FINAL- America to 1865

Witchcraft in 17th century New England

- 4 to 1 of the accused for witchcraft were women and most accusers were also women. - Most accused were middle aged 40-60, english puritans, 1 in 6 were childless, domestic troubles, previously accused of other crimes, lower social standing, doctoring, midwifery, abrasive character. - other than salem witch stuff was rare in New England. -Witchcraft was associated with demons and satan.* ---------Doctoring and Midwifery- if death occurred, began to question if doctor or midwife purposefully caused it to happen -Lower social standing -Abrasive behavior (not the same as being insane)

Salem Witch Trials

- A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. -resulted in the execution of 20 people most of them women. - There was a dramatic change 1660-1690 when salem became New England's 2nd largest port. The wealth distribution was unequal. The porters were wealthy and the Putnams were farming. - most accusers were from poor parts of salem and most accused were wealthy. - Young people were accused. People with solid social status. A minister was even accused (George Burroughs) - 141 indictments. 19 were hanged. (14 women 5 men) - Problems with the Salem trials were that the trials were conducted poorly, Little evidence was needed to accuse somebody, Social problems, Ergot poisoning caused hallucinations. - You either try to confess innocence or admit and name accomplices.

Impacts of European disease on Native Americans

- Before the arrival of the Europeans in America Native Americans for the most part were free of serious diseases. -The diseases brought by the Europeans included bubonic plague, chickenpox, pneumonic plague, cholera, diphtheria, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhus, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, and whooping cough. -most diseases came from European, domesticated animals Disease Tolls Hundreds of thousands of Indians died of European diseases during the first two centuries following contact. In terms of death tolls, smallpox killed the greatest number of Indians.

Slavery in the Carolinas

- Due to high demand of rice crops there was a high demand for slaves from west africa. -First africans in carolina had uncertain legal status *Advantages of slave labor: Labor for life, no worries of bad press, close connections with barbados, knew how to grow rice, Immunity to some disease (yellow fever) *Disadvantages: High initial cost, Runaways, threat of slave uprisings. - 1708 majority of slaves were black, and community life among slaves was increasing. - slaves would try to flee to charleston and seaports, run to indian territory (indians sometimes returned them for rewards), or Florida because spain owned Florida and would take in the slaves to piss off the english. -Stono Rebellion occurred here (slave uprising)

Rice and the early development of the Carolinas

- Early settlers came from barbados due to lack of opportunity there. - Introduction of rice becomes a large product in this area, however, before rice production began this area was not very prosperous. - Rice was becoming a very profitable crop in the late 1600's and could only be grown under specific conditions which the carolinas had. - Rice growers imported people from west africa in order to help them grow the crop. Plantation owners became wealthiest men in the colonies. -By 1720 rice had become south carolina's most valuable export.

Bacon's Rebellion

- He was a wealthy 29 year old who established a plantation a little upriver from Jamestown in 1670. He came to America w/ a lot of money. - in 1676 an armed rebellion of Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. (His cousin by marriage) - The colony's disorganized political structure, combined with accumulating grievances motivated a popular uprising against Berkeley, who had failed to address the demands of the colonists regarding their safety. - About a thousand virginians rose up against Berkeley by attacking native americans, chasing him out of Jamestown, and burning Jamestown to the ground. - English forces came over to stop the rebellion and directly restored control under the royal power. - Berkeley returned and executed 20 rebels. - As a result both black and white indentured servants joined forces on the frontier rebellion.

The "little ice age"

- Period of cooling that occurred after the medieval warm period 1300-1850. - Crop practices throughout Europe had to be altered to adapt to the shortened, less reliable growing season and there were many years of death and famine. -European phenomenon (affects strongest in Europe) caused a delay in expansion. 15th century exceptionally cold in Europe 1680-1730 the coldest cycle of the Little Ice Age The environment does affect these places that people settled.

Puritan theology particularly predestination

- Puritans experienced religion in everyday life through providences, wonders, and miracles. There were no blind chances. -Providence's: Everyday events directed by god. - Predestination: God chose each human being from birth for salvation or for condemnation. Only God knew the fate of each person; unlike the Roman Catholic Church, the Puritans rejected the concept of free will. But during his or her lifetime, a Puritan could search for clues as to the fate of their soul by performing good works, praying, and attending church services.

The long-term impact of the great awakening

- The great awakening led to more people joining the church, but after the awakening admissions to the church dropped lower than where they were before the awakening. - The great awakening made people realize that they had religious power and not the church or the state. Led to decline of Quakers, Anglicans, and congregationalists. - New light preachers set up their own schools and churches throughout the colonies, but old light preachers refused to accept the new ways. - Led to religious tolerance because with so many new denominations it was clear that no one religion would dominate a particular region. -Colonial unity

Abraham Lincoln's Views on Slavery

-Abe rejected abolitionism, which gave equal rights to slaves. -He was anti-slavery and often spoke of stopping the spread of slavery. -This was his first step toward ultimate extinction of slavery in the South. -Lincoln believed extinction of slavery would be a long process and he was more concerned about protecting the Union.

Alcohol and Drinking c. 1780-1830

-Americans drank 5 gallons of hard liquor per year per capita, which is triple today's rate of consumption.

Abolitionism in the U.S.

-Anti-slavery movement -Leaders of this movement included Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, and Charles Finney. -The southern legislatures banned abolitionist literature and encouraged the harassment of anyone distributing it. -South created pro-slavery groups in response to anti-slavery abolitionsits -Varying degrees of abolitionism (ex: gradual vs. immediate emancipation) -The Liberator (freeing slaves and giving them rights vs. sending them to Africa)

The Pilgrims

-Around 100 people seeking religious freedom in the new world (separatists) set sail from England on the mayflower. -Landed on cape cod, formed New England at Plymouth Harbor. -Pilgrims were good friends with indians who taught them how to plant corn, where to fish, and hunt.

Disease Theory before 1865

-Before 1865 nobody had an understanding of bacteria or viruses. -Fevers in the 17th and 18th century were the modern equivalent of cancer. -People believed illnesses were caused by "bad humors" in the body. -This was the age of "heroic medicine" in which the sicker the patient, the more aggressive their treatment was.

The panic of 1857

-Caused by over expansion in U.S. and declining international economy -California gold rush and sinking of the "Central America" ("Central America" was a ship carrying 9 tons of gold that sank. Many banks were depending on this for their reserve base.)

The Rise of Cotton Agriculture

-Causes westward expansion -Tobacco ceased to provide a good cash flow for the south so cotton becomes the new cash crop. -Eli Whitney invents cotton gin in 1793 which removed seeds from cotton, which resulted in greater production of cotton. -Cotton takes off and reconfigures the U.S. agriculture.

Diseases and Epidemics to 1865

-Common diseases included; malaria, smallpox, yellow fever, and anthrax. -Malaria and Yellow fever were transmitted through mosquitos -Small pox killed more than 100,000 people in North America, Mexico and Canada. -Louis Pasteur developed an animal vaccine for anthrax in 1881.

Abraham Lincoln and antislavery in the north (The Emancipation Proclamation)

-Executive order issued by Abe Lincoln during the Civil War. -It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves. Only 50,000 slaves were immediately set free and the rest were freed as the Union Army advanced. -In September 1862 Abe announced he would issue the proclamation freeing slaves in all confederate states that did not return to the Union.

Rise of Religious Participation/Changes in religious practice 1776-1850

-Factors causing growth of religion and new movements: Religious freedom and democratization of society. -Increasing egalitarianism in most religions was appealing -New theologies studied by new movements believed in Armenian Theology (you decide if you go to heaven). -Calvinism was the opposite and believed in predestination. -Armenian theology was most popular among the people because it gave them a choice which went along with new democratic trends.

The Transportation and Information Revolution

-First half of 18th century saw rapid growth in transportation including steamboats, canals, railroads, and the telegram. -All fed into ideas of progress that had a huge effect on the economy and American lives. - Steamboat allowed for faster travel not only downstream but upstream as well. -Canals connected waterways with lakes, oceans, etc. -Railroads allowed for goods to be transported across land faster than ever. -All these were revolutionary, faster, and cheaper ways to access the country.

The Oregon Territory

-First real expansion into Northwest. -Finally officially set boundaries between Great Britain and America. -Same time as Mexican War all under President Polk (colonies gain large amount of land all in one of Polk's terms.) -54-40' or fight -Polk negotiated for 49' by threatening war

George Whitfield and the Great awakening in America

-George Whitefield was an itinerant preacher who gave outdoor sermons that were simple and direct but still took emotional preaching to a new level. The increasing number of printing presses contributed to his fame. His traveling allowed him to unite the colonies through religion. - Known for his loud voice and ability to draw an emotional response through his sermons and raising money for an orphanage in Georgia. - Preached outside because the anglican church did not assign him a pulpit.

The Know Nothings

-Political party that evolved from a nativist organization in 1849. -A violent party. -Quickly failed since there was no effective legislature and no real platform. -This party attracted both Whigs and Democrats because both wanted to avoid the slavery issue. -The party instead targeted immigration that was clustered in cities.

Methodist Expansion 1776-1850

-Growth of religion in America. -Led to a new type of preacher, unlike colonial preachers these preachers were poorly educated and not rich, they were just common people. -The new preacher type appealed to people because now they were just common and relatable. -Methodism grew rapidly as well as all other religions leading to higher church attendance since people appealed to their church. -Second Great Awakening, decline in Anglicans and Puritans while methodist's grew rapidly.

The California Gold Rush

-In 1848 Gold was discovered in Northern California. -This caused many people to rush to California in hopes of getting rich from gold. -In 1848 the population was 400 people and by 1858 the population jumped to 44,000. -California gold rush led to the statehood of California.

The great Puritan Migration

-In the 1500s England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and created a new church called the Church of England. Everyone in England had to belong to the church. -The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to practice religious freedom. -Many Puritans immigrated to North America in the 1620s-1640s because they believed that the Church of England was beyond reform. - The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. (while pilgrims were completely separated from the Church of England). -They continued to profess their allegiance to the Church of England despite their dissent from Church leadership and practices. -Began with the establishment of the Mass. bay colony and ended w/ the start of the english civil war (when king charles 1st shut down emigration to the colonies) -During this time around 21,000 puritans migrated to New England.

Progress, Perfectionism, Postmillennialism, and reform

-In the early 19th century people believed in progress that could be advanced through education, government, technology, science, and by the efforts of individuals and community. -Perfectionism: Believing that somebody in god's grace could achieve moral perfection. They believed people could reform themselves and society to reach perfection. -Postmillennialism: Society would continue to improve until perfection and then christ would return.

Antislavery in the north

-Initially most northerners wanted to free slaves but send them to Africa (resettlement to Liberia) -William Lloyd Garrison (publisher of "The Liberator" (anti-slavery publication)) believed and advocated for immediate emancipation rather than gradual. -For all the antislavery movements ini the north, their were counter, proslavery movements forming in the south. -Wilmot Proviso proposed to prohibit slavery in territories gained in the Mexican War

Mormons and The American West

-Joseph Smith was a young man who saw visions of the book of mormon. -Smith starts a new religious group which is controversial because it was not like typical christianity, this led to mormons moving to Ohio then to Missouri. -Movement to Missouri was inspired by Smith who said that Jackson County was the original Garden of Eden. -Settlers rejected the mormons and conflict broke out. -Militia men attacked a mormon town and destroyed everything and everybody this caused mormons to leave Missouri and go to Illinois because of persecution. -Later Brigham Young led the mormons to Utah and applied for statehood of Deseret because they had enough people, they were denied statehood.

The Louisiana Purchase

-Lands west of the Mississippi river were part of the Louisiana territory. -Land deal between the French and the U.S. in which the U.S. acquired 827,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars. The deal Doubled the size of the U.S. -Napoleon gave up on his dream of an empire in the Caribbean so he sold the land to U.S. -Led to further westward expansion and exploration. -Some people opposed the purchase because they thought Thomas Jefferson did not have enough money or power.

Tobacco in the Chesapeake

-Made Chesapeake livable, allowed population to grow for a minute as the tobacco market was flourishing. -Quality of life was good here during this time -Once the tobacco market crashes, the population stops increasing and stabilizes. -Initially used indentured servants, have to change to slaves 3. Little opportunity -little upward mobility -poor living conditions 4. Land exhaustion -could only plant tobacco for 3 successive years

Annexation of Texas

-Many Americans settled in Texas -Later these settlers wanted independence from Mexico because Mexico had declared slavery illegal - Texans were completely independent for a few years -Texas voted to accept annexation into the U.S. in 1845 -Wilmot Proviso then said they couldn't have slavery and this really pissed them off

Immigration and anti-Catholicism before the Civil War

-Maria Monk's "Awful Disclosures of the Hotel-Dieu Nunnery of Montreal" -Know Nothings were very anti-immigration. -Immigrants were mostly Roman Catholic and they tended to cluster in cities -Know-nothings believe immigrants were "stealing the election" of 1856, and that they should not be allowed to have such a large say in American politics

Treatment of Disease to 1865

-Methods for treatment of disease included: Bleeding, purging and vomiting, blistering, laudanum, and different patent medicines. -In purging they would use medicine to promote vomiting such as calomel, jalap, or cream of tartar. -In blistering they would cause a 2nd degree burn assuming it be bad humors removed from the body. - Laudanum was a tincture, or solution, of opium (morphine).

"Bleeding Kansas"

-Northerners are concerned with slavery in the West. -White Southerners wanted to expand slavery. -Created a rush of free state and slavery promoters to Kansas when the state opened. -Forms 2 capitals in state. -Disagreement about slavery turned violent and both sides realized only a war could settle the debate.

The "Medieval Warm Period" and the settlement of North America

-Occurred in Europe during 17th century -Population grows in Europe, prompting people to move across the ocean to America where there are less people

The Temperance Movement c. 1830-1860

-Organized effort to encourage moderation of drinking and was one of the largest reform efforts taking place in the U.S. -People realized alcohol was causing illness, crime, and social problems. -Banning of alcohol was thought to be progress since some people thought alcohol was a moral failure. -Many organizations started to slow down drinking or stop drinking from 1830-1860. -Marks the beginning of idea of progress to make things and people better. And marks the beginning of women getting their first political voice.

The rise of cotton agriculture in the south

-Production of cotton is what established a population in the deep south -Majority of people that moved south did so in order to take advantage of the enormous market available to a cotton grower -South grew more and more dependent on the institution of slavery as time went on due to the ever increasing market (bc the invention of the cotton gin) -Cotton growers in the south were advocates for westward expansion because they wanted as much land as possible so they could grow as much cotton as possible -In 1790, most Americans lived within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic, but by 1840, 1/3 of Americans lived between the Appalachian mountains and the Mississippi River.

The role of covenants in early puritan thought

-Providence-God has already determined how the world works. All we get are signs. -Puritans work hard because they think they are more likely to get a sign this way. -Covenants: The promises which God makes to human beings and which are recorded in the Bible. -Individuals don't exist in this society, they are all part of the larger, Puritan body -Believe everything that occurs is a sign, or because of God's will

Slavery in the U.S. 1789-1831

-Rice (Carolinas) -Sugar (West Indies) -Cotton: Required large amounts of slaves for greater profit. Eventually expands to all deep southern colonies that run the south. 1860 is when the most cotton was ever sold. -Tobacco (Chesapeake): Did not require a large amount of slaves. -Tobacco, Rice, and Sugar were limited to where they could be grown. -People in the central states had slaves due to tobacco production, slaves shift to the south due to high demand for cotton slaves. -A forced migration of slaves takes place from MA, VA, and SC to the cotton belt. -The slaves were forced to walk 25-30 miles a day and families were separated. -Slaves diets were based mostly on corn because it was cheap.

Antebellum social reform movements

-Second Great Awakening of religious intensity that spread across the nation. -Taxes supported schools creating public schools for all (not high school). -The American Temperance Society was created to slow down the heavy drinking occurring in the U.S. -All this went with the theme of trying to reform society to perfection. -Marked by a belief in progress and rising standards of living and faith in technology

Migration of Slaves From Upper to The Lower South

-Slavery was limited to geographic areas since crops could only be grown in certain colonies. -Owners threatened to export upper south slaves to the deeper south where life was much worse. Urban slavery vs. Rural slavery -Slavery in Urban areas was slower than in rural areas. -Urban slaves worked in tougher environments but they were more humane than rural slaves. -Most urban slaves were women and just help around the house. -Rural slaves work in the fields all day long -Some urban slaves were able to perform highly skilled tasks, and eventually worked for their freedom. -more rural slaves were hired than urban slaves. -Urban slaves had anonymity which provided them more freedom to interact and progress their culture.

The Mexican War

-Started with annexation of Texas in 1845 -Protestant volunteers from South and West replaced militias. -Polk and his armies offer to purchase land from Mexico was rejected, so Polk called for war (in the form of having Zachary Taylor advance his troops onto Mexican land) -Polk's army captures many strategic points -Eventually capture Mexico City in 1847. -This leads to the treaty of Gudalupe Hildago, which purchased Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California from Mexico for 15 million dollars. -The war was a disaster for Mexico. -Victory in the war convinced the U.S. military that they knew all about war and this helped contribute to the political context of the civil war. -Wilmot Proviso follows war, states that slavery shall be prohibited in territories captured from Mexico

Indentured Servants in the South

-The growth of the plantation economy created a large need for labor. Headright system was then established to create incentive for masters to import workers by giving away 50 acres of land for each laborer brought across the Atlantic. -Headright system also benefitted servants because they would get their trip across the atlantic paid for by their masters, a contract was written for years of service usually 7 years and the servant would be supplied room and board. The servant would also get freedom dues at the end of their contract could include land, money, guns, clothes, or food. -only 40% of servants completed their contracts, female servants were often sexually harassed by masters, if a female servant got pregnant during her service years would be tacked on to their sentence.

Indians, settlers, and guns in 17th century New England

2 main guns- Matchlock and flint locks. Indians became dependent on Europeans for gunpowder. economic dependence on trade. Indians loss of territory

The gender imbalance in the 17th century Chesapeake

4 to 1 were men and most were indentured servants.

Population and Consumer trends in the middle of the 18th century

Colonies exceptional growth 1713-40s - Pop x3 333,000-> 1 mil -Americans experience a consumer revolution by importing luxuries such as textiles, ceramics, glassware, shoe buckles, clocks, carpets, furniture from the british. -Worldwide pop growth in 18th century. More extreme in colonies. Colonial women have avg of 8 children and 42 grandchildren, but British women had 5 children and 15 grandchildren. - Colonies left alone by the British empire b/c they are leading producer and leader of inexpensive goods therefore the colonies are basically exempt from tax.

Differences in how Indians and European settlers used the land in 17th century New England

Europeans- Altered their environment (slashing trees) practiced fix ag. Claimed land as theirs. gathering of timber. used large domesticated animals.(destroyed Indian crops) Indians- Indians regularly burned the forest to create habitats suitable to plants they wanted to grow and animals they wanted to hunt grew corn dependent on land/animals and eventually European trade.

Jamestown

First (semi-successful) European Settlement. 16th century. -Founded by The Virginia Company. -Lots of people die on the journey over to America -Comprised of mostly wealthy men who were adventurers and came to America to get rich quick then return home but they had difficulties growing crops which led to Malnutrition. -Developed too large of a dependence on indians for food -Lack of work ethic led to communal disorganization LEADERS 1. John Smith. Leads Jamestown 1608-1609. Only 12 of 200 people die in the winter because he says that those who do not work will not eat. John leaves in 1609 due to injury. After Smith leaves 400 of 500 settlers died between sept. 1609 and may 1610. 2. Sir Thomas Dale begins leading in 1611. More hard times. Dale reports bowling in the streets.

Metacom's War

Other tribes did not like European settlers and this led to king philip's war (metacom's war) which left 5,000 New England inhabitants dead three quarters of those were native americans. - Sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, or King Philip's war was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. - When officials in Plymouth Colony hanged three Wampanoags in 1675 for the murder of a Christianized Indian, Metacom's alliance launched a united assault on colonial towns throughout the region. - In the beginning Metacom's forces were victorious but over time their forces unraveled which ultimately led to their defeat. This caused Metacom to flee home where he was eventually killed walking in the forest. - In the space of little more than a year, twelve of the region's towns were destroyed and many more damaged, the colony's economy was all but ruined, and its population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service. - In the end the English also lost much financially. The settlers incurred an enormous tax burden to mostly repay Britain for war assistance; it held back the economy of the entire region for many years to come not only did they develop a financial burden but after the war the indians who used to be their friends were now their sworn enemies.

Roger Williams and the creation of Rhode Island

Roger Williams actually respected Indians, felt they were taking their land Felt that we were taking advantage of them and contributed a lot of time to understand their culture and even learn their language. Other colonies didn't see through the same eyes. - Radical puritan gets to know the Indians gets kicked out by other puritans because he showed religious tolerance. -He goes and establishes Rhode Island with the help of Indians and it is founded on Religious tolerance unlike New England.

Puritanism in England

The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. -Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within (monarch puritans) and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion .- Seeking religious freedom the puritans fled to the Netherlands and later to New England.(radical puritans) refused to be apart of the English Church. -in the late 1630s with the Scottish Presbyterians, led by Oliver Cromwell, with whom they had much in common, the Puritans became a major political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War (1642-46).

Jamestown/Tobacco in the Chesapeake

Too many gentlemen (didn't have to work bc family wealth) Hunger and disease (but they could bowl??) communal organization dependence on Indians lack of worth ethic too many adventures no simple answers What saved the colony? -Tobacco, which motivated them because it was a quick way to get rich. -Due to tobacco being so cheap to grow and because it had a large income per crop it became Virginia's chief source of revenue. -The tobacco market led to farmers needing indentured servitude -Tobacco collapses -Conditions for servants: Usually a 7 year contract, Hard working conditions, alternative form of labor and slavery.

Development of African American society in colonial Chesapeake (Slavery in the Chesapeake)

fewer servants came to the Chesapeake therefore a need for more labor. THREE STAGES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 3 stages -1st (1650-90): small plantations, little community, conflicting legal status. 2nd(1690-1740): large scale slave importations peak about 1740. small population sizes, social conflicts among slaves. 3rd(1740-1790):slave importations decline, plantations sizes increase, black pop grows, more stable communities.