Final Bio 169
An ovulating oocyte is actually activated by hormones about_____ days before ovulation.
110
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
Figure 29.1Given the information in Figure 29.1, if C were an incomplete dominant trait, what would the phenotype ratio be for the offspring?
1:2:1
Figure 29.1Given the information in Figure 29.1, what would the genotype ratio be for the offspring?
1:2:1
Figure 29.1Given the information in Figure 29.1, what is the phenotype ratio (assuming C is dominant and there is no incomplete dominance)?
1:3
Place the following in correct developmental sequence:1. reticulocyte2. proerythroblast3. normoblast4. late erythroblast
2, 4, 3, 1
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx2. minor calyx3. nephron4. urethra5. ureter 6. collecting duct
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
7.35 7.45
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
90/55
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A and C
Julie is a fifty-seven year old lawyer with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. She has been on atenolol, a beta-blocker, for a while. Atenolol blocks the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine by blocking B1 receptors on cells of the SA node and contractile tissue of the heart. Julie is still having problems with hypertension despite being on atenolol and recently has been complaining of increasing angina. Her doctor recently put her on an ACE inhibitor, benazepril, to try to get her blood pressure under control.How does lowering heart rate result in a decrease in blood pressure?
A decrease in heart rate decreases cardiac output, which lowers the volume of blood circulating in the blood vessels decreasing blood pressure.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
A couple whose blood types are A (IAi) and B (IBi) may have a child with which of the following blood types?
A, B, AB, or O
Julie is a fifty-seven year old lawyer with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. She has been on atenolol, a beta-blocker, for a while. Atenolol blocks the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine by blocking B1 receptors on cells of the SA node and contractile tissue of the heart. Julie is still having problems with hypertension despite being on atenolol and recently has been complaining of increasing angina. Her doctor recently put her on an ACE inhibitor, benazepril, to try to get her blood pressure under control.What is a possible mechanism by which ACE inhibitors like benazepril can decrease blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors act on the renin-angiotensin mechanism inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II.
Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.
AV node
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
AV valve
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
During extensive excercise, energy demand increases requiring the production of excess ATP. The body produces ATP aerobically, through aerobic respiration, and anaerobically, through fermentation into lactic acid. If the excercise continues long enough, the glucose stores of the body are exhausted and the body utilizes adipose stores.Which of the following contributes to slight decreases in pH in the blood during excercise?
All of the above
________ is the most common type of fetal testing.
Amniocentesis
Select the correct statement about complement.
An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
Kevin is driving down the highway late at night. He is tired and feeling drowsy. Suddenly he sees a deer in his headlights. He slams on the brakes and swerves, narrowly missing the deer. As his car comes to a stop in the ditch on the side of the road, Kevin notices his heart is pounding and he is shaking. As an A&P student, Kevin knows that it is his fight-or-flight response that has caused this effect, and he begins to wonder at the mechanisms behind the fight-or-flight response.During fight or flight, blood flow to the digestive tract is suppressed. Following, the fight-or-flight response, blood flow to the area is higher than normal resulting in hyperemia. Which mechanism contributes to hyperemia?
An increase in carbon dioxide
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes.
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. question
A blood sample contains anti-A and anti-D antibodies. What is the blood type?
B-
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
Why is the change in pH small?
Bicarbonate in the blood absorbs excess acid
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
Dalton's law
A new diuretic is being explored that inhibits sodium/chloride transporters on the assending limb of the nephron loop. Which of the following effects would not be seen with this diuretic?
Decreased urine osmolality
A woman arrives at the hospital complaining of dizziness, nausea, and disorrientation. In her patient information, she noted that she has been taking a lot of tums (CaCO3). Which of the following would you not expect in her blood work?
Decreased urine sodium
Thyroid hormone is unique among the amino acid based hormones in that it is lipid soluble. It actually consists of two hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The thyroid gland synthesizes both of these hormones but produces significantly higher amounts of thyroxine. Thyroglobulin is synthesized by the thyroid, and stored in the colloid follicle. Iodides are added to subunits of the thyroglobulin, tyrosine, and linked together to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones are bound to thyroxine-binding globulins and released into the bloodstream. At the target tissue, thyroxine can be converted to triiodothyronine, which is about 10 times more active than thyroxine. Both hormones result in an increase in basal metabolic rate.Which signaling pathway does thyroxine use?
Direct gene activation
Which of the following is true concerning environmental influence on genetic expression?
Drugs and nutrition can alter normal gene expression.
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
James has recently moved to Denver, CO. James is an athlete who runs 5km a day to keep in shape. However, since his move to Denver, he has been unable to maintain his fitness schedule. He has been feeling dizzy and light headed when working out, and is out of breath all the time. He went to the ER and was told by the doctor that it was normal for a person to go through altitude sickness when they moved to Denver.If James moves back in a year to Wilmington, NC, he will suffer from a condition called secondary polycythemia. This will result in what problem?
Elevated blood viscosity and thus elevated blood pressure
Jim is a biologist who travels around the world studying birds, and he recently returned from New Zealand. He has noticed swelling in his hands and feet that has increased over the last few weeks. Upon going to his doctor, he was diagnosed with lymphatic filariasis, a disease caused by a round worm that clogs the lymphatic vessels.Which aspect of his immune system would be stimulated?
Eosinophils
Kevin is driving down the highway late at night. He is tired and feeling drowsy. Suddenly he sees a deer in his headlights. He slams on the brakes and swerves, narrowly missing the deer. As his car comes to a stop in the ditch on the side of the road, Kevin notices his heart is pounding and he is shaking. As an A&P student, Kevin knows that it is his fight-or-flight response that has caused this effect, and he begins to wonder at the mechanisms behind the fight-or-flight response.Which of the following mechanisms is not used to raise Kevin's blood pressure in the above scenario?
Epinephrine causing vasodilation
Select the correct statement about male sexual response.
Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.
James has recently moved to Denver, CO. James is an athlete who runs 5km a day to keep in shape. However, since his move to Denver, he has been unable to maintain his fitness schedule. He has been feeling dizzy and light headed when working out, and is out of breath all the time. He went to the ER and was told by the doctor that it was normal for a person to go through altitude sickness when they moved to Denver.Which hormone is essential to James producing adequate red blood cells to carry oxygen despite the decrease in available oxygen at Denver's high altitude?
Erythropoietin
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________.
FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Which of the following is NOT true of fenestrated capillaries?
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the brain.
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
Select the correct statement about testosterone control.
GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
Golgi bodies
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
Select the correct statement about absorption.
If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.
Jim is a biologist who travels around the world studying birds, and he recently returned from New Zealand. He has noticed swelling in his hands and feet that has increased over the last few weeks. Upon going to his doctor, he was diagnosed with lymphatic filariasis, a disease caused by a round worm that clogs the lymphatic vessels.Looking at tissue perfusion, which of the following would not result from his infection?
In increase in filtration of his tissues
A new diuretic is being explored that inhibits basolateral sodium/bicarbinate antiport cotransporters in the proximal convoluted tubule. Which of the following effects would not be associated with this diuretic?
Increased blood potassium
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
It is about 90% water.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
It is specific for a given organ.
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance.
Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion.
Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?
LH
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.
Select the correct statement about lymph transport.
Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
Meissner's corpuscle
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing
Kelly, a 63 year old retired teacher, is suffering from shingles. Shingles is an outbreak of the varicella-zoster virus that remains latent in the peripheral nervous system following chickenpox. Stress, aging, or immunosuppression can cause an outbreak of shingles.Which activated cells in Kelly's body are providing the large number of immunoglobulins in her blood in response to the shingles outbreak?
Memory Cells
A patient is admitted to the hospital in complete collapse. His blood pH is 6.8, and his HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. What diagnosis would you give?
Metabolic Acidosis
A patient arrives at the hospital with disorientation, agitation, and shallow breathing. Her blood pH is 7.9, and her pCO2 is 52 mm Hg. What diagnosis would you give?
Metabolic Alkalosis
Select the correct statement about fertilization.
Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Is genetic diversity due entirely to inherited genes on the sex chromosomes?
No, because genetic diversity has nothing to do with the sex chromosomes but is due to crossing-over of chromosomes, independent assortment of chromosomes, and segregation of chromosomes.
James has recently moved to Denver, CO. James is an athlete who runs 5km a day to keep in shape. However, since his move to Denver, he has been unable to maintain his fitness schedule. He has been feeling dizzy and light headed when working out, and is out of breath all the time. He went to the ER and was told by the doctor that it was normal for a person to go through altitude sickness when they moved to Denver.Which of the following is not essential to James' diet in order to produce adequate red blood cells?
None of the above
Julie is a fifty-seven year old lawyer with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. She has been on atenolol, a beta-blocker, for a while. Atenolol blocks the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine by blocking B1 receptors on cells of the SA node and contractile tissue of the heart. Julie is still having problems with hypertension despite being on atenolol and recently has been complaining of increasing angina. Her doctor recently put her on an ACE inhibitor, benazepril, to try to get her blood pressure under control.How does lowering contractility result in a decrease in blood pressure?
None of the above mechanisms
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________.
O
A blood sample contains anti-A, anti-B and anti-D antibodies. What is the blood type?
O-
A person whose blood type is B- requires a blood transfusion. Four donors are tested and their blood types are given below. Which donor can provide blood for our patient without causing a transfusion reaction?
O-
________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
Our genes
Which of the following is correct?
Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Which of the following is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting?
PF3
The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called ________.
Peyer's patches
________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.
Porphyria
Which of the following is not possible?
Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?
Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
Select the correct statement about proteins.
Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
Which statement is correct?
Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.
Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation.
Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the spleen?
Red pulp is where immune functions take place.
Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?
Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
Which of the following statements is true concerning genetic screening?
Screening can be done before conception by carrier recognition or during fetal testing.
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false?
Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.
Which part of an ECG trace represents the "resetting" of the electrical system of the heart?
T wave
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?
The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place?
The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions.
Which of the following will occur after ovulation?
The endometrium enters its secretory phase.
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.
The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?
The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?
The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.
The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.
Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands.
The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing
All of the following things occur during meiosis I with the exception of one thing. Select the statement below that does not occur during meiosis I. chromosomes are separated from each other.
The sister chromatids are separated from each other.
What effect does age have on the size of the thymus?
The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age.
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.
The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?
There will be a temporary increase in blood volume
Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?
They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
They are extremely complex molecules.
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
They are nucleated.
Which of the following statements about sperm is not true?
They are sluggish in an alkaline environment
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?
They move away from the pelvic cavity.
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?
They regulate the temperature of the testes.
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Which of the following is true about veins?
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
Ventricles are in diastole.
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.
a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
a vasa recta
A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is called ________.
abrupto placenta
Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?
absorption of glucose from the GI tract
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
activating cytokines
The process of a donor's red blood cells clumping after transfusion into an incompatible recipient is referred to as which of the following?
agglutination
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
The most abundant plasma protein is ________.
albumin
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is _______.
aldosterone
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?
aldosterone
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
aldosterone
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________.
alkalosis
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
allergic contact dermatitis
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
altering blood volume
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
Which of the following determines lung compliance?
alveolar surface tension
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state.
ammonia
Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?
amount of body fat
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
amylase
What is a bubo?
an infected lymph node
Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?
anabolism of proteins
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.
angina pectoris
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
angiotensin II and aldosterone
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
antigen
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
antigenic
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
appear in the urine
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
arcuate
Chief cells ________.
are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands
Cytotoxic T cells ________.
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
arteriosclerosis
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
as the initiator of the cough reflex
Which of the following is not usually considered a teratogen?
aspirin
Onset of labor may be a result of all of the following factors except ________.
aspirin and similar drugs
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.
atrial depolarization
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?
atrial natriuretic peptide
Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.
be sterile
Why is the blood-testis barrier important?
because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________.
before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
Which valve prevents blood from returning to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts?
bicuspid
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification
bile
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The term metabolism is best defined as ________.
biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
Normally menstruation occurs when ________.
blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
bone marrow
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
bones and skeletal muscles
Recessive genes are usually expressed in humans only when ________.
both alleles are exactly the same, or homozygous
Which hormone or hormones serve to increase blood glucose levels?
both insulin and cortisol
Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole?
both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?
both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Where is blood pressure typically measured?
brachial artery
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.
brain
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
by a decrease in the blood pressure
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
by hormones, especially androgens
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
by secreting sodium ions
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones?
calcium
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?
cardiovascular system
The reason recessive genetic disorders are more frequent than disorders inherited as dominant is that ________.
carriers may pass them on to their offspring, unaware that they are carriers
The hepatic portal vein ________.
carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________.
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ________.
cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions
Lipogenesis occurs when ________.
cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
changes in Na+ content of the filtrate
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
chemotaxis
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
chief cells of the stomach
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
cholecystokinin
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
What prevents the heart valves in the ventricles from opening up during contraction?
chordae tendinae
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?
chorion
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
The situation where two versions of the same gene are expressed is referred to as which of the following?
codominance
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________.
collagen fibers
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
For which of the following are newborn infants not routinely screened at birth?
color blindness
Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.
colostrum
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Foramen ovale ________.
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?
conversion to a nucleic acid
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________.
coronary arteries
Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?
corpus spongiosum
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
creatinine
In meiosis the spermatozoa that are produced are genetically unlike each other and unlike the cell that produces them. This is one reason for the great variation among humans. What causes this effect?
crossing-over and independent assortment only
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene.
cytokines
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________.
cytotoxic cells
Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?
decrease in lactic acid levels
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
decreased delivery of oxygen
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.
decreased size of the heart muscle
A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.
decreased testosterone secretion
Huntington's disease involves ________.
degeneration of the basal nuclei of the brain
A chromosomal aberration in which part of a chromosome is lost is known as ________.
deletion
What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?
dense microvilli
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:
dermal papillae
All of the following can be considered male secondary sex characteristics except the ________.
development of testes as opposed to ovaries
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
diabetes insipidus
Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?
diet
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
digestion
Initially, the implanted embryo obtains its nutrition by ________.
digestion of endometrial cells
Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following?
digestive organs
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not:
directly fight antigens
Gas emboli may occur because a ________.
diver holds his breath upon ascent
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.
down-regulation
Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
ductus arteriosusligamentum teres
When is blood leaving the heart at its lowest pressure?
during diastole
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
Which of the following is a highly unlikely method of producing a child?
ectopic implantation
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
efferent lymphatic vessels
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?
eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
electrolyte levels
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
Implantation involves ________.
embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
emotional state
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
emphysema
Which term is used for the tissue lining the interior spaces of the heart?
endocardium
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________.
endoderm
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.
entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex?
epinephrine
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?
epinephrine
Derivatives of the ectoderm include ________.
epithelium of the pineal and pituitary glands
Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.
epithelium of the respiratory tract
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.
excessive amounts of protein in the diet
Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?
excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion
Tidal volume is air ________.
exchanged during normal breathing
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
expulsion stage
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
external root sheath
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
falling blood volume
Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
falling blood volume
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.
fallopian tubes
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
fatty acids
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?
fibrinolysis
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Spermiogenesis involves the ________.
formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
The slowest step in the clotting process is ________.
formation of prothrombin activator
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________.
forming crypts that trap bacteria
Helper T cells ________.
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Aldosterone ________.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which of the following refers to the transfer of sperm and harvested oocytes together into the woman's uterine tubes in the hopes that fertilization will take place there?
gamete intrafallopian transfer
The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________.
gastrulation
Figure 29.1Given the information in Figure 29.1, what would be the genotype of the offspring designated by the blank square?
gg
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________.
glucose
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.
glucose
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads?
glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.
glycerol
Glucose can be obtained from ________.
glycogenolysis
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?
glycolysis
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of WBCs?
granulosis
Effects of estrogen include ________.
growth of the breasts at puberty
Epithelial tissue ________.
has a basement membrane
The primary immune response ________.
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.
has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
The dermis ________.
has two layers
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.
he lungs and the kidneys
The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
he reticular layer
Cardiac output is dependent on both
heart rate and stroke volume
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
Dietary fats are important because they ________.
help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
helper T cell
The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.
hemoglobin F
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Two alleles expressing exactly the same information for a trait are designated as ________.
homozygous
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
hormones
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral stimulation
Eicosanoids do not include ________.
hydrocortisones
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________.
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
Which of the following conditions would lead to an increase in ESV thus lowering stroke volume and cardiac output?
hypertension
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hypophyseal portal system
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
if the father is Rh-
Peyer's patches are found in the ________.
ileum of the small intestine
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.
in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the axillary and anogenital
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
in the walls of the tract organs
Thromboembolic disorders ________.
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
An individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait, yet expresses both alleles of that trait, is an example of ________.
incomplete dominance
The gene responsible for the condition known as sickle-cell anemia demonstrates ________.
incomplete dominance
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water is due to a(n) ________.
increase in the production of ADH
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
increase of carbon dioxide
Peripheral resistance ________.
increases as blood viscosity increases
A female infant is born with several hundred oocytes, each one genetically unique. This is due to ________.
independent assortment and random crossover
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________.
inefficient kidneys
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?
inhibin
Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?
inhibin
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.
initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
inspiratory reserve
Interferons ________.
interfere with viral replication within cells
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.
interstitial endocrine cells
The regulation of potassium balance ________.
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.
is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
The regulation of sodium ________.
is linked to blood pressure
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________.
is longer than the small intestine
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
is partly contained within the infundibulum
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.
is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________.
islets of Langerhans
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
isovolumetric relaxation
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.
juvenile diabetes
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
left atrium
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
lingual tonsils
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.
lipolysis
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?
liver
Which organ does not have hormone production?
liver
The decidua basalis is ________.
located between the developing embryo and the myometrium
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
loop of Henle
As pregnancy continues, the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity, possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.
lordosis
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________.
low blood viscosity
Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________.
lower extremities
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
lymph nodes
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
lymphocytes
The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?
macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.
male hormones
Regulatory T cells ________.
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions by suppressing the immune response
Oxidation reduction reactions ________.
may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.
meiosis
Which hormone is important in maintaining the body's circadian rhythm?
melatonin
As red blood cells age ________.
membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
mesenteries
Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.
mesoderm
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?
metabolic acidosis
What is the outcome of ketosis?
metabolic acidosis
Gene mutations in the sex chromosomes of the human would tend to become visibly expressed ________.
more frequently in males
The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
more permeable than blood capillaries
The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is ________.
morning
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.
most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________.
muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?
must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Which term is used for the middle, muscular layer of the heart wall?
myocardium
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
nephron
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
nitric acid
Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?
nitric oxide
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
nitric oxide
The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.
nondescent of the testes
The result of polyspermy in humans is ________.
nonfunctional zygote
If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?
not necessarily
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?
nucleic acid
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?
nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
opsonization
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
osmosis
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
osseous tissue
Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________.
oxytocin
Milk ejection or letdown reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?
oxytocin
Which hormone is released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
oxytocin
What term is used for the muscular structures securing the chordae tendinae?
papillary muscles
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
parietal cells
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
pathogens in the CNS
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.
pernicious anemia
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.
pernicious anemia
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
A woman has blond hair and brown eyes. This statement is best described as indicating ________.
phenotype
Those characteristics that can be determined on superficial inspection of an individual are known as ________.
phenotypic
At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?
placental
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.
placental tissue
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.
plasma
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
plasma cells
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
plasma protein
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
polycythemia
Inheritance of stature (height) in humans is probably due to ________.
polygene inheritance
Which center is located in the pons?
pontine respirator group (PRG)
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
potassium
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
prancreas
Characteristics of the mature sperm include the ________.
presence of Y chromosomes in approximately half the sperm
Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
prevention of blood loss
Vaccines work by ________.
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Cells on the dorsal surface of the two-layered embryonic disc migrate to form a raised groove known as the ________.
primitive streak
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.
produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
Hepatocytes do not ________.
produce digestive enzymes
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes?
produce lymph fluid and cerebro-spinal fluid
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________.
production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________.
production of energy
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.
progesterone levels are at their highest
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.
promoting the activity of natrual killer cells
Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?
protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.
protein
Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole?
pulmonary trunk
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to _______.
pump blood with greater pressure
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________.
radiation
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
reactivity with an antibody
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
The primary function of the uterus is to ________.
receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
red blood cells
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
Isovolumetric contraction ________.
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ________.
relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________.
relax the pubic symphysis
Oxytocin ________.
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
renal fascia
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
renal regulation
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
rennin
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Amy's hand was exposed to X rays. A gene in a skin cell of her hand mutated. This mutant gene will ________.
replicate itself when the cell divides but will not be passed on to Amy's offspring
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.
resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
ridding the body of bicarbonate ions
Which is the first heart chamber to receive blood at the start of a cardiac cycle?
right atrium
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure
Acne is a disorder associated with ________.
sebaceous glands
To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________.
second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
second messengers
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
secrete surfactant
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.
secretin
ACTH ________.
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
Development of male reproductive structures depends on which of the following events?
secretion of male hormones prenatally and lasting into the first few months after birth
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.
serosa
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
serous cells and mucous cells
Which of the following is the liquid portion of blood without any clotting factors?
serum
When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
Developmental events during weeks 9-12 include ________.
sex readily detected from the genitals
The main way a recessive allele would be expressed even when only one copy is present would be ________.
sex-linked inheritance
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
simple squamous
Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________.
skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement
The velocity of blood flow is ________.
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow?
smooth muscle contraction
Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults.
sodium
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?
sodium ions
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Which organ does NOT produce hormones?
spleen
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Platelets ________.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?
stimulates mammary gland development
Chyme is created in the ________.
stomach
A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
stratified squamous
Dominant alleles are so called because under most circumstances they ________.
suppress the expression of other alleles
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Blood is a ________.
suspension
The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________.
sustentacular cells
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
The pulse pressure is ________.
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score?
temperature
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ________.
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
An example of multiple-allele inheritance is ________.
the ABO blood group
The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________.
the bulbospongiosus muscles
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.
the control of respiratory ventilation
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.
the dural sinus reflex
A sentinel node is ________.
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
the heart
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food
the pancreas
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The dorsal surface cells of the inner cell mass form ________.
the primitive streak
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?
the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
Oxygen poor blood is found in which area of the heart?
the right-hand side
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading.
the vessel selected to palpate
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after _
they undergo capacitation
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________.
they undergo capacitation
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
Which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart?
thinning of the valve flaps
If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________.
threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
thromboplastin
Which of these is not a normal plasma protein?
thromboplastin
Which hormone stimulates the maturation of T-lymphocytes, which are essential cells of the immune system?Which hormone stimulates the maturation of T-lymphocytes, which are essential cells of the immune system?
thymosin
Which of the following is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?
thymus
Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.
tissue edema
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
tonsil
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
transporting respiratory gases
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by ________.
travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.
triglycerides
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
trypsin
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
tunica intima
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
type II diabetes
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
up-regulation
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the URINE is mostly________.
urea
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.
vascular spasm
Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________.
vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
When does the period of atrial repolarization occur?
ventricular depolarization
The umbilical arteries carry ________.
waste products to the placenta
Peristaltic waves are ________.
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
During the period of ventricular filling ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ________.
white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells
Chondroblasts ________.
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________.
within the normal range
The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.
zygote, morula, blastocyst
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
For lunch you have a bacon, double cheeseburger, with extra mayonaise. You also have a side of chili cheese fries and wash it all down with a rich, chocolate shake.What hormone is produced in high quantities in response to this meal to decrease the stomch's secretions, promote pancreatic secretions, and stimulate gall bladder contractions?
Cholecystokinin
Kelly, a 63 year old retired teacher, is suffering from shingles. Shingles is an outbreak of the varicella-zoster virus that remains latent in the peripheral nervous system following chickenpox. Stress, aging, or immunosuppression can cause an outbreak of shingles.Following recovery, most of Kelly's virally infected cells are eliminated, just not the neurons. Which aspect of her immune system is responsible for this elimination of cells infected with varicella-zoster virus?
Cytotoxic T Cells
