Final A&P 242

At what rate does the sinoatrial (SA) node ensure depolarization in the heart? 75 beats of the heart per minute 40 beats of the heart per minute 30 beats of the heart per minute 50 beats of the heart per minute

75 beats of the heart per minute

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? Select from letters A-D. A B C D

A

In a healthy individual which of the following would be low? preload Afterload contractility stroke volume

Afterload

Which statement best describes arteries? All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. All carry blood away from the heart.

All carry blood away from the heart.

Which functional feature best describes the manner in which cardiac muscle contracts? Refractory periods in cardiac contractions are relatively short. Nerve fibers must stimulate cardiac muscle cells for them to contract. Only some motor units contract in cardiac muscle. Automaticity (autorhythmicity) promotes the spontaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle cells.

Automaticity (autorhythmicity) promotes the spontaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle cells.

How would an attack by a mugger affect blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer? Blood pressure would increase due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Blood pressure would decrease due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Blood pressure would decrease due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. Blood pressure would increase due to vagal nerve stimulation.

Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

What is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)? Select from letters A-D. A B C D

C

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? Select from letters A-D. A B C D

C

All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood. True False

False

All lymphocytes are also leukocytes. True False

False

Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole. True False

False

Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries. True False

False

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. True False

False

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen. True False

False

Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart. True or False

False

What is a hematocrit? Hematocrit is the percentage of plasma in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements in a whole blood sample.

Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample.

Why would there be cause for concern if a young pregnant mother is Rh-, her husband is Rh+, and this is their second child? There should be no concern, as antibodies do not cross the placenta. If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take RhoGAM, there is a chance that the child will develop erythroblastosis fetalis and die before birth. If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take RhoGAM, there is a chance that the child will develop hemolytic jaundice and die before birth. If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take immunosuppressants, there is a chance that the child will develop erythroblastosis fetalis and die before birth. If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take immunosuppressants, there is a chance that the child will develop hemolytic jaundice and die before birth.

If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take RhoGAM, there is a chance that the child will develop erythroblastosis fetalis and die before birth.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. It causes positive feedback. It is very specific in the cell type it targets.

It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor? O AB B A

O

__ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present. Antagonism Activism Permissiveness Synergism

Permissiveness

The order of impulse conduction in the heart, from beginning to end, is __________. SA node, bundle branches, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers SA node, bundle of His, AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers SA node, bundle branches, bundle of His, AV node, and Purkinje fibers SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Which of these is true of the materials making up the buffy coat in centrifuged blood? They are less dense than both erythrocytes and plasma. They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma. They are denser then plasma and erythrocytes. They are denser than erythrocytes but less dense than plasma.

They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma.

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands? They produce hormones. They drain vascularly. They drain lymphatically. They have ducts.

They have ducts.

. The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right. True False

True

All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA. True False

True

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. True or False

True

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. True False

True

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. True False

True

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. True False

True

Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. True False

True

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues. True False

True

Mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus. True False

True

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries. True False

True

What layer can change blood vessel diameter by vasodilation and vasoconstriction? tunica externa tunica media tunica intima vasa vasorum

Tunica media

Which of the following is true about veins? Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time. Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

Which of the following is true about veins? Veins have valves; arteries do not. Veins are more muscular than arteries. Veins have a smaller diameter lumen than arteries. Veins carry blood away from the heart, while arteries carry blood to the heart.

Veins have valves; arteries do not.

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? adrenal pituitary thyroid adenoid

adenoid

Which of the following is NOT a formed element in whole blood? albumin erythrocytes platelets leukocytes

albumin

What is the primary function of hormones? cause allergic reactions influence metabolic activity of glands by alter cell activity activate extracellular enzymes

alter cell activity

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport? iron spectrin amino acids of the globin heme group

amino acids of the globin

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) cortisol oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Into what vessel does the left ventricle eject blood? superior vena cava pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins aorta

aorta

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. muscular arteries venules elastic arteries arterioles

arterioles

What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure? arterioles capillaries venules arteries

arterioles

What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure? arterioles capillaries venules arteries

arterioles

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. atrial repolarization ventricular repolarization ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization

atrial depolarization

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? blood vessels type blood vessel diameter total blood vessel length blood viscosity

blood vessel diameter

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis? liver kidneys lungs bone marrow

bone marrow

Gas and nutrient exchanges between the blood and tissues take place at the __________. capillaries arterioles arteries veins

capillaries

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? closure of the heart valves excitation of the SA node friction of blood against the chamber walls opening and closing of the heart valves

closure of the heart valves

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production decreased delivery of oxygen an inadequate supply of lactic acid

decreased delivery of oxygen

The aorta is an example of a(n) __________. elastic artery vein arteriole muscular artery

elastic artery

Which type of vessel contains elastin in all three tunics to allow the vessel to expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood? arteriole muscular artery elastic artery distributing artery

elastic artery

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? humoral enzymatic neural hormonal

enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic cell? macrophage eosinophil dendritic cell reticular cell

eosinophil

The layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep are: __________. myocardium, endocardium, and epicardium epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium epicardium, endocardium, and myocardium

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration? erythrocytes granular leukocytes agranular leukocytes platelets

erythrocytes

Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? thrombocytopenia, a condition of decreased circulating platelets vitamin K deficiency excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) a defect in the clotting cascade

excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? feedback synergism permissiveness antagonism

feedback

Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting? beta globulins fibrinogen alpha globulins albumin

fibrinogen

Which of the following is the outermost covering of the heart? fibrous pericardium epicardium parietal layer visceral layer

fibrous pericardium

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule? eight four two

four

The heart has __________ chambers and __________ valves. . four; two two; two four; four two; four

four; four

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (lobe)? growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Substances absorbed in the intestines would be routed to the liver via the __________. abdominal aorta hepatic portal vein suprarenal veins inferior vena cava

hepatic portal vein

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? humoral stimuli neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) hormonal stimuli all of these

hormonal stimuli

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? regulation protection hormone production distribution

hormone production

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. enzymes proteins hormones antibodies

hormones

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? carbohydrate oxidation humoral stimulation protein synthesis catabolic inhibition

humoral stimulation

Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production? testosterone erythropoietin a drop in normal blood oxygen levels hyperventilating

hyperventilating

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? hypoxia of EPO-producing cells an increased number of RBCs moving to a lower altitude decreased tissue demand for oxygen

hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________. decreased white blood cell count decreased hematocrit increased hematocrit increased white blood cell count

increased hematocrit

ADH ________. is inhibited by alcohol increases urine production is produced in the adenohypophysis promotes dehydration

is inhibited by alcohol

Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells? infarction functional syncytium ischemia embolism

ischemia

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? brain skin skeletal muscles kidneys

kidneys

Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction? left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle

left ventricle

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. monocytes eosinophils neutrophils basophils

monocytes

Which granulated leukocyte is most likely to be active during a bacterial infection? monocytes neutrophils basophils lymphocytes

neutrophils

Which of these represents the majority of whole blood by volume? leukocytes plasma platelets erythrocytes

plasma

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts? thyroid-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone prolactin adrenocorticotropic hormone

prolactin

Which of the following does NOT deliver blood to the right atrium? inferior vena cava coronary sinus superior vena cava pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the red blood cells (erythrocytes) at the bottom of the tube and white blood cells atop them. This implies that ________. white blood cells are smaller than red blood cells red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells red blood cells are larger than white blood cells

red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells

Which of the following is a long-term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure? baroceptor-initiated reflexes hormonal control of peripheral resistance renal regulation chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes

renal regulation

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. deactivating ions calcium nucleotides second messengers

second messengers

Specifically, what part of the intrinsic conduction system stimulates the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct impulses to the atrioventricular bundle sinoatrial (SA) node bundle branches interventricular septum subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)

sinoatrial (SA) node

Leaky capillaries found in the bone marrow are called __________. arterioles fenestrated capillaries sinusoidal capillaries continuous capillaries

sinusoidal capillaries

Consider the following characteristics of the cells found in muscle tissue. Which feature is shared by both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? branched cells intercalated discs striations triads

striations

The role of the coronary arteries is to __________. supply blood to the heart tissue direct blood to the aorta move blood from the atria to the ventricles direct blood to the pulmonary veins

supply blood to the heart tissue

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? permissiveness antagonism summation synergism

synergism

The __________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. mitral aortic semilunar tricuspid pulmonary semilunar

tricuspid

What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall for an artery or vein? tunica intima subendothelial layer tunica media tunica externa

tunica externa

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? tunica externa tunica media tunica intima tunica adventitia

tunica media

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. a stressor reaction up-regulation sensitivity increase cellular affinity

up-regulation

The QRS complex represents __________. Check all that apply. ventricular repolarization atrial depolarization ventricular depolarization atrial repolarization

ventricular depolarization

What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent? atrial depolarizaton ventricular repolarization ventricular depolarization atrial repolarization

ventricular repolarization