their own needs by binding Indian labor to powerful men through the encomienda and mita systems.

primogeniture

The practice of passing family land, by will, or by custom, to the eldest son.

trans-Saharan trade

The primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to the Atlantic World. Controlled in turn by the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, it carried slaves and gold to North Africa in exchange for salt and other goods.

Protestant Reformation

The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.

tenancy

The rental of property. To attract tenants in New York's Hudson River Valley, Dutch and English manorial lords granted long tenancy leases, with the right to sell improvements - houses and barns, for example - to the next tenant.

natural rights

The rights to life, liberty, and property. According to the English philosopher John Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1690), political authority was not given by God to monarchs. Instead, it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve their natural rights.

household mode of production

The system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England freeholders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce.

peasants

The traditional term for farm workers in Europe. Some peasants owned land, while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.

Robert Walpole

Whig leader in the House of Commons from 1720-1742 Salutary neglect was a by-product of the political system developed by Walpole

indentured servitude

Workers contracted for service for a specified period. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years (or more) without wages in the colonies, indentured workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.

South Atlantic System

a new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. It's plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans

gentility

a refined style of living and elaborate manners that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families after 1600 and strongly influenced leading colonists after 1700

salutary neglect

a term used to describe British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (r. 1714-1727) and George II (r. 1727-1760). By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted the rise of self government in North America

Second Hundred Years' War

an era of warfare beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England fought in 7 major wars; the longest era of peace lasted 26 years

land banks

an institution, established by a colonial legislature, that printed paper money and lent it to farmer, taking a lien on their land to ensure repayment

Covenant Chain

the alliance of the Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, the with the British Empire and its other colonies. It became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples

patronage

the power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters; also the jobs and favors themselves

Hard War

"When one nation is at war with another, all the people of one are enemies of the other"

David Walker's Appeal

"An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" (1829). The first indication of the spirit of abolitionism with the appearance an appeal to the colored citizens in the world by David Walker. He was a free black man, the appeal called for black Americans to mobilize abolition by force if necessary, and warned whites that the nation faced divine punishment if it did not mend its sinful ways. "America is as much your country as it is yours." pp. 345 - 348

Horace Mann

(1796 - 1859) A brilliant idealist and secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he proposed the construction of better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. His influence spread to other states and education in America was steadily improved. p. 355

Sojourner Truth

(1797-1883)American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. p. 356

Dorothea Dix

(1801-1887) A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. p. 354-355

Lucretia Mott

(1803-1880) Early feminist, who worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. p. 349

Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804 - 1864) An American novelist and short story writer, born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration, such as The Scarlet Letter. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation. p. 334-335

Joseph Smith

(1805-1844) founded the Morman Church; in a series of religious experiences that began in 1820, Smith came to believe that God had singled him out to receive a special revelation of divine truth; in 1830 he published The Book of Mormon, & he proceeded to organize the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; he revived traditional social doctrines such as patriarchal authority within the family & encouraged practices that were central to individual success in the age f capitalist markets & factories-frugality, hard work, & entrepreneurial enterprise; his goal was a church-directed society that would inspire moral perfection; the Mormons eventually settled in Nauvoo, Illinois which, by the 1840's, had become the largest utopian community in the US; Smith refused to abide by any Illinois law of which he didn't approve, asked Congress to turn Nauvoo into a separate federal territory, & declared himself a candidate for president; Smith also claimed to have received a new revelation that justified polygamy; in 1844 Illinois officials arrested Smith & charged him with treason for allegedly conspiring with foreign powers to create a Mormon colony in Mexican territory; an anti-Mormon mod stormed the jail in Carthage, Illinois, where he & his brother were being held, & murdered them. p. 339-340

William Lloyd Garrison

(1805-1879),Prominent militant American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. pp. 349-350

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. p. 356

Harriet Jacobs

(1813-1897) She was an American writer, who escaped from slavery and became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs' single work, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent, was one of the first autobiographical narratives about the struggle for freedom by female slaves and an account of the sexual abuse and exploitation they endured.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Henry David Thoreau

(1817 - 1862) An American author, poet, philosopher, polymath, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, 1854, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government, 1849 (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Walt Whitman

(1819 -1892) An American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, his literary art was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality. Born in Huntington on Long Island, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, a government clerk, and—in addition to publishing his poetry—was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War. Whitman's major work, Leaves of Grass, was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. p. 33

Herman Melville

(1819-1891) An American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet from the American Renaissance period. The bulk of his writings were published between 1846 and 1857. Best known for his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851), p. 335

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.pp. 794

Knights of Labor

(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot. pp. 551-552

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. p. 813

interchangeable parts (standardized parts)

1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. The late 19th century factory system of mass production made use of the Eli Whitney's idea of interchangeable parts. p. 541

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852, Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies were sold in Great Britain. It features the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery. p. 356

Hatch Act

1887 - Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in every state to improve farming techniques. p. 553

Cold War

1945-1991: Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment). All Chapter 25

George F. Kennan

1946. An American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. He is the author of the "long telegram." p. 789

Taft-Hartley Act

1947. The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill." The act declared the "closed shop" illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts (undoing provisions of the Wagner Act o 1935). Other aspects of Taft-Hartley legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950. p. 798 [see Keith Hughes video]

Blockade of Berlin

1948. The soviets were hoping that western forces would withdraw troops so they could take over Berlin without using force. p. 791

NATO

1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. p. 793

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable. p. 785

Senator Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator, powerful chair of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists. pp. 801-801

President Harry S. Truman

33rd President of the United States (1945-53). Became president after FDRs death; Made the dicision to drop the atomic bomb, and many more important things! All chapter 25

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th President of the United States from 1953-1961, successful army general in WWII, first Supreme Commander of NATO, President of Columbia University, republican who fought Soviet communism and Korea

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th president. (1953 - 1961) Leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA. 797

John F. Kennedy

35th US president. Was president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. He was the president who went on TV and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the Soviet Union to withdraw their missiles. Other events, which were during his terms was the building of the Berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. He was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963. p. 810-815

Unitarian

A "spin-off" faith in early 19th century from the severe Puritanism of the past. They believed that God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity. They also denied the divinity of Jesus, stressed the essential goodness of human nature, proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works, and pictured God as a loving father rather than a stern creator. The movement began in New England at the end of the eighteenth century and was embraced by many of the leading "thinkers" or intellectuals of the day. p. 332

Dunmore's War

A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor, the Earl of Dunmore, against the Ohio Shawnees, who had a long-standing claim to Kentucky as a hunting ground. The Shawnees were defeated and Dunmore and his militia forces claimed Kentucky as their own.

French Revolution

A 1789 revolution that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem to radical to many.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax.

Jay's Treaty

A 1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. The treaty accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest Territory.

Treaty of Greenville

A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and in return for various payments, the Western confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States.

Platt Amendment

A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the US and gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. The amendment was a condition for US withdrawal from the newly independent island

Newlands Reclamation Act

A 1902 law, supported by President Theodore Roosevelt, that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation products that expanded agriculture on arid lands.

Lochner v. New York

A 1905 Supreme Court ruling that New York State could not limit bakers' workday to ten hours because that violated bakers' rights to make contracts.

Muller v. Oregon

A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood.

Root- Takahira Agreement

A 1908 agreement between the US and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and reorganizing Japan's authority over Manchuria

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 law that strengthened federal definitions of "monopoly" and gave more power to the Justice Department to pursue antitrust cases; it also specified that labor unions could not generally be prosecuted "restraint of trade," ensuring that antitrust laws would apply to corporations rather than unions.

Zimmerman Telegram

A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the US entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Published by American newspapers, the telegram outraged the American public and help precipitate the move toward US entry in the war on the Allied side

National Origins Act

A 1924 law limiting annual immigration from each country to no more than 2% of that nationality's percentage of the US population as it had stood in 1890. the law severely limited immigration, especially from southern and eastern europe

Glass-Steagall Act

A 1933 law that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2,500 (and now up to $250,000). The act also prohibited banks from making risky, unsecured investments with customers' deposits.

Indian Reorganization Act

A 1934 law that reversed the Dawes Act of 1887. Through the law, Indians won a greater degree of religious freedom, and tribal governments regained their status as semi-sovereign dependent nations.

Social Security Act (SSA)

A 1935 Act with three main provisions: old-age pensions for workers; a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers; and a program of payments to widowed mothers and the blind, deaf, and disabled.

Wagner Act

A 1935 act that upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions and established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), a federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion and to guarantee collective bargaining.

Port Huron Statement

A 1962 manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society from its first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, expressing students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between the rich and poor, as well as a rejection of Cold War foreign policy, including the war in Vietnam.

Roe v. Wade

A 1973 Supreme Court ruling that the Constitution protects a woman's right to choose whether to carry a pregnancy to birth,overturning state laws prohibiting this choice in the early stages of pregnancy. The decision galvanized social conservatives and made abortion a controversial policy issue for decades to come.

Proposition 13

A 1978 measure passed overwhelmingly by Californians to roll back property taxes, cap future increases for present owners, and require that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature. This law inspired "tax revolts" across the country and helped conservatives define an enduring issue: low taxes.

Stonewall Inn

A 2 day riot by patrons after the police raided a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village on 1969; the event contributed to the rapid rise of a gay liberation movement.

Memphis Riot

A 3 day anti-black riot in Tennessee that was extremely violent. Rallied calls among abolitionists for stronger enforcement

containment

American world political strategy of resisting further expansion of communism and the Soviet Union around the world. p.788-789

Battle of Yorktown

A Battle lost by the British. Essentially the French sent their troops to America to side with the American's and they snuck up on/surrounded 9,500 British men lead by Cornwallis. Cornwallis surrendered.

Philipsburg Proclimation

A British proclamation which stated that any slave who fled from his master to join the British army against the colonial Army would be guaranteed protection and land from the British. This helped them recruit more soldiers to their side. It worked because the African Americans were already against the American Government. Over 30,000 joined the British, and 5,000 the Colonial Army.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest in Detroit who at first was with FDR then disliked the New Deal and voiced his opinions on radio.

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

A Constitution that applied to Pennsylvania only which abolished property ownership as a qualification for voting, granted all tax paying men the right to vote, and created a unicameral (one house) legislature which held complete power.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

A Harlem based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons. pp. 340 - 341

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A New Deal construction program established by Congress in 1933. Designed to put people back to work, it built the Boulder Dam (renamed the Hoover Dam) and Grand Coulee Dam, among other large public works projects.

American/Know-Nothing Party

A Protestant based, anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic party with dozens of representatives and states legislators

Baron Van Steuben

A Republican minded foreign aristocrat who took the side of the Americans during Valley Forge. He disciplined the soldiers more, and though there were less soldiers after Valley Forge, the remaining were tougher and sturdier.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Was bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons." pp. 529-531

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court case that asserted the dominance of national over state statutes.

Marbury v. Madison

A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. In this case, the Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government for the first time.

Sherman's March to the Sea

A Union march from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean that burned everything in their path to the effect of demoralizing the Confederacy

Bank of the United States

A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the specie-starved American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit.

Battle of Long Island

A battle between Britain and the Continental army in 1776 in which Britain had the goal of Capturing New York City. British won the Battle of Long Island forcing the Continental Island to flee to Manhattan Island. From there they were surrounded and forced to flee past the Delaware River, into Pennsylvania. Winter came around and the British stopped fighting, then the Continental army made a surprise attack on 1,000 German troops in New Jersey.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

A commission established by Congress in 1934 to regulate the stock market. The commission had broad powers to determine how stocks and bonds were sold to the public, to set rules for margin (credit) transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information and corporate plans.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists in 1940 to oppose the entrance of the United States into WWII. The membership of the committee included senators, journalists, and publishers and such well-respected figures as the aviator Charles Lindbergh.

committees of correspondence

A communications network established among towns in the colonies, and among colonial assemblies, between 1772 and 1773 to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments.

Fair Deal

A deal that created projects to provide national health insurance, create jobs, build public housing, and end racial discrimination. South Democrats and Republicans worked together to stop his projects. p. 800

Declaration of Independence

A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain. Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.

Articles of Confederation

A document which unified the states, guaranteeing them say in all important law proposals and gave each state 1 vote, regardless of size or population. States had separate powers from the Congress, because the Congress had the ability to declare war, administer foreign trade, and make treaties with other countries.

National Park Service

A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.

National War Labor Board

A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an 8 hour day for war workers (with time and a half pay for overtime), endorsed equal pay for women, and supported worker's right to organize

War Industries Board

A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production, including allocation of resources, conversion of factories to war production, and setting of prices

The Panic of 1837

A financial panic that was caused by Jackson's presidential order for specie circular (gold/silver or securely backed paper money, that was sparked by a preceding speculation boom) in all governmental transactions, which was sparked by his desire to curb speculation. This causes a rush on the banks to get gold/silver/money, and the banks fail, because the "pet banks" had recently had a federal surplus withdrawn so that the states could receive what amounted to a subsidy. Without a central bank, the economy tanks, and people think that its Van Buren's fault. p. 337

Harlem Renaissance

A flourishing of African American artists, writers, intellectuals, and social leaders in the 1920s, centered in the neighborhoods of Harlem, NYC

Liberal Arts

A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. pp. 800-801

Liberty League

A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

A group of interventionists who believed in engaging with, rather than withdrawing from, international developments. Interventionists became increasingly vocal in 1940 as war escalated in Europe.

Suez Canal

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. After Egypt gained independence from Britain in 1952, he ended the colonial relationship with the west and nationalized the Suez Canal - a lifeline for the West's supply of oil. p. 809

Mugwumps

A late-nineteenth-century branch of reform-minded Republicans who left their party in 1884 to support Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland. Many Mugwumps were classical liberals who denounced corruption and advocated a reduction in government powers and civil service reform.

Title IX

A law passed by Congress in 1972 that broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, it made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses.

Naturalism

A literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of forces beyond their control.

Black Panther Party

A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, CA in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police

Pearl Harbor

A naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japanese bombers on December 7, 1941; more than 2,400 Americans were killed. The following day, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan.

Vietnamization

A new US policy, devised under President Nixon in the early 70s, of delegating the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. American troop levels American casualties dropped correspondingly, but the killing in Vietnam continued.

Women's Liberation

A new brand of feminism in the 60s that attracted primarily younger, college-education women fresh from the New Left, antiwar, and civil right movements who sought to end the denigration and exploitation of women.

Rome-Berlin Axis

A political and military alliance formed in 1936 between German dictator Adolf Hitler and the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

Jacobins

A political faction in the French Revolution. Many Americans embraced the democratic ideology of this radical political faction and, like them, formed political clubs and began to address one another as "citizen."

anarchism

A political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all. p. 552

National Women's Party

A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the US Constitution in the early 20th century

Freedman's Savings and Trust Company

A private bank working closely with the freedmen's bureau. Many freedmen invested savings into the bank and were ruined in its failure in 1874 (due to speculative investing)

National Child Labor Committee

A reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor. The NCLC hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked.

scientific management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe. pp. 541-542

welfare capitalism

A system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employees' well being

Task System

A system of slave labor that assigned slaves into specialized tasks generating more productivity and free time for slaves

associated state

A system of voluntary business cooperation with government. The Commerce Dept. helped create 2,000 trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry

Gang-Labor System

A system where slaveholders delegated authority to drivers and overseers over small groups of slaves increasing productivity

Tariff of Abominations

A tariff enacted in 1828 that raised duties significantly on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods. New York senator Van Buren hoped to win the support of farmers in New York, Ohio, and Kentucky with the tariff, but it enraged the South, which had no industries that needed tariff protection and resented the higher cost of imported dutied goods. (p. 320)

Currency Tax

A tax which charged a couple of cents for every dollar, but was applied whenever somebody accepted a paper dollar. This funded the Continental Army and citizens understood it.

horizontal integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth. p. 533

Fundamentalism

A term adopted by Protestants, between the 1890s and 1910s, who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible. Fundamentalists have historically seen secularism and religious relativism as markers of sin that will be punished by God.

welfare state

A term applied to industrial democracies that adopt various government-guaranteed social-welfare programs. The creation of Social Security and other measures of the Second New Deal fundamentally changed American society and established a national version of this for the first time.

New Left

A term applied to radical students of the 60s and 70s, distinguishing their activism from the Old Left - the communists and socialists of the 30s and 40s who tended to focus on economic and labor questions rather than culture issues.

Gilded Age

A term invented in the 1920s describing the late nineteenth century as a period of ostentatious displays of wealth, growing poverty, and government inaction in the face of income inequality.

"consolidated government"

A term meaning a powerful and potentially oppressive national government. (p. 320)

"waving the bloody shirt"

A term of ridicule used in the 1880s and 1890s to refer to politicians--especially Republicans--who, according to critics, whipped up old animosities from the Civil War era that ought to be set aside.

Watergate Scandal

A term referring to the 1972 break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the office & apartment complex in Washington, D.C., by men working for President Nixon's reelection campaign, along with Nixon's efforts to cover it up. The scandal following the break in led to President Nixon's resignation.

corrupt bargain

A term used by Andrew Jackson's supporters for the appointment by President John Quincy Adams of Henry Clay as his secretary of state, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency. Clay had used his influence as Speaker of the House to elect Adams rather than Jackson in the election in 1824. (p. 319)

talented tenth

A term used by Harvard-educated sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois for the top 10 percent of educated African Americans, whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights.

Communism

A theory or system of political and social organization based on the holding of all property in common by the state, i.e., no private property or enterprise. p. 785

socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. A reaction to rising capitalist market economies of the 19th century and industrialization. p. 336

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. p. 809

Exodusters

African Americans who walked or rode out of the Deep South following the Civil War, many settled on farms in Kansas

Arab Oil Embargo

After 1973 Yom Kippur war, the Arab members of OPEC refused to sell oil to European allies of the United States as punishment for their support of Israel; gas rose from $3 to $12 a barrel. Economic shock of spike in energy prices helped trigger economic slump in western economies in mid-1970s.

3 zones of Berlin

After WWII, Berlin was divided into three zones, including a Communist (Soviet) Zone - East Berlin, and a consolidated allied zone (Brit., US, & France) - West Berlin. p. 791

Report on the Public Credit

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt-i.e., offer interest on it rather than repaying it -at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country credit worthy, not debt free.

New York Emancipation Act of 1799

Allowed slavery in New York to continue until 1828 and freed slave children only at the age of 25. Consequently, as late as 1810, almost 30,000 blacks in the northern states were still enslaved.

Lodge Bill

Also known as the Federal Elections Bill of 1890, a bill proposing that whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner. The defeat of the bill was a blow to those seeking to defend African American voting rights and to ensure full participation in politics.

The Shakers

American Utopian Group: Late 1770's through end of 19th century. This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding of sexual relations. pp. 335 - 337

Upton Sinclair

American author who won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. He also exposed limitations of "free press," attacked JP Morgan, and ran unsuccessfully for Congress as a socialist.

Charles A. Lindbergh

American aviator, engineer, and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviation development.

Thomas Edison

American inventor and physicist who took out more than 1,000 patents in his lifetime. He invented the telegraph, microphone, and light bulb. Designed the first power plant, making possible the widespread distribution of electricity, including flamethrowers, periscopes, and torpedoes

Margaret Fuller

American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism. Her book "Woman in the Nineteenth Century," 1844, is considered the first major feminist work in the United States; also known for editing the Transcendentalist journal The Dial. p. 334

Buffalo Bill Cody

American scout, hunter, and showman. He was a Pony Express rider, served for the Union in the Civil War, and received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. He toured the US performing cowboy shows.

Atlanta Compromise

An 1895 address by Booker T. Washington that urged whites and African Americans to work together for the progress of all. Delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation.

Williams v. Mississippi

An 1898 Supreme Court ruling that allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests. By 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures.

Embargo Act of 1807

An act of Congress that prohibited US ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting US ships at sea. It caused grave hardships for American engaged in overseas commerce.

environmental movement

An activist movement begun in the 1960s concerned with protecting the environment through activities such as conservation, pollution-control measures, and public awareness campaigns. In response to the new environmental consciousness, the federal government staked out a broad role in environmental regulation in the 1960s and 1970s.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

An agency established by the Federal Housing Act of 1934 that refinanced home mortgages for mortgage holders facing possible foreclosure.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

An agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines.

Tennessee Valley Authority

An agency funded by Congress in 1933 that integrated flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, and agricultural and industrial development in the Tennessee Valley area.

Continental Association

An association established in 1774 by the First Continental Congress to enforce a boycott of British goods.

National Association of Manufacturers

An association of industrialists and business leaders opposed to government regulation. In the era of the New Deal, the group promoted free enterprise and capitalism through a publicity campaign of radio programs, motion pictures, billboards, and direct mail.

Fascism

An authoritarian system of government characterized by dictatorial rule, extreme nationalism, disdain for civil society, and a conviction that imperialism and warfare are the principal means by which a nation attains greatness.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. p.785

Eugenics

An emerging "science" of human breeding in the late nineteenth century that argued that mental deficient people should be prevented from reproducing.

Judoth Sargent Murray

An essay writer during the Revolutionary Era who pushed for better women's education and economic independence for all. She argued that men and women had equal capabilities when it comes to memory and should be given equal rights.

Specie Circular

An executive order in 1836 that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain. (p. 338)

Intercontinental ballistic missiles

An extremely long-range land based missile capable of delivering a nuclear warhead from the homeland of one superpower to the homeland of the other. We have lots of these in Kansas and Missouri. p. 807

Social Darwinism

An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but not by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest."

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station in New York harbor that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy. p. 545

James Madison

An influential Nationalist who believed in a stronger central government. He was the chief creator of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

states' rights

An interpretation of the Constitution that exalts the sovereignty of the states and circumscribes the authority of the national government. (p. 324)

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

An org. founded by women activists in 1919; its members denounced imperialism, stressed the human suffering caused by militarism, and proposed social justice measures

Students for a Democratic Society

An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960.

STOP ERA

An organization founded by Phyllis Schlafly in 1972 to fight the Equal Rights Amendment. Schlafly advocated traditional roles for women, a message that resonated widely, especially among those troubled by the rapid pace of social change.

Sierra Club

An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains (including the Sierra Nevadas) and wilderness environments. Encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.

Committee on Public Information

An organization set up by President Woodrow Wilson during WW1 to increase support for America's participation in the war. The CPI was a national propaganda machine that helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent

Industrial Workers of the World

An umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905, dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism. Nicknamed the Wobblies, it advocated direct action by workers, including sabotage and general strikes.

Market Revolution

Around 1820, they began constructing a massive system of canals and roads linking states in trans-Appalachian west. This transportation system set in motion this crucial event and a massive migration of people to the Greater Mississippi River Basin. This huge area, drained by six river systems contained the largest and most productive contiguous acreage of arable land in the world.

Second Great Awakening

As Americans adopted new religious principles, decades-long series of religious revivals made the United States a genuinely Christian society. Evangelical denominations began their revival in the 1790s, as they spread their message in seacoast cities and the backcountry of New England. A new sect on Universalists who repudiated Calvinism and preached universal salvation, also gained tens of thousands of converts especially in Massachusetts and northern New England.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State to Eisenhower. Dulles viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine. Utilized "covert operations" against governments too closely aligned with the Soviet Union. p. 807-808

Nixon Impeachment Hearings

As a result of Congressional investigations into President Nixon's involvement with the Watergate Break In, and its subsequent illegal cover up, Congress began to debate whether to impeach President Nixon in order to try him in the Senate for "high crimes and misdemeanors"; Nixon resigned when he lost Republican support in Congress

family values

As the Seventies continued, the former hippies began to turn away from the hedonistic "me values" of drugs. sex, and rock and roll, to more traditional religious values centered on the welfare of the children, fidelity, stability, obedience to authority, etc.

North and South Grow Apart

As the nation progressed the nation began to develop unique characteristics in the north and south. In the north many visitors commented that New England was a home of religious fanaticism and even the lower orders of citizens had a better education. The south on the other hand was home to rude manners, heavy drinking and weak work ethic of the residents.

Companionate Marriages

As the passion of hearts began to overwhelm the logic of the mind magazines praised this idea with crafted marriages based in motives of affection rather than interest. Many young people sought out a partner based in intimacy.

Legal Tender Act of 1862

Authorized the printing of 150 million dollars in paper money and required public acceptance as a currency

Panic of 1873

Bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad sets off a depression in the United States. Prices plunge and Republicans are unable to pursue a policy of building public infrastructure due to shrinking funds. Public credit collapses and corruption causes public faith to collapse as well.

Conscience Whigs

Believed Polk was trying to grab land from Mexico to make Slave States and disrupt the legislative balance.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; resulted in many blacks deserting the Republican party for Democratic FDR.

Samuel Gompers

Born in 1850 into a Jewish family in London, Gompers began making cigars alongside his father at the age of 10. In 1863, the entire family immigrated to New York City. Settling into a tenement apartment on Houston Street, Gompers continued rolling cigars at home with his father until he found work in one of the local shops. As a local and national labor leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), Gompers sought to build the labor movement into a force powerful enough to transform the economic, social and political status of America's workers. To do so, he championed three principles. First, he advocated craft or trades unionism, which restricted union membership to wage earners and grouped workers into locals based on their trade or craft identification. This approach contrasted with the effort of many in the Knights of Labor to organize general, community-based organizations open to wage earners as well as others, including employers. pp. 554-555

Zora Neale Hurston

Born in the prosperous black community of Eatonville, Florida, she had been surrounded as a child by examples of achievement, though she struggling later with poverty and isolation. in contrast to some other black thinkers, she believed African-American culture could be understood without heavy emphasis on the impact of white oppression. After enrolling at Barnard college and studying with anthropologist Franz Boas, she travel through the south and Caribbean for a decade, documenting folklore, songs, and religious beliefs. She incorporated this material into her short stories and novels, celebrating the humor and spiritual strength of ordinary black men and women.

States' Right Democratic Party

Breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election. Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats

Lord North (1732-1792)

British Prime Minister who designed a compromise with the colonies, repealing most of the Townshend duties, but keeping the tea tax in place; this drew mixed opinions from colonists

Charles Townshend (1725-1767)

British chancellor of the exchequer left in charge when Prime Minister William Pitt fell chronically ill; unsympathetic towards America, Townshend sought restrictions on colonial assemblies and supported the Stamp Act; later passed the Townshend and Revenue Acts, reviving the colonial debate over taxation

Townshend Act of 1767

British law that established new duties on tea, glass, lead, and paper, and painters' colors imported into the colonies. The Townshend duties led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.

Mineral-Based Economy

By the 1830s this new economy of coal and metal began to emerge. Manufacturers increasingly ran their machinery with coal-burning stationary steam engines rather than water power. And now they fabricated metal products-iron, brass, copper and tinplate(tin-coated roller iron)-as well as pork, leather, wool, cotton and other agricultural goods.

Industrial Revolution

Came to the United States between 1790 and 1860, as merchants and manufacturers reorganized work routines, built factories, and exploited a wide range of natural resources. As output increased, goods that once had been luxury items became a part of everyday life.

Stokely Carmichael

Chairman of the SNCC that coined the slogan "Black Power" and all that it represents

Natural Selection

Charles Darwin's theory that when individual members of a species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment--for example, camouflage coloring for a moth--these characteristics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce

Yugoslavia

Civil war broke out in Yugoslavia. As the Communist regime fell, Yugoslavia was divided up into Serbia, Bosnia-Hergezovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia. Fighting soon broke out inside these areas, as Serbs attempted to gain control of the entire territory. The Serbs instituted a policy of "ethnic" cleansing, whose goal was to force non-Serbs out of all areas that the Serbs conquered.p. 795

Minutemen

Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s. These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

nonimportation movement

Colonists attempted nonimportation agreements three times: in 1766, in response to the Stamp Act; in 1768, in response to the Townshend duties; and in 1774, in response to the Coercive Acts. In each case, colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods. In 1774 nonimportation was adopted by the First Continental Congress and enforced by the Continental Association. American women became crucial to the movement by reducing their households' consumption of imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth.

Mao Tse-tung

Communist leader of China; gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek. p. 794 - throughout

modern advertising

Companies and ad agencies began to study consumer behavior and aimed ads at consumers. By 1900, companies were spending more than $90 million a year to promote their products in newspapers and magazines. p. 534

Nativist Movements

Confronted by Catholic and German-speaking immigrants, some American-born citizens formed these movements that condemned immigration and asserted the superiority of Protestant religious and cultural values.

monopoly

Control of an entire market by a single business firm.

Missouri Compromise

Controversy raged in Congress and the press for two years before Henry Clay devised a series of political agreements. Faced with unwavering southern opposition to Tallmadge's amendment, group of northern congressmen deserted the anti-slavery coalition. They accepted a deal that would allow Maine to enter the Union as a free state in 1820 and Missouri to follow as a slave state in 1821.

Jacob Riis

Danish-American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer who pioneered flash photography.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" to the American public in order to relieve the US of the Great Depression

Election of 1844

Democrats-James Polk -Protege of Andrew Jackson -Occupation of Oregon to 54-40 latitude -Annexation of Texas Whig-Henry Clay -Advocated high tariffs, national banking, and domestic improvement -Supported Annexation to court Southern Votes Liberty-Birney -Opposed annexation -Pulled NY votes from Clay, Polk wins

Election of 1848

Democrats-Lewis Cass -Advocated annexing Cuba, the Yucatan Peninsula, and all of Oregon -Squatter Sovereignty Whig-Zachary Taylor -Advocated for Slavery in Southern States but not in the territories Free Soil-Van Buren -Pulled votes from Cass in NY Taylor Win

1954 Geneva Accords

Divided Vietnam into North and South along the 17th parallel (North ruled by Ho Chi Minh- Communist). p. 809

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea. p. 795

Sharon Statement

Drafted by founding members of the Young Americans for Freedom, this manifesto outlined the group's principles and inspired young conservatives who would play important roles in the Reagan administration in the 80s.

Division of Labor

During the 1820s and 1830s, merchants in Lynn, Massachusetts, destoryed the business of these artisans by introducing an outwork system and this idea. The merchants hired semiskilled journeymen and set them up in large shops cutting leather into soles and uppers. They sent out the upper sections to rural Massachusetts towns where women binders wewed in fabric linings. The manufacturers then has other journeymen attach the uppers to the soles and return the shoes to the central for inspection.

Sears Catalog

During the second half of the 19th century America experienced an advertising/marketing boom; mail-order enterprises like Sears published annual catalogs. Rural and urban consumers poured over these catalogs. p. 534

Ike

Dwight D. Eisenhower p. 806

Trade Unions

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions. p. 549

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. p. 786

Mormon War

Ended in 1858. President Buchanan responded to pressure from Protestants to eliminate polygamy by removing Young from the governorship. He sent a small army to Salt Lake City. He feared that abolition of polygamy would serve as a legal precedent for ending slavery (he was pro-slavery). p. 340

Rube Goldberg

Engineer, writer, and cartoonist who drew cartoons using complicated machines to accomplish a simple task; a type of machine that makes a simple task extremely complicated.p. 784

Manumission

Enslaved Virginians stuck informal bargains with their slave owners, trading loyalty in wartime for the hope of liberty. Later legislature passed an act relating to this in 1782, allowing owners to free their slaves, 10,000 slaves won freedom.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crowe laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

American Woman Suffrage Association

Faction of the women's movement loyal to the Republican party and giving suffrage to African Americans before women

National Woman Suffrage Association

Faction of women's movement focused on women's rights as a singular focus

Cesar Chavez

Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy, led Italy to conquer Ethiopia, joined Germany in the Axis pact, and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Federal relief program that provided jobs to millions of unemployed young men who built thousands of bridges, roads, trails, and other structures in state and national parks, bolstering the national infrastructure.

Thurgood Marshall

Filed briefs in case Mendez v. Westminster, developed legal strategy to strike at racial segregation in South, first African American on Supreme Court, won a state case that forced the University of Maryland Law School to admit qualified African Americans

Moral Free Agent

Finney's central message was that God had made man someone who could choose salvation The doctrine of free will was particularly attractive to members of the new middle class who had accepted personal responsibility for their lives, improving their material condition, and welcomed Finney's assurance that heaven was also within their grasp.

trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). p. 533

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 by Truman after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.p. 790

telephone

First patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell and further developed by many others, the telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user. p. 537

Era of Limits

For the first time in its history, the U.S. in the Seventies began to realize that economic growth could not solve all its problems; environmental concerns; resource scarcity, and a more complex balance of military and economic power led many Americans to become more pessimistic about their futures

Trail of Tears

Forced westward journey of Cherokees from their lands in Georgia to present-day Oklahoma in 1838. Nearly a quarter of the Cherokees died en route. (p. 331)

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this. pp. 554

Alexis de Tocqueville

French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830's. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture. Our text claims that he coined the word INDIVIDUALISM. p. 332

New Jersey Plan

Gave the Confederation the power to raise revenue, and control trade/commerce. It maintained the states' ability to create and follow through with laws.

National Socialist (Nazi) Party

German political party led by Adolf Hitler, who became chancellor of Germany in 1933. The party's ascent was fueled by huge WWI reparation payments, economic depression, fear of communism, labor unrest, and rising unemployment.

Robert McNamara

Harvard Graduate who served in the air force during WWII, who worked his way up the corporate ladder at the Ford Motor Company to become the company's president. Kennedy made him his Secretary of Defense when he was elected. As Secretary of Defense, McNamara used his business knowledge to cut costs, while modernizing the army at the same time. He turned the military's focus away from the using the threat of nukes as it's biggest weapon, to achieving flexible response options. p. 811

A. Mitchell Palmer

He escaped an attempted bombing in his home unharmed, but he used the incident to fan public fears, precipitating a hysterical red scare. With Pres. Woodrow incapacitated by stroke, he had a free hand; he set up an anti-radicalism division in the Justice Department and appointed his assistant J Edgar Hoover to direct it. Shortly after, it became the Federal Bureau of investigation. In November 1919, his agents stormed the headquarters of radical organizations. The dragnet captured thousands of aliens who had committed no crime but who held anarchist in revolutionary beliefs.

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)

He was America's most popular author, but also renowned platform lecturer. He lived from 1835 to 1910. Used "romantic" type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the "Gilded Age". The greatest contribution he made to American literature was the way he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use.

Theodore Roosevelt

He was youngest man ever to assume the presidency and never openly rebelled against the leaders of his party. He became a champion of cautious, moderate change, and believed that reform was a vehicle less for remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

John Collier

Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Headed by Bishop Richard Allen as a church for freedmen

African Americans Speaking Out

Heartened buy the end of the Atlantic slave trade, black abolitionists spoke out. In speeches and pamphlets, Henry Sipkind and Henry Johnson pointed out that slavery, a relentless tyranny was a central legacy of colonial history.

US v. Cruikshank

Held that African Americans barely had any rights except those that the USFG could protect (mostly trivial rights). Gutted the Fourteenth Amendment

Henry Ford

His work called Dearborn Independent railed against immigrants and warned the members of "the proud Gentile race" must arm themselves against a Jewish conspiracy aimed at world domination. Challenged by critics, ford issued an apology in 1927 and admitted that his allegations had been based on "gross forgeries." But with his papers editorials widely circulated by the Klan and other groups, considerable long-term damage had been done

Four Freedoms

Identified by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as the most basic human rights: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. The president used these ideas of freedom to justify support for England during WWII, which in turn pulled the US into the war.

Farmers Alliance

In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperative/women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party. pp. 553-553

Interstate Commerce Act

In 1887 Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, making the railroads the first industry subject to Federal regulation. Congress passed the law largely in response to public demand that railroad operations be regulated. The act also established a five-member enforcement board known as the Interstate Commerce Commission. p. 554

Leo Frank

In 1915, rising anti-Semitism was marked by the lynching of this man, a Jewish factory supervisor in Marietta, Georgia, who was wrongly accused of the rape and murder of a 13-year-old girl. The rise of the national Klan helped prepare the way for white supremacist movement in the 1930s, such as the Los Angeles-based silver Legion, a fringe paramilitary group aligned with Hitler's Nazi's

Helen Gahagan

In 1940s - 1950s, she represented California's Fourteenth Congressional District; join Anti-Nazi League in CA; chair of John Steinbeck Committee to Aid Migratory Workers; vice chairman of the California's Democratic Party and head of Women's Division; called a communist by Richard Nixon and labeled a "pink lady" & "pink right down to her underwear" and she lost re-election. p. 785

Equal Pay Act

In 1963 law that established the principle of equal pay for equal work. Trade union women were especially critical in pushing for, and winning, congressional passage of the law.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, protesting Iranian university students and conservative Islamic supporters joined forces to overthrow America's main Middle Eastern ally, the Shah of Iran; the government lost control of mobs in Tehran, and Islamic militants overran the American Embassy and took 52 Americans hostage for 444 days during 1979 and 1981. American failure to gain the hostage's release and its failed rescue mission, led voters to reject Carter's leadership in 1980 election in favor of Ronald Reagan. Iran released the hostages the day of Reagan's inauguration.

Mill Dam Act of 1795

In Massachusetts this deprived farmers of their traditional common-law right to stop the flooding caused by dams and forced them to accept "fair compensation" for their lost acreage. Judges approved this state-ordered shift in property rights, stating it was in the interest of the commonwealth as a whole.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

In May 1920, at the height of the red scare, police arrested a Shoemaker a fish peddlerfor the murder of two men during a robbery of a shoe company in south Braintree, Massachusetts. they were Italian aliens and self proclaimed anarchists who had evaded the draft. Convicted of the murders, they sat in jail for six years well supporters appealed they verdicts. In 1927, Judge Webster Thayer denied a motion for a new trial and sentenced them to death; scholars still debate their guilt or innocence.

New Nationalism

In a 1910 speech, Theodore Roosevelt called for this. It promoted government intervention to enhance public welfare, including a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women's suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform.

Kennedy/Nixon debates

In the 1960 presidential election, there were four nationally televised debates. For the first time in history, the good-looks and camera-friendly appearance of one candidate gave him a huge advantage. Nixon appeared unshaven and sallow. p. 811

electric power

Industries in America had previously depended upon waterpower converted to coal, and then by 1900 American factories and urban homes were converting to electrice power. p. 530

Colonization of Oregon

Initially open to both Americans and British subjects. Thousands of families made the trip from Independence Illinois to Willamente Valley, Oregon on the Oregon Trail. Established a constitution that limited voting to free descendants of white males.

Colonization of California

Initially part of Mexico, and had massive ranches with a Native American workforce. American agents married into the ranch owning families(Californios). Slow migration of American citizens.

Young Men's Christian Association

Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong."

predatory pricing

Involves large retailers that seek to reduce competition by selling goods and services at very low prices, thus causing small retailers to go out of business. p. 533

Irish Immigration

Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction. p. 545

Virginia Plan

It did not remodel the Articles of Confederation, it was it's own plan. The differences were that 1) It rejected state sovereignty and favored a stronger government. The government could overturn laws made by states. 2) The National Government was to be for the people, not just the states. 3) Proposed a three tier election system.

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican born man who lead the Universal Negro improvement Association which arose in the 1920s to mobilize African-American workers and champion black separatism. He urged followers to move to Africa, arguing that people of African descent would never be treated justly in white-run countries. He created the black steamship company, an enterprise that would foster trade with the west Indies and carry American blacks to Africa, but the UNIA declined as quickly as it had arisen. In 1925, he was imprisoned for mail fraud because of his solicitation for the Backstair line.

Brown's Rebellion

John Brown leads a group of abolitionists to raid Harper's Ferry to incite a revolt against slavery. Unsuccessful and denounced by the Republican party. Inspired other abolitionists and transcendentalists.

Moon landing

July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong and Colonel Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Went in Apollo 11. and used a landing module called the Eagle.p. 814

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the date of the Allied invasion of northern France. This was the largest amphibious assault in world history. The invasion opened a second front against the Germans and moved the Allies closer to victory in Europe.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Landmark 1890 act that forbade anticompetitive business activities, requiring the federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation of the act.

Declatory Act of 1766

Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodation illegal. It was the strongest measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.

Confederate Draft

Laws passed by the Confederate Congress that required military service for 3 years for men 18-35 years old. Age limit raised after Antietam. Allowed rich whites to get out of fighting by owning 20 slaves or hiring a substitute. A bit awkward: Confederacy founded on weak fed gov.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed in Northern state legislatures that allowed alleged fugitives a right to jury trial

Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem: Leader of South Vietnam, 1954-1963; propped up by Eisenhower and the United States, but not by Vietnamese Buddhist majority; assassinated in 1963. Given power by US. p. 814

Teapot Dome

Nickname for scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall accepted $300,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. It was part of a larger pattern of corruption that marred Warren G. Harding's presidency

notables

Northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants who dominated the political system of the early nineteenth century. (p. 316)

Mexican War

Offered to buy California and new Mexico for 30 million dollars, offer turned down. Polk moves General Taylor's army into disputed border region of Texas. Mexico fires on troops, war begins. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo forces Mexico to give up a third of land for 15 million dollars.

March on Washington

On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities

hydrogen bomb

One thousand more times more powerful than the atomic bomb. Truman ordered the development of it to outpace the Soviets. p. 807

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Required equal access to jury service, transportation, and public accomodations

American Indian Movement

Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities

Dolores Huerta

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez; helped Mexican farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

zoot suits

Oversized suits of clothing in fashion in the 1940s, particularly among young male African Americans and Mexican Americans. In June 1943, a group of white sailors and soldiers in Los Angeles, seeking revenge for an earlier skirmish with Mexican American youths, attacked anyone they found wearing these, causing riots.

Three Mile Island

Partial nuclear meltdown at plant near Harrisburg PA in 1979; no fatalities but possibility of one scared public away from further construction of nuclear power plants, formerly considered the nation's most likely future energy source in an age of volatile oil prices and global climate change

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, NJ, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party

NLF

Party of South Vietnamese activists against Diem also known as Viet Cong. p. 814-815

Ethics in Government Act

Passed in 1978 as a reaction to the Watergate Scandal and discovery of presidential abuse of power; required full disclosure of all federal officials' financial affairs

Freedom of Information Act

Passed under LBJ in 1966 to enable citizens to require the Executive Branch to release public information on request that was not classified Secret or Top Secret, having to do with National Security. Created dramatic increase in governmental transparency.

Freeport Doctrine

Perspective adopted by Douglas while running against Lincoln for Illinois senator spot. Stated that a territories residents can reject slavery by not legislating to protect it

Chattel Principle

Perspective that slaves were private property

Affirmative Action

Policies established in the 1960s and 1970s by governments, businesses, universities, and other institutions to overcome the effects of past discrimination against specific groups such as racial and ethnic minorities and women. Measures to ensure equal opportunity included setting goals for the admission, hiring, and promotion of minorities; considering minority status when allocating resources; and actively encouraging victims of past discrimination to apply for jobs and other resources.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country. p. 809-810

Cold War Liberalism

Political ideology that combined the promotion of New Deal social welfare (such as social security) at home and aggressive anti-communism abroad. Truman democrats where this... p. 798

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944)

Popularly known as the GI Bill, legislation authorizing the government to provide WWII veterans with funds for education, housing, and health care, as well as loans to start businesses and buy homes.

Woodrow Wilson

President with little experience in foreign affairs who nonetheless believed in America's divine duty to advance moral and democratic progress around the world.

Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister (dictator) of Japan during World War II. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944.

Fourteen Points

Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles. Among them were open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, territorial integrity, arms reduction, national self determination, and creation of the League of nations

Crittenden Compromise

Proposed a ban on any action by the federal government on slavery and an extension of the missouri compromise line to the California border (encouraged expansion into Latin America). Rejected

Sabbatarian Values

Provoked opposition from workers and freethinkers. Men who aboded twelve to fourteen hours a day, six days a week, wanted the freedom to spend they one day of leisure as they wished. To keep goods moving, shipping company managers demanded that the Erie Canal provide lock keepers on Sundays.

internal improvements

Public works such as roads and canals. (p. 319)

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen of Hawaii appointed in 1891 by frustrated laboring classes and deposed in 1893 to make way for US annexation in response to US-imposed taxes on Hawaiian sugar and massive profit decreases. Significant because she embodied the futility of foreign resistance to the American agenda.

"Robber Barons"

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners in mid-19th century to early 20th century who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Education

Republican ideology strongly promoted schooling. Both Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Rush proposed ambitious schemes for a comprehensive system of primary and secondary schooling.They also envisioned a university where distinguished scholars would lecture on law, medicine, theology and political economy. Many opposed these ideas of secondary education stating that children only needed to know the three Rs, reading, 'riting and 'rithmetic.

Robert A. Taft

Republican senator, Ohio; argued a new war would harm Am democracy by enlarging fed gov and tightening its grip on citizens. Widely thought he had the republican nomination in the bag during the election of 1952, he didn't get the nomination. (And yes, he's the son of 27th US Pres. and Chief Justice William Howard Taft) p. 806

Republican Children

Republican values changed assumptions about inheritance and child rearing. While english common law promoted primogeniture or bestowing the family's property to the eldest son, state legislatures began to encourager equal division of the estate among the children. This led some to believe parents were giving their children too much repeat and freedom.

Election of 1876

Republican-Rutherford B. Hayes -Former union General Democrat-Samuel J. Tilden -Advocated home rule for the South Stuff gets weird on election day... -Republican government grant Hayes the win in critical states where democratic fraud was suspected -Redeemer Democratic electors don't vote for Hayes -Congressional committee rules in favor of Hayes down partisan lines -Democrats accept in return for the withdraw of federal troops from the South and federal assistance in a Southern transcontinental railroad

Election of 1872

Republican-Ulysses S. Grant Democrat-Greely -Reformer and Abolitionist Grant Win by Landslide

Election of 1868

Republican-Ulysses S. Grant -Advocated for Section Reconciliation and Radical Reconstruction Democrat-Seymour Grant Win by a Landslide

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Resolution passed by Congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin between the US and North Vietnam. It gave the president virtually unlimited authority in conducting the Vietnam War. The Senate terminated the resolution in 1971 following outrage over the US invading Cambodia.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them.

Panic of 1837

Second major economic crisis of the United States, which led to hard times from 1837 to 1843. (p. 334)

covert operations

Secret activities undertaken by a state outside its borders through clandestine means to achieve specific political or military goals with respect to another state. p. 809

Ku Klux Klan

Secret society that first undertook violence against African Americans in the south after the civil war but was reborn in 1915 to fight the precieved threats posed by African Americans, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews.

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces into Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. p. 798

Unions

Some wage earners worked in carpentry, stonecutting, masonry and cabinetmaking-traditional crafts that required specialized skills. Their strong sense of identity or trade consciousness, enabled these worlds to bargain with their master-artisan employers. They resented low wages and long hours which restricted their family life and educational opportunities.

SEATO

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization; group of nations that agreed to work together to resist Communist aggression. It linked American and its major European allies with Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand. p. 808

Election of 1856

Southern American-Millard Fillmore Republican/Northern American-Fremont -Advocated for banning foreign immigrants and high tariffs Democratic-Buchanan -Pro-Southern -Supported Popular Sovereignty+the Kansas-Nebraska Act Buchanan Win

George C. Wallace

Southern populist and segregationist, as governor of Alabama, he famously defended his state's policies of racial segregation. He ran for president several times as a Democrat, but achieved his greatest influence when he ran as a third-party candidate in 1968, winning five states.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Split previously Indian Territory of Nebraska into two territories and allowed for popular sovereignty there. Effectively nullified the Missouri Compromise Effectively destroyed the Whigs

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Split the south into 5 military districts under military command. Former Confederate states have to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to ex-confederates. Also has to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to be readmitted. Vetoed then overrode into law

The Berlin Airlift

Stalin cut off land access to Berlin as a challenge to the West. Truman leads a massive 9-month airlift to bring food, clothes, etc. to the citizens of West Berlin. Stalin backs down. p. 791

Middle Class

Standing between the wealthy owners and propertyless wage earners was this growing group, a product of increased commerce. It was made of of farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, the traders who carry on professionally the ordinary operations of buying, selling and exchanging merchandize.

Convict Leasing

State officials hire out convicts to labour for private companies

Civil Rights Cases

Struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Student civil rights group founded 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker. It initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr. As violence toward civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s, it expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X

Monroe Doctrine

The 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers. In exchange, Monroe pledged that the United States would not become involved in European struggles.

My Lai

The 1968 execution by US Army troops of nearly 500 people in a South Vietnamese village, including a large number of women and children.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century, from after the Civil War until the 1960s

peaceful coexistence

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war. p. 807

Haitian Revolution

The 1791 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were citizens.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd US president who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. He led the country through the last few months of World War II and is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945.

Dardandelles

The 40-mile strait between European and Asian Turkey, connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Disputed in 1947 by Greece,Turkey, and the Soviet Union. p. 790

The Dial

The Dial was an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929. In its first form, from 1840 to 1844, it served as the chief publication of the Transcendentalists. In the 1880s it was revived as a political magazine. From 1920 to 1929 it was an influential outlet for Modernist literature in English. On October 20, 1839, Margaret Fuller officially accepted the editorship, though she was unable to begin work on the publication until the first week of 1840. p. 334

The Grange

The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a fraternal organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture, often forming economic cooperatives. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. Major accomplishments credited to Grange advocacy include passage of the Granger Laws and the establishment of rural free mail delivery. In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 160,000, with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities. p. 51

Thomas E. Dewey

The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Dewey, arrogant and wooden, seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment. p. 799

Nikita Khrushchev

The Soviet Union's communist leader (1958 - 1961) whom took power after Satlin dies in 1953. He also fears IKE and believed that he meant everything he said. p. 798

Warren Court

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969), which expanded the Constitution's promise of equality and civil rights. It issued landmark decisions in the areas of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom, and separation of church and state.

Chicago's Union Stock Yards

The Union Stock Yard & Transit Co., or The Yards, was the meatpacking district in Chicago for more than a century, starting in 1865. The district was operated by a group of railroad companies that acquired swampland and turned it to a centralized processing area. By the 1890s, the railroad money behind the Union Stockyards was Vanderbilt money. The Union Stockyards operated in the New City community area for 106 years, helping Chicago become known as "hog butcher for the world" and the center of the American meatpacking industry for decades. Upton Sinclair's muckraking novel, THE JUNGLE, describes life for workers in the meat processing plant. pp. 530 - 533 (Above "The Killing Floor")

Maternalism

The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.

Federal Reserve Act

The central bank system of the United States, created in 1913. The Federal Reserve helps set the money supply level, thus influencing the rate of growth of the US economy, and seeks to ensure the stability of the US monetary system.

political realignment

The civil rights and war protests of the 1960s and 1970s led to a conservative political backlash in the Eighties; Southern whites and northern blue collar union workers left the Democratic Party for the Republican Party; leading to a solid "Red" South, along with the religious conservatives in many western states. Reagan's 1980 election and 1984 re=election showed the permanence of this realignment.

sexual revolution

The combination of the decline in strict Puritan sexual morality, the so-called "Playboy" philosophy for men, the new freedom for women with the women's movement,and the more tolerant attitudes toward alternative sexual orientation created the Sexual Revolution of the Sixties and Seventies.

rights liberalism

The conviction that individuals require gov't protection from discrimination. This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities such as race and gender rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism

blue collar blues

The decline of primary industries and the closing of factories with high paying union jobs in the Seventies--left formerly middle class blue collar workers without income and few job prospects

Lakota Sioux

The dominant society on the Great Plains. Relied on European made guns and buffalo pelt for economy

Détente

The easing of conflict between the US and the Soviet Union during the Nixon Administration, which was achieved by focusing on issues of common concerns, such as arms control and trade.

Republican Aristocracy

The equivalent of aristocracy in America. Slaveholders who condemned the poor and the democratic system

New Transportation Systems

The expansion of the market largely depended on this. States including Massachusetts and Pennsylvania granted charters to many different private turnpike companies to sponsor a statewide transportation system. These roads boosted the regional economy by connecting dozens of inland markets to seaport cities. Water transportation also saw major developments becoming quicker and cheaper. Shallow rivers were dredged and canals were constructed to bypass waterfalls and rapids.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The amendments safeguard fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandated legal procedures, such as trial by jury.

Antifederalists

The group who opposed the federalists, and apposed the passing of the Constitution. They believed in state liberty from an overpowered government. They also saw the Constitution as an oppression of citizen's natural rights.

Manifest Destiny

The idea that America has a god given right to expand across the continent

Positive Good

The idea that slavery was good because it generated benefit for the white elite from inferior African Americans

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the US has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage

Feminism

The ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancement. Feminists moved beyond advocacy of women's voting rights to seek greater autonomy in professional careers, property rights, and personal relationships.

League of Nations

The international org. bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities, proposed by President Wilson in the aftermath of WW1. Although the League did form, the US never became a member state

Young Americans for Freedom

The largest student political organization in the country, whose conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.

War Powers Act (1941)

The law that gave President Roosevelt unprecedented control over all aspects of the war effort during WWII.

classical liberalism

The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The idea being that the less government does, the better, especially concerning economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development.

deregulation

The lifting of New Deal-era regulations of various American industries. This began with President Carter's deregulation of the airline, trucking, and railroad industries and expanded under President Reagan in the 1980s to include cutting back on government protections of consumers, workers, and the environment. This process stimulated competition and cut prices, but it also drove firms out of business, hurt unionized workers, and led to crises in the financial sector.

General George Washington

The man who was appointed to lead the Continental Army and beat General William Howe at the Battle of Long Island. He was also our country's first President.

American System

The mercantilist system of national economic development advocated by Henry Clay and adopted by John Quincy Adams, with a national bank to manage the nation's financial system; protective tariffs to provide revenue and encourage industry; and a nationally funded network of roads, canals, and railroads. (p. 319)

Long Telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. This outlined the strategy of "containment." Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war. p. 789

The arms race

The mid-21 century competition between the US and Soviet Union to have superior weaponry and technology. p. 786

Great Migration

The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after WW1

Malcom X

The most celebrated of black Muslims. He died in 1965 when black gunmen, presumably under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated him. He was originally for segregation, but after his trip to Mecca he wanted integration and spoke of the brotherhood of mankind.

Nat Turner's Revolt

The most famous Slave revolt in North America, accrued in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831. It was a hot August night and Nat Turner and his followers crept into their master's house and killed the family. By the end of the night 55 whites where dead and twice as many blacks. Nat ran away only to be found 2 weeks later and was put to his death.p. 348

Federalists

The name which Nationalists called themselves in order to appear as supporters of the federal union (which hid their commitment to a strong central gov.). They were trying to pass the Constitution.

rust belt

The once heavily industrialized regions of the Northeast and Midwest that went into decline after deindustrialization. By the 1970s and 1980s, these regions were full of abandoned plants and distressed communities.

Compromise of 1850

The passage of five separate laws to pacify the South. Admission of California as a Free State, Resolution of New Mexico-Texas border, abolition of the slave trade in DC, organization of the Mexican Terrotories, and a harsher fugitive slave act

Herbert Hoover

The president of the United States from 1929 to 1932 He was a republican who ran on a campaign of prohibition and prosperity. The early years of his presidency brought about a great deal of prosperity for the United States. Many people blamed him for the stock market crash.

Herbert Hoover

The president of the United States from 1929 to 1932. He was a republican who ran on a campaign of prohibition and prosperity. The early years of his presidency brought about a great deal of prosperity for the United States. Many people blamed him for the stock market crash.

classical liberalism, or laissez-faire

The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy. (p. 332)

popular sovereignty

The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate.

referendum

The process of voting directly on a proposed policy measure rather than leaving it in the hands of elected legislators; a progressive reform.

Transcontinental Railroad

The railway line completed on May 10, 1869, that connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines, enabling good to move from eastern US to California

franchise

The right to vote. Between 1820 and 1860, most states revised their constitutions to extend the vote to all adult white males. Black adult men gained the right to vote with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868). The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) granted adult women the right to vote. (p. 316)

Federalist No. 10

The tenth essay of The Federalist essays which said that a republican government would also work well in a large political environment. It would allow for diversity and varying thought.

Keynesian economics

The theory, developed by a British economist in the 1930s, that purposeful government intervention in the economy (through lowering or raising taxes, interest rates, and government spending) can affect the level of overall economic activity and thereby prevent sever depressions and runaway inflation.

The Feminine Mystique

The title of an influential book written in 1963 by Betty Friedan criticizing the ideal whereby women were encouraged to confine themselves to roles within the domestic sphere.

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the War of 1812. It retained the prewar borders of the United States.

evangelicalism

The trend in Protestant Christianity stressing salvation through conversion, repentance of sin, and adherence to Scripture; it also stresses the importance of preaching over ritual.

Women's New Religious Roles

The upsurge in religious enthusiasm allowed women to demonstrate their piety and even to found new sects. Mother Ann Lee organized the Shakers in Britain and in 1774 migrated to America were she attracted numerous recruits. By the 1820s Shaker communities doted the American countryside. They also began to increase their roles taking on religious and charitable enterprise because of their exclusion from other public roles.

spoils system

The widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory. In 1829, Andrew Jackson instituted the system on the national level, arguing that the rotation of officeholders was preferable to a permanent group of bureaucrats. (p. 318)

American Renaissance

The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Transcendentalist movement including Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville, Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. pp. 332-332

Republican Motherhood

These new cultural ideas began to shape the way a women was expected to live her life. Birth rates dropped severely in the states due to mothers bearing less children. This process was part of the demographic transition. This movement also encouraged women to dismiss public roles like voting or serving on a jury.

Rural Manufacturing

This created an expansion of output and sale of rural products in wider markets. American entrepreneurs drove this manufacturing creating new opportunities for farm families as well as new risks. The movement was also largely driven by new technology which played a minor role in creating this boom for consumer goods.

Established Church

This order crumbled away, in New York and New Jersey the sheer number of denominations - Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, Lutheran and Quaker among others. Congregationalism remained the official church in the New England states until the 1830s, but members of other denominations could now pay taxes to their own churches.

Frances Willard

This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her ecumenical "do every thing" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage, while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work.

Republican Marriages

This structure for marriages was eroded by economic and cultural changes, threatening customary paternal authority.

Bleeding Kansas

Thousands of neighboring settlers vote in the Kansas elections creating a slave friendly legislature. Kansas descends into violence

Naturalization Act Alien Act Sedition Act

Three laws passed in 1798 that limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party system. One law lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, another authorized the deportation of foreigners, and the third prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress.

Neo-mercantilism

Throughout the nation, and especially in the Northeast, Republican State Legislatures embraced this system of government assisted economic development. Beginning around 1800 this change caused the average per capita income of Americans to increase by more than 1% per year, more than 30% in a single generation.

blacklisted

To be labeled a troublemaker and unable to get a job; to have one's name of the owner's "do not hire" list. p. 550

The Marshall Plan

To hasten European economic recovery and help check Communist expansion this was instituted in 1947 and 13 billion dollars into the European economies. However, it was framed in humanitarian terms and offered to all - including the USSR. Soviets turned it down and labelled it simply a new venture in American imperialism.p. 790-791

Benevolent Empire

To improve the world around them, many upwardly mobile men and women embraced religious benevolence. Led by Congregational and Presbyterian ministers, they created organizations of conservative social reform, which became prominent in the 1820s. The reformers goal was to restore the 'moral government of God' by reducing the consumption go alcohol and other vices that resulted in poverty, explained Presbyterian minister Lyman Beecher.

Mechanics

To protect the British textile industry from American competition, the British government prohibited the export of textile machinery and emigration of these people (skilled craftsman who invented and improved tools for industry). Lured by the prospect of higher wages, though, thousands of British mechanics disguised themselves as laborers and sailed to the United States.

self-immolation

To protest the oppressive, US backed Diem regime, Buddhist monks committed suicide by burning themselves to death in public squares during the summer of 1963 to get the attention of the public and call attention to the situation in their country. p. 815

Manhattan Project

Top-secret project authorized by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb ahead of the Germans. The Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New Mexico (among other highly secretive sites around the country), succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by July 1945.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

George Armstrong Custer

US Army Officer, served in the Union Army and the American Indian Wars. He, along with all of his troops, was killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Labor Theory of Value

Under this theory, the price of goods should reflect the labor required to make them, and the income from their sale should go directly to the producers, not to the factory owners, middlemen, or storekeepers.

Third World

Underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively. p. 807

United Farm Workers

Union of farm workers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Union organization of unskilled workers broke away from AFL in 1935 and rejoined in 1955 to become the AFL-CIO. p. 801

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Oneida Community

Utopian Community: A group of socio-religious evangelical Perfectionists who lived in New York and then Vermont in 1830s - 1840s. Practiced "complex marriages," communal property, and communal raising of children. By John Humphrey Noyes (1811 - 1886), called a "free love" community. p. 337 - 339

Lord Dunmore (1730-1809)

Virginia's royal governor, Dunmore often clashed with the House of Burgesses; organized a local militia against the Ohio Shawnee Indians and defeated them, claiming Kentucky for Virginia without the approval of the crown

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Virginian who had mobilized resistance to the Coercive Acts and wrote the Declaration of Independence, justifying independence and republicanism using Enlightenment ideals of popular sovereignty and natural rights

1968 Democratic National Convention

Was held in Chicago. Purpose was to elect a suitable nominee to run as the Democratic Party's choice for president in the 1968 election. Events that led to convention were: assassination of Martin Luther King and JFK. Riots broke out from Anti-Vietnam war protesters during the time of the convention. These riots turned into bloody battles after the Chicago police tried to stop the protesters. Democrats settled on Hubert Humphrey but lost to Richard Nixon. Shows a large split in the party over the Vietnam War.

Valley Forge

Washington's army had retreated to Valley Forge, a miserable base which lead to the suffering of hundreds of Continental Soldiers. Many became diseased and they lacked food due to the fact that other Americans would rather trade with the British, because their currency was more widely accepted.

The Hollywood Ten

When Hollywood producers and writers were called to testify, this group of people refused to answer questions about their own political beliefs and those of their colleagues, they were sent to jail for contempt. p. 801 [see video][Convicted writers included playwright Arthur Miller, "Death of a Salesman," and "The Crucible."

Election of 1852

Whigs-Winfield Scott Democrats-Franklin Pierce -Sympathetic to the South -Whig party fragmented over slavery, Pierce Wins

National Organization for Women

Women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, it focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, but by the 70s it also embraced many of the issues raised by more radical feminists.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Women's suffrage organization created in 1890 by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Organization. Up to national ratification of suffrage in 1920, the NAWSA played a central role in campaigning for women's right to vote.

blue-collar workers

Workers employed in crafts, manufacturing, and nonfarm labor. p. 536

Alfred Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Yearlong boycott of Montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population. The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to nat'l prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

a 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties

Pure Food and Drug Act

a 1906 law regulating the conditions in the food and drug industries to ensure a safe supply of food and medicine

Shelley v. Kraemer

a 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities

National Interstate and Defense Highways Act

a 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system

The Affluent Society

a 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians

The Other America

a 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington, chronicling "the economic underworld of American life". His study made it clear that in the economic terms the bottom class remained far behind

Political Machine

a complex, hierarchal party organization such as New York's Tammany Hall, whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, especially with working class immigrants who had little knowledge of political

Muckrakers

a critical term, first applied by TR, for investigative journalists who published exposés of political scandals

Veterans Administration

a federal agency that assists former soldiers. Following WWII, the VA helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment, sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles

U.S. Fisheries Commission

a federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

a fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade, with the US dollar serving as the benchmark

Vaudeville

a professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 90s that included singing, dancing, and comedy routines, it created a form of family entertainment form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms

Chicago School

a school of architecture dedicated to design of buildings whose from expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function

Beats

a small group of literary figures based in NYC and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom, which often included drug consumption and casual sex

Protective Tariff

a tax or duty on foreign producers of goods coming into or imported into US, tariffs gave US manufacturers a completive advantage in America domestic market

Military-Industrial Complex

a term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who, he warned, exercise undue influence over the national government

Race Riot

a term for an attack on African American by white mobs, triggered political conflicts, street altercations, or rumors of crime

Crime of 1873

a term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the US Treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire Civil War era greenbacks, and replace them with notes backed by gold standard

"Rain Follows the Plow"

a unfounded theory that settlement of the great Plains caused an increase in rainfall

Flapper

a young women of the 1920s who defied conventional standards of conduct by wearing short skirts and makeup, freely spending the money she earned on the latest fashions, dancing to jazz, and flaunting her liberated lifestyles

Treaty of Kanagawa

an 1854 treaty that, in the wake of a show of military force by US Commodore Matthew, allowed American ships to refuel at two ports in Japan

Morrill Act

an 1862 act that set aside 140 million federal acres that states could sell to raise money for public universities

Burlingame Treaty

an 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of US missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States

Munn v. Illinois

an 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses, such as railroads and grain elevators

National Defense Education Act

an 1958 act, passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, that funneled millions of dollars into American universities, helping institutions such as the University at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, among others, become the leading research centers in the world

kitchen debate

an 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between US VP Richard Nixon and the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow

World Bank

an international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of the war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world

Bretton Woods

an international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and IMF

National Consumers' League

begun in New York, a national progressive organization that encouraged women, through their shopping decisions to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial laborers

Betty Friedan

feminist author of The Feminine Mystique in 1960. Her book sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement.

Four- Minute Men

group of volunteers authorized by the US President Woodrow Wilson, to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by The Committee on Public Information.

Comstock Lode

immense silver ore deposit discovered in 1859 in Nevada that touched off a mining rush, bringing many people into the region

Kerner Commission

informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots. Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal."

Miles Davis

jazz musician whose 1959 album, Kind of Blue, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and recognized by the US House of Representatives

War Powers Act

law that limited the president's ability to deploy U.S. forces without congressional approval. Congress passed this law in 1973 as a series of laws to fight the abuses of the Nixon administration.

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act/FISA

passed in 1978, in the wake of the Church Committee hearings revelations about the secret activities of the U.S. government spying on Americans without judicial authorization; amended as part of the 2001 Patriot Act to restore wiretapping of Americans without a search warrant in cases of imminent danger to national security.

Allen Ginsberg

poet and leading figure in the Beat generation and culture, opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, his poem "Howl" sparked widespread controversy, Buddhist, won US National Book Award for Poetry, won the National Arts Club gold medal, was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, Pulitzer Prize finalist

Dollar diplomacy

policy emphasizing the connection between America's economic and political interests overseas. Business would gain from diplomatic efforts overseas in its behalf, while the strengthened American presence overseas would give added leverage to American diplomacy

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company

Land-Grant Colleges

public universities founded to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise. These universities were funded by Morill Act

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

published Common Sense in January 1776, a rousing call for independence and a republican government; assaulted the monarchical order and slandered King George III

William J. Levitt

real-estate developer who was president of a real-estate successful business, the father of modern America suburbia, named in Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century

Gold Standard

the practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold

baby boom

the surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965, which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births

Sputnik

the world's first satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. After its launch, the Untied States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition

Occupational Safety and Health Administration/OSHA

was passed by Democratic Congress and signed by Nixon was intended to protect worker safety and health on the job through governmental rules and inspections

John Dickinson (1732-1808)

wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania which urged colonists to remember their ancestors and oppose parliamentary taxation without representation

Louis Brandeis

wrote the book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it. Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first Jew in that position.

Robert Kennedy

younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assassinated in California on June 6, 1968.