Final Class Notes

Hezbollah- what is it?

"SINCE IT LITERALLY EXPLODED ONTO THE WORLD SCENE IN THE MID-1980S, HEZBOLLAH HAS BEEN CALLED MANY THINGS BY MANY PEOPLE. TO SOME IT IS A TERRORIST GROUP, WHILE TO OTHERS IT IS A GUERRILLA ORGANIZATION. IN MUCH OF THE ARAB WORLD, IT IS CONSIDERED A RESISTANCE AND LIBERATION MOVEMENT. MANY LEBANESE, HOWEVER, VIEW IT PRIMARILY AS A MAINSTREAM POLITICAL PARTY OR AS A SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL MOVEMENT WITH AN EXTENSIVE SOCIAL WELFARE NETWORK. IN TRUTH, HEZBOLLAH IS ALL OF THESE THINGS AND MORE

Abdel Axiz al-rantisi

- co-founder of the Palestinian movement Hamas along with Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. Rantisi was Hamas's political leader and spokesman in the Gaza Strip following the Israeli killing of Hamas spiritual leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in March 2004.[3] Rantisi opposed compromise with Israel and called for the creation of a Palestinian state (including the whole of the State of Israel) through military action against the Jewish state. -assainiated in 2004 by Israeli gunship

March 15 coalition

- named after the date of the Cedar Revolution, is a coalition of political parties and independents in Lebanon formed in 2005 that are united by their anti-Syrian regime stance and their opposition to the March 8 Alliance. It is led by Saad Hariri, second son of Rafic Hariri, as well as other prominent figures. -Sunni majority -some christian and druze forces -backed by West and Key Sunnie states (saudi Arabica)

Sayyid Muhammad Fadlallah

- prominent but controversial Shia cleric Fadlallah was sometimes called the "spiritual mentor" of Hezbollah in the media, although this was disputed by other sources. He was also the target of several assassination attempts, including a car bombing in Beirut in 1985 -died in 2010 In the 1980s Fadlallah emerged as one of the leading political figures in Lebanon, where he attracted a wide following in the large Shi'i community, particularly within the ranks of Hizballah (or Hezbollah), the "Party of God.

Camp David PEace Summit

- summit meeting at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat. The summit took place between 11 and 25 July 2000 and was an effort to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The summit ended without an agreement

Sayyid Hasan Nasrallah

- third and current Secretary General of the Lebanese political and paramilitary party Hezbollah since his predecessor, Abbas al-Musawi, was assassinated by the Israel Defense Forces in February 1992 -Under his tenure, Hezbollah has been designated a terrorist organization, either wholly or in part, by the United States, the European Union and other nations.

Hamas revised charter

-"Hamas does not wage war a struggle against the Jews because they are Jewish, but wages a struggle against the Zionists who occupy Palestine." Acceptance of a provisional Palestinian state but no formal recognition of Israel Improve ties with present Egyptian government (silence on its Muslim Brotherhood roots) -

Hamas

-, an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah Islamic Resistance Movement) is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization.[6][7] It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. It has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover of that area in 2007.[8][9] During this period it fought several wars with Israel.[10] It is regarded, either in whole or in part, as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations, most notably by Israel, the United States and the European Union.[11][12][13] -an offshoot of the egyptian muslim brotherhood -The group has stated that it may accept a 10-year truce if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders and allows Palestinian refugees from 1948, including their descendants, to return to what is now Israel, -The military wing of Hamas has launched attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers, often describing them as retaliatory, in particular for assassinations of the upper echelon of their leadership

origins of hezbollah

-1979 was super important to the creation of Hezbollah -the islamic revolution ushered in a new sense of political islam around the world that caught both the West and the Sunni Arab world by surprise -Hezbollah's origins and ideology stem from the Iranian Revolution. The revolution called for a religious Muslim government that would represent the oppressed and downtrodden. According to Hezbollah, the United States was to blame for many of the country's problems. Israel was seen as an extension of the United States and a foreign power in Lebanon. The organization itself started in 1982 as part of the Iranian government's Revolutionary Guard Corps. Led by religious clerics, the organization wanted to adopt an Iranian doctrine as a solution to Lebanese political malaise. This doctrine included the use of terror as a means of attainting political objectives. Toward the end of 1982, Iran sent fighters to assist in the establishment of a revolutionary Islamic movement in Lebanon. Iran's hope was that the new members would participate in the Jihad, or Holy War, against Israel. These forces, which were located in the area of Ba'albek in the northern Beqa'a valley, brought Iranian-Islamic influence to the area and constituted the core of the Hezbollah organization in Lebanon.

Likud returns to power...

-1996 with P Benjamin Netanyahu

August 2 1990

-2-day operation conducted by Iraq against the neighboring state of Kuwait, which resulted in the seven-month-long Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. -This invasion and Iraq's subsequent refusal to withdraw from Kuwait by a deadline mandated by the United Nations[16] led to military intervention by a United Nations-authorized coalition of forces led by the United States. These events came to be known as the first Gulf War and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat.

Intifada

-20 years Israeli occupation 1967-1987 was the context -mass civil disovedience -shiifts political initative from PLO leadership in tunis to occupied territories -Media War -The Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) (al-Qiyada al Muwhhada) was a coalition of the Local Palestinian leadership during the First Intifada and played an important role in mobilizing grassroots support for the uprising. -strategy: 1. maintain resistence 2. change world opinion on Israel 3. change public opinion in israel -israeli military response

second intifada

-Al Aqsa Intifada 2000-2005 -was the second Palestinian uprising against Israel - a period of intensified Israeli-Palestinian violence. -Many consider the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit on 8 February 2005 to be the end of the Second Intifada, when President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon agreed that all Palestinians would stop all acts of violence against all Israelis everywhere and, in parallel, that Israel would cease all its military activity against all Palestinians everywhere.

2009 hezbollah upgrade?

-Antiglobalization and resistance to American 'hegemony -More nuanced approach toward Europe -open acknowledgement of regional allies: Syria and Iran -dropped all calls for creating an Islamic state (no mention of it) -call for abolition of sectarian confessionalism in Lebanon -greater Lebanon-orientation: nationalism and patriotism -campaign to reach out to Christians *unaltered: refusal to accept the legitimacy of the state of Israel

July 18 2012

-Burgas, Bulgaria bus bombings -attempted retaliation for Mughiyah assassination

June 1 2001

-Discoteth bombings -a Hamas terror attack on 1 June 2001 in which a Hamas-affiliated Islamist terrorist blew himself up outside a nightclub on the beachfront in Tel Aviv, Israel, killing 21 Israelis, 16 of them teenagers.[1][2][3] The majority of the victims were Israeli teenage girls, whose families had recently immigrated from the former Soviet Union.

2011-2013

-Hamas optimistic about the Arab spring -fall of the mukbarak regime/ muslim brotherhodd -Israel gets worried

-Hamas origins

-Hamas was established in 1987, and has its origins in Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood movement, which had been active in the Gaza Strip since the 1950s and gained influence through a network of mosques and various charitable and social organizations. In the 1980s the Brotherhood emerged as a powerful political factor, challenging the influence of the PLO,[5] and in 1987 adopted a more nationalist and activist line under the name of Hamas.[5] During the 1990s and early 2000s, the organization conducted numerous suicide bombings and other attacks against Israel. -acted as a religious counterpart to the secular PLO

Hezbollah vs Al Qaeda

-Hezbollah decentralized and its Sunni fundamentalist while Hezbollah is hierarchial and shia -iran and hezbollah haven't hesitated to help sunni groups -they compete with each other

Hezbollah-Israel 1984-2000

-Hezbollah fightes Israel until 2000 -Israel has Souther LEbanese army as their proxy -Hezbollah tried driving israel out of Lebanon and when israel left it made them theink they had succeeded -the US withdrewm and Israel withdrew -use guerilla tactics andt errorism -use terrorism as a military tactic -a series of related military clashes involving Israel, Lebanon and Syria, the Palestine Liberation Organization, as well as various non-state militias acting from within Lebanon. -In 1985, Hezbollah, a Lebanese Shia radical movement sponsored by Iran,[9] called for armed struggle to end the Israeli occupation of Lebanese territory.[10] When the Lebanese civil war ended and other warring factions agreed to disarm, Hezbollah and the SLA refused. Combat with Hezbollah weakened Israeli resolve and led to a collapse of the SLA and an Israeli withdrawal in 2000 to their side of the UN designated border.[11] Citing Israeli control of the Shebaa farms territory, Hezbollah continued cross border attacks intermittently over the next six years. Hezbollah now sought the release of Lebanese citizens in Israeli prisons and successfully used the tactic of capturing Israeli soldiers as leverage for a prisoner exchange in 200

Hamas ideology and beliefs

-Highly religious - millenarian radical tone - exclusionist Versus from the Quran and the Sunna Two Main Pillars: NATIONALISM and ISLAMISM ISRAEL: "Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it." (Hassan al-Banna, founder, Muslim Brotherhood) anti-Semitic conspiracy theory (Article 22) -Palestine is a WAQF (religious bequest) from God and can never be surrendered to non-Muslims -Duty of JIHAD: "the liberation of Palestine is an individual duty for every Muslim wherever he may be. " -ideal of MARTYRDOM (shaheed)

June 25 1996

-Khobar Towers US Air Force bombings -19 killed

Power struggle: PLO vs Hamas 2007-2017

-PLO has control of the Wesbank, while Hamas has control of gaza -Paestinian government. Salam Fayyid (PM of the West Bank)

1970s Lebanon

-Shiite population has grown- 30%. But they are marginalized and disadvantaged--> Shia power rises in Lebanon -Lebaonon falls into a civil war from 1970-1990 -couldn't go into Lebanon -multiple actors fighting each other -normalization of violence 9/people adjuct to the chaos) -Syria moved in and dominates Lebanon until 200s (takes advantage of the war, but Palestinians and Christians start killing each other) -within the civil war, the PLO sets up shop in South Lebanon. Use its position to attack Islral; Beruit and Belfast are eventually symbols of divided cities- certain ethic groups couldn't go to other cities

Hezbollah and the rise of shia power in the 21st century

-Shiites represent only 10% of the Muslim population -geographically located- fear of shia crescent

IRanian revolution 1979

-THIS IS HUGE--- LIKE REALLY REALLY REALLY REALLY IMPORTANT- ESPECIALLY FOR THE CREATION OF HEZBOLLAH -the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi -replaced with Islamic Republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various Islamist and leftist organization -created a theocracy -his election inspired Hebollah--> for a little while Hezbollah acts as an extension of IRan

hamas military

-The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades (Arabic: كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام‎; named after Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, often shortened to Al-Qassam Brigades, EQB) is the military wing of the Palestinian Hamas organization. -At the beginning of the Second Intifada, the group became a central target of Israel. The group's strength and its ability to carry out complex and lethal attacks surprised many observers. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades operated several cells in the West Bank, but most of them were destroyed by 2004 following numerous Israeli Defense Forces -rockets are getting better

February 28 1991

-U.S. troops and the Coalition entered to find the Iraqis surrendering en masse; however, pockets of resistance existed, particularly at Kuwait International Airport where Iraqi troops, seemingly unaware that a retreat order had been issued to them, continued to fight, resulting in a fierce battle over the airport itself. The majority of the fighting took place in Iraq, rather than Kuwait.[2] The operation is part of what is commonly known as the Gulf War.

Aprul 19 1963

-US Embassy Beruit bombings -63 killed

Amal party

-a Lebanese political party associated with Lebanon's Shia community. It was co-founded by Musa al-Sadr and Hussein el Husseini as the "Movement of the Dispossessed" in 1974. The 'Amal movement gained attention from Shi'a outcry after the disappearance of Musa al-Sadr and saw a renewal in popularity after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1978. The Historic Iranian revolution of 1978-79 also provided momentum for the party -hezbollah split from there

Sayyid Hasayn al-Musawi

-a Lebanese who founded the now-dissolved pro-Iranian Islamist militia Islamic Amal in 1982. He was a Shia. Musawi was a "chemistry teacher turned militia commander" who became the deputy head and official spokesman of the Amal movement/party/militia, Lebanon's largest Shi'ite movement. -

Shiekh Ahmed Yassin

-a Palestinian imam and politician. He was a founder of Hamas, an Islamist Palestinian paramilitary organization and political party -Yassin also served as the spiritual leader of the organization. Hamas gained popularity in Palestinian society by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services, but it has also claimed responsibility for a number of suicide attacks targeting Israeli civilians, and was designated as a terrorist organization -assasinated in 2004 by Israeli gunship

Israeli Iron dome

-a mobile all-weather air defense system[8] developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aircraft Industries.[7] The system is designed to intercept and destroy short-range rockets and artillery shells fired from distances of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to 70 kilometres (43 mi) away and whose trajectory would take them to a populated area -In addition to their land-based deployment, Iron Dome batteries will in the future be deployed at sea, where they will protect off-shore gas platforms in conjunction with Israel's Barak 8 missile system

Iran Contra

-a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo.[3] They hoped, thereby, to fund the Contras in Nicaragua while at the same time negotiating the release of several U.S. hostages. -The scandal began as an operation to free seven American hostages being held in Lebanon by Hezbollah, a paramilitary group with Iranian ties connected to the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution. It was planned that Israel would ship weapons to Iran, and then the United States would resupply Israel and receive the Israeli payment.

Sufis

-adhere to Islam's mystical tradition, cultivate a remembrance of God through asceticism and recitation of prayers. May be sunni or Shia

Hamas Media

-al aqsa TV, al aqsa radio -martydom idea -manipulating the media to push a narrative of Israeli victimization of helpless Palestinians. -us vs them idea -the concept of group-think

Hezbollah and situation of israel

-alliance between HZ and hamas would be bad for israel, share boders with terrorists HZ similar to insurgecncy group, but we label them as "terrorist group" -insurgent group mutating into a state -end of syrinan civil war so the focus is back on israel -"The war in Syria has dramatically changed Hezbollah. Once limited to jockeying for political power in Lebanon and fighting Israel, the group is now a regional player engaged in conflcits far beyond its historical area of operations, often in cooperation with Iran. (Washington Institute)

Union of Good

-an umbrella organization consisting of over 50 Islamic charities and funds which funnel money to organizations belonging to Hamas, which currently rules the territory of the Gaza Strip.[1] Hamas, which characterizes itself as an "Islamic resistance movement against Israeli occupation" is also on the US State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Shia Sunni conflict

-balance of power in the middle east -In recent years, Sunni-Shia relations have been increasingly marked by conflict,[14] particularly the Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Contemporary politics in lebanon

-cedar revolution -The primary goals of the activists were the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the replacement of a government heavily influenced by Syrian interests with more independent leadership, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials to ensure the success of the plan, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. The demonstrators demanded the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics. At the start of the demonstrations, Syria had been maintaining a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon.[4] Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on 27 April 2005. With the disbanding of the Pro-Syrian government, the main goals of the revolution were achieved. (For background information on Syria's involvement in Lebanese politics, see the articles Syrian occupation of Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War.)

Differen between sunni and shia

-controversy over the prophet Mohammad's successor - Shias believed that leadership should be passed down through Muhammad's bloodline, Sunnis thought that leaders should be chosen by consensus -Shias also believed that the last line of 12 imams may reappear soon -Shias are more focused on shrines, some Sunnis consider than heretics

why hamas opposes the oslo accords

-didn't want to give away land or accept israel

1994-2000 peace process

-failed -bombings on both sides -group conflict between Israelis and Palestinians was construed and treated as an interstate conflict and how this way of framing the conflict ultimately impinged on the attempts to ameliorate it. This perception, for its part, had drawn on the legacy of Arab-Israeli peacemaking and on hegemonic notions of conflict and peace. This convergence of history and theory had produced an interstate bias towards the conflict, which ultimately hindered its successful treatment. In view of the legacy of Arab-Israeli peacemaking and hegemonic perceptions of conflict and peace, formal negotiations were perceived as the only way to solve the conflict. Realizing the potential benefits of framing the conflict in this way, the leaders of both parties embraced it: for the PLO, the negotiations were means to gain domestic and international legitimacy; for Israeli leaders, an attempt to settle the conflict reflected positively on their country's standing internationally, and, at the same time, pulled the rug o -Hamas emerges

Hezbollah organization

-general secretary (Nasrallah) is at the head of the organization -most of the power is in the Shura council- responsible for the overall administration, planning and policity making of the organization -Shura council is composed of one lay leader and six clerics - -shura council oversees the execuitive, politburo, parliamentary council, judicial council and the jihad council

Hamas finances

-gets funding from Qatar onor bodies located in Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Britain, Germany, the United States, United Arab Emirates, Italy and France. Much of the money raised comes from sources that direct their assistance to what Hamas describes as its charitable work for Palestinians, but investments in support of its ideological position are also relevant, with Persian Gulf States and Saudi Arabia prominent in the latter. Matthew Levitt states that Hamas also taps money from corporations, criminal organizations and financial networks that support terror,[108] and is believed to engage in cigarette and drug smuggling, multimedia copyright infringement and credit card fraud.[107] Vittori states that, more than other similar organizations, it is particularly careful about keeping resources for its militant, political and public works activities separa

israel withdrew from Gaza

-hamas thinks its because of their bombing -IDF exists in Gaza, which forcesn settlers to deal with Hamas in opposition -Israel left because it assumed the PLO would win the elections, but Hamas won the elections

hezbollah military

-has the armed strength of a medium-sized army.[1] The most powerful non-state actor in the world,[2][3] Hezbollah is also stronger than the Lebanese Army -financed by Iran and trained by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps -Hezbollah has built "broad, advanced, [and] comprehensive military infrastructure within densely populated areas of Lebanon -its fighters are more elite and its intelligence more accurate. -become super sophisticated at planting IEDS and EFPs

Media and propaganda of Hezbollah

-have al-manar TV -al-nour radio -al-intiqad: newspaper -use the media to communicate, draw support for its cause, recruit, and influence the opponent;s perception of reality -netwar -tries to wage psychological warfare agains Zionists

Musawi

-head of Amal party

Sykes-Picot agreement

-how Europeans betrayed JEws and Arabs -division of the Ottoman empire -French carves out Lebanon so that there would be a Christian majority country in the middle east -so Lebanon is an artifical country- has tons of sectarian groups (maroine Christians, Shiites, Sunnis, Greek orthodox, Druze...) -this makes it hard to govern

Hezbollah and the Arab spring

-its neighborhood i s tumultious -compete over who has more power -Hezbollah, benefited from the Arab Spring to spread its hegemony over Lebanon through democratic means. In January 2011, the party and its allies forged a majority in the parliament and formed a cabinet. The cabinet collapsed two months before Hezbollah's overt acknowledgement of involvement in the Syrian quagmire. Since March 22, 2013, a power vacuum has been reigning in Lebanon: there is no cabinet; no functioning parliament; and no properly running institutions. This situation increased sectarian tensions, especially the Sunni-Shia divide or discord (fitna). In spite of the relative stability of Lebanon, like the Arab uprisings, the country lacks a clear ideological vision, unified leadership, and has serious problems with institutionalization and constitutionalism.

Hezbollah's support in Lenanon

-its popularity with sunnis has decreased, but shias still support it -after Syrian war: complicated mess

Beruit October 23 1983

-largest non-nuclear explosion in history -241 American servicemen killed -occurred in Beruit, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War when two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing multinational force in lebanon peacekeepers, specicially against US and French service members -Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the bombings and claimed that the bombings were aimed to get the MNF out of Lebanon -but we don't know for sure who did the bombings- some expect Hexbollah -Two suicide bombers detonated each of the truck bombs -this is where religious terrorism starts -primarily islam, some judaism -qualtatively different from other ombings since it was a sicide bomber

Hezbollah finance and fundraising

-major sources come from IRan -shia version of a tax: zakat -ingratiated the organization with wali al-faqih -involved in the tri-border region- a lawless corner of South America -alsl invovled in Afria west diamond trade - -Shias often make Khums (shia version of zakat) contributions directly after prayers, leaving change in the two-handed Hezbollah collection tins. -TBA benefits from the dark economy of the region, which consists of money laundering, intellectual property crime (IPC), and narcotics trafficking.[4] Over time, the TBA became a hotbed for extremist organizations like Hezbollah and a safe haven for post-Revolution Iranian operatives

Front operations

-money laundering

Hezbollah tactics

-most attacks originallt took form of kidnappings, roadside bombs, boody traps, and suicide bombings' -but Hezbollah has become more complex overtime -however, hezbollah has become more complex overtime and now their tactics can be described as ranging between low and medium intensity asymmetrical warfare that can incorporate more conventional methods and armaments -"On balance, the group has shown the capacity to adopt both conventional and nonconventional tactics and to act as a hybrid military organization - an unequivocal sign of the organizational evolution of the militia since its creation in the early 1980s. As a result, Hezbollah's use of irregular warfare can no longer be considered solely in the realm of low-intensity conflict. Rather, Hezbollah today is able to mix guerrilla and conventional warfare tactics and, as a result, can successfully conduct medium-intensity conflict as well."

political party

-originally resisted politics -eventually runs in election and starts winning seats -2005 win 14 seats, then in eventyally give 12/128 in 2012 -Hezbollah collapses the lebanese government in 2011 -PM: Najib just resigned -hezbollh basically dominates the lebanese govenrment and has enough authoirty and power because its so organizationed and its military is larger than the lebanese army -hezbollah has much larger military with allied have a stronhold over cabinet and goernment position -Along with the Amal Movement, Hezbollah is one of the two main parties representing the Shia community, Lebanon's largest religious bloc. Amal has made a commitment to carrying out its activities through political means, but remains a partial fighting force aiding Hezbollah when the need arises - in resisting the 14 March coalition's bid for hegemony, the FPM and Hezbollah have allied. In February 2006, after weeks of committee-level negotiations, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah signed a memorandum of understanding that called for a broad range of reforms, from guaranteeing equal media access for candidates to allowing expatriate voting, that would level the slanted political playing field underlying the Hariri-Jumblatt coalition's grip on power.

September 13 1993

-peace process 1-Mutual Recognition Agreements *PLO abrogates 1964 call for destruction of Israel *formally recognizes Israel's right to exist *PLO recognized by Israel as legitimate voice of the Palestinian people 2-Formation of PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY (PA) 3-Local autonomy handed over to PLO in stages Three Zones: A B C 4-Elected Palestinian Council To be decided later 1-extent of territories to be ceded by Israel 2-the nature of the 'Palestinian entity' to be established 3-the future of Israeli settlements and settlers 4-water rights 5-the refugee issue and 'right of return' 6-the final status of Jerusalem

Sayyid HASAN NASRALLAH

-present leader of Hezbollah

hezbollah in the western hemisphere

-pretty strong hemisphere -HEZBOLLAH HAS A GROUP OF OPERATIVES CAPABLE OF UNDERTAKING TERRORIST MISSIONS THAT IS LARGER AND BETTER-TRAINED THAN ANY GROUP AL-QAEDA HAS EVER HAD. HEZBOLLAH (AND ITS IRANIAN PATRONS) HAVE ALSO ESTABLISHED A SOLID FOOTHOLD IN THE AMERICAS, AND THEY HAVE DEMONSTRATED A CAPABILITY TO USE THEIR GLOBAL LOGISTICS NETWORK TO MOVE OPERATIVES AND CONDUCT ATTACKS SHOULD THEY SO CHOOSE." -all over the world -strong presence in Argentina and Lebanon -cells everywhere -involved in drug cartels some think hezbollah might pursue terrorist attacks in the US, but hezbollah is disciplined and not in interest to take on the US

Social netwoorks hamas

-schools, orphanages, mosques, health care clinics, soup kitchens, sports leagues, summer camps, job training programs -Hezbollah has developed a reputation for efficiency and lack of corruption -90% of what it does is csocial welfare -filled a void the PA couldn't fill -recruit through these programs

external services apparatus

-seprate entity from the Islamic resistence and is responsible for conducting terrorist attacks and other operations outside the immediate confines of the LEbanese Syrian israel borders -works with Iranian revolutionary guards corps and the iranian ministry of intelligence and security and occasionally with syrian intelligence -played an important role in attacking jewish, western, and other targets -reportedly lead by Imad Mughinyah inil his assasination -has the potential and plan to pursue international attacks

Fadlallah

-spiritual leader of Hezbollah

Salafaists/ Wahhabis

-strict interpreation of Islam -prevalent in Saudi Arabia

twelvers

-subsect of Sha islam -they thought that there were 12 imams and that the last one went into hding at at the end of time he will return -messianic

After syria civl wr

-syria run by Ba'ath party- socialist secular -very different from Iran -but hezbollah, Iran and hezbollah are all allies -if war ends... third war brewing between Israel and hezbollah -Hezbollah is almost as strong as IDF -escaplation of rhetoric -hezbollah= axis of resistence. Shia crescent emerging as power zone in Muddle East. Hezbollah is a proxy projectio of iranian power -hezbollah intervention in Syria helped assad's govermmnet survie, they sent lots of fighters in -Darwinian theory: only the strongest Hezbollah members have survived -have large land zone, weapons from Russia, Iran, drone wrfare -150,000 missiles -in their view they thik they drove out Israel in 2000 through hybrid war, IS left gaza, Hezbollah claims partial responsibilit, also credit themselves with Assad's surviveal

1979

-the year corresponded with a rise of political Islam around teh globe, a movement more militant and radical than had been experienced in the past -for sunnis, this radicalization manifested in Afghanistan, where it was nurtured by the Us and the Western world, and Arab states -the revolution managed to alientate itself from the West, the Arab world, and the Sovient union

Hamas Organization

-unlike Hezbollah, Hamas has never been dominated by a single leader and doesn't take direction from outside -Shura Council. Traditionally it had four distinct functions: (a) a charitable social welfare division (dawah); (b) a military division for procuring weapons and undertaking operations (al-Mujahideen al Filastinun); (c) a security service (Jehaz Aman); and (d) a media branch (A'alam -

hamas bombing

-very prominent for a while -November 2000 - April 2004: 377 Israeli citizens and soldiers were killed 2,076 wounded 425 attacks attributed to Hamas

Operation Peace for Galilee

-war between Isreal and Lebanon -Israel provides arms to Christians -when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon, after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon -asser Arafat and his fighters were forced to depart for Tunisia. But the operation went wrong for Israel. It was condemned by world - and much of its own - opinion when Christian fighters massacred hundreds of Palestinian civilians as the Israeli army stood by, and it failed to make a political agreement with the Christians stick. It pulled back to an enclave north of their border.

December 8 1987

-was a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.[6] The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference in 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the Oslo Accords -The uprising began on 9 December,[8] in the Jabalia refugee camp after an Israeli Defense Forces' (IDF) truck collided with a civilian car, killing four Palestinians.[9][10][11] In the wake of the incident, a protest movement arose, involving a two-fold strategy of resistance and civil disobedience,[12] consisting of general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes,

operation cast lead

-was a three-week armed conflict between Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and Israel -Israel's stated goal was to stop indiscriminate Palestinian rocket fire into Israel[45] and weapons smuggling into the Gaza strip.[46][47][48] Israeli forces attacked police stations, military targets including weapons caches and suspected rocket firing teams,[49] as well as political and administrative institutions in the opening assault, striking in the densely populated cities of Gaza, Khan Yunis and Rafah.[50] After hostilities broke out, Palestinian groups fired rockets in response to what they characterized as "massacres".[51] The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets as illegal under international law -sense of dispraportionality. Israel dispraportional comebac makes Israelis look bad

hezbollah social welfare state

-where states are not doing their jobs properly, civil society activity can do more harm than good. It can become an alternative to traditional politics, increasingly absorbing citizens' energies and satisfying their basic needs while undermining political stability (by heightening dissatisfaction and societal cleavages) and providing rich soil for oppositional and revolutionary movements to grow" -Hezbollah's social service provision is rooted in the nature of Lebanon's state and society. In Lebanon, sectarian differences are sharply politicized and institutionalized, and virtually all political players (as well as religious groups and secular NGOs) offer social welfare in one form or another. The Lebanese state is notoriously weak with respect to social provision and religious and sectarian organizations have long played a vital role in the health, education and social assistance. Competition between sectarian groups typically shapes the extent and intensity of welfare provision. More than electoral politics is at stake. Some sectarian organizations aim to build "street power" and engage in militia politics, and not just to win votes - which shapes their distinctive strategies of allocating social welfare. -Beginning in the mid-2000s, however, Hezbollah increasingly worked through state channels by seeking executive and legislative positions. The electoral imperative and the need to convince a broader public of its "good governance" credentials compelled it to distribute at least limited baskets of social goods to a broader array of citizens. By the early 2000s, what's more, Hezbollah became the dominant actor in an alliance with its one-time Shiite rival, the Amal Movement.

Hamas politics

-won seats in 2006 -run Gaza -The Hamas party won the Palestinian legislative elections on 25 January 2006, and Ismail Haniyeh was nominated as Prime Minister,[5] establishing a Palestinian national unity government with Fatah, which effectively collapsed when Hamas and Fatah engaged in a violent conflict. After the takeover in Gaza by Hamas on 14 June 2007, Palestinian Authority Chairman Abbas dismissed the Hamas-led government and appointed Salam Fayyad as Prime Minister. -Ismael HAniyeh is the prime minister -Hamas has 74 seats while the PLO/Fatah has 45 seats

Hezbollah ideology

1- Expel Americans, French and their allies from Lebanon 2-Bring the Phalange to justice for its crimes 3-Set up an 'Islamic government' to end 'attempts at imperialistic infiltration of our country.' *Denounces the US, capitalism, the USSR, and the UN *"the necessity of the destruction of Israel -Hezbollah announces itself to the world in its 1985 open letter

gaza stip

=where most of the conflict is today -half are unemployed -really bad place

Lebanese civil war

Fighting between Maronite and Palestinian forces (mainly from the Palestine Liberation Organization) began in 1975, then Leftist, pan-Arabist and Muslim Lebanese groups formed an alliance with the Palestinians.[11] During the course of the fighting, alliances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. Furthermore, foreign powers, such as Israel and Syria, became involved in the war and fought alongside different factions. Peace keeping forces, such as the Multinational Force in Lebanon & UNIFIL, were also stationed in Lebanon. The 1989 Taif Agreement marked the beginning of the end of the fighting.

1943 National Pact

Maronites not seek foreign intervention, and accept Lebanon as an Arab affiliated country, instead of a Western one Muslims abandon their aspirations to unite with Syria. The President of the Republic is always Maronite Christian. The Prime Minister of the Republic is always Sunni Muslim. The Speaker of the National Assembly is always Shi'a Muslim. The Deputy Speaker of the Parliament and the Deputy Prime Minister are always Greek Orthodox Christian. The Chief of the General Staff is always Druze -Sectarian political structure- try to use politics to make coexistence of all sectarian groups -18 sectarian groups -The National Pact was intended to reinforce the sectarian system of government by formalizing the confessional distribution of high-level posts in the government based on the results of the 1932 census, with Christians outnumbering Muslims by a ratio of six to five. -confessional

November 14 2012

Operation pillar of defense -n eight-day Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, which began on 14 November 2012 with the killing, of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas by an Israeli airstrike -2nd attempt -Israeli targeted killing of Ahmed JAbari -social media war -social media was used as a recruiting tool -twitter war -strategic rally use it -narative war

Fatah

Palestinian nationalist political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Fatah is generally considered to have had a strong involvement in revolutionary struggle in the past and has maintained a number of militant groups.[6][7][8][9][10] Fatah had been closely identified with the leadership of its founder Yasser Arafat, until his death in 2004. Since Arafat's departure, factionalism within the ideologically diverse movement has become more apparent.

netwar

Refers to information-related conflict at a grand level between nations or societies. It means trying to disrupt, damage, or modify what a target population 'knows' or thinks it knows about itself and the world around it. A netwar may focus on public or elite opinion, or both."

Israeli Palestinian issue

The situation in Israel/Palestine is at root quite simple. Two groups who consider themselves "peoples" - the Jews and the Palestinians - laid claim to the same territory, in each case on the basis of long historical connection. Ultimately, the only solution to such a conflict is either a joint state (either unitary or binational) or partition. The former solution having been firmly rejected, the latter has been tried twice, first in 1948 and most recently in 2000. The discussions at Camp David in 2000 reached agreement on what the partition lines should be everywhere except for one small hill in Jerusalem, a hill however replete with symbolic meaning for both sides. Both sides insisted on sovereignty over this hill. It was too small to divide. So one side or the other had to give. Neither was ready to do this.

September 20 1984

US embassy annex, Beruit -11 killed

34 day war

a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, Northern Israel and the Golan Heights. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). -Due to unprecedented Iranian military support to Hezbollah before and during the war, some consider it the first round of the Iran-Israel proxy conflict, rather than a continuation of the Arab-Israeli conflict -The conflict was precipitated by the 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid -Israel responds by going in with 30,000 troops -aim: crush hezbollah -thought they could do it -Hezbollah, is a defactor government -lots of Lebanese infrastuctire damged -but most Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon --Hezbollah aaw this as a victory against Israel, and it was bad PR for Islarl. -Hezbollah helps rebuilt Lebanon

Ahmen jabari

a Palestinian militant and the second-in-command of the military wing of Hamas. He was credited as the leader in the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip,[3] and played a role in the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit.[3] Under his command, Hamas developed its own growing weapons capability and acquired longer-range rockets -The Israeli Air Force and Shin Bet conducted a targeted air strike on 14 November 2012, a part of Operation Pillar of Defense, killing Jabari while he was travelling in a car

khaled Meshaal

a Palestinian political leader and the leader of the Islamic Palestinian organization Hamas since the Israeli assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi in 2004.[2] He stepped down as Hamas' politburo chief at the end of his term limit in 2017

march 8 coalition

a coalition of various political parties in Lebanon. It was the ruling coalition in Lebanon with the government headed by Prime Minister Najib Mikati from June 2011 until 23 March 2013 -Hezbollah and Shiites -Christian and Druze -Supported by Syria and iran

2006 Hezbollah cross border attack

a cross-border attack carried out by Lebanon-based Hezbollah militants on an Israeli military patrol on 12 July 2006 on Israeli territory. Using rockets fired on several Israeli towns as a diversion, Hezbollah militants crossed from Lebanon into Israel[2] and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three soldiers and capturing two other soldiers. Another five soldiers were killed inside Lebanese territory in a failed rescue attempt. Hezbollah demanded the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel in exchange for the release of the captured soldiers. Israel refused and launched a large-scale military campaign across Lebanon in response to the Hezbollah incursion. This marked the start of the 2006 Lebanon War. Two years later, on 16 July 2008, the bodies of the two captured soldiers were returned to Israel by Hezbollah in exchange for Samir Kuntar and four Hezbollah prisoners. -Israel uses this as a pretext to launch massive airstrikes into Lebanon

Al Aqsa Martyr's Brigade

a secular coalition of Palestinian armed groups in the West Bank. The organization has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the European Union,[2][3] Canada,[4] Japan[5] New Zealand,[6] and the United States -The leadership of the brigades, and average members have identified themselves as the military wing of Fatah

Ismael Haniyeh

a senior political leader of Hamas and formerly one of two disputed Prime Ministers of the Palestinian National Authority. Haniyeh became prime minister after Hamas won the Palestinian legislative elections of 2006. President Mahmoud Abbas dismissed Haniyeh from office on 14 June 2007 at the height of the Fatah-Hamas conflict, but Haniyeh did not acknowledge the decree and continued to exercise prime ministerial authority in the Gaza Strip.[2] In September 2016 reports indicate that Haniyeh will replace Khaled Meshaal as head leader of Hamas

PAssover massacre

a suicide bombing carried out by Hamas[2] at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel on 27 March 2002, during a Passover seder. Thirty civilians were killed in the attack and 140 were injured. It was the deadliest attack against Israelis during the Second Intifada

Imad Muginyeh

as a senior member of Lebanon's Islamic Jihad Organization and Hezbollah. Information about Mughniyeh is limited, but he is generally understood to have been a principal leader and operative for a number of years within Hezbollah's military, intelligence, and security apparatuses. -head of military and security

operation summer rains

battles between Palestinian militants and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during summer 2006, prompted by Palestinian operations which resulted in the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. Large-scale conventional warfare occurred in the Gaza Strip, starting on June 28, 2006. This was the first major ground operation in the Gaza Strip since Israel's unilateral disengagement plan was implemented between August and September 2005. Israel's stated goals in Operation "Summer Rains" were to suppress the firing of Qassam rockets from Gaza into the western Negev, and to secure the release of Corporal Gilad Shalit, who had been captured by the Palestinian militant group Hamas on June 25.[3][4] The soldier was captured amid a background of violence between the IDF and Palestinian militant groups since the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. According to statistics published by the Israeli government, 757 missiles from Gaza hit Israel between the withdrawal and the end of June 2006. -Hamas starts shooting weapons at Israel so ...operation cast lead

israeli military response to first intifads

he Israeli response to the Palestinian uprising was harsh. The IDF killed many Palestinians at the beginning of the Intifada, the majority killed during demonstrations and riots. Since initially a high proportion of those killed were civilians and youths, Yitzhak Rabin adopted a fallback policy of 'might, power and beatings'.[60] Israel used mass arrests of Palestinians, engaged in collective punishments like closing down West Bank universities for most years of the uprising, and West Bank schools for a total of 12 months. Round-the-clock curfews were imposed over 1600 times in just the first year. Communities were cut off from supplies of water, electricity and fuel. At any one time, 25,000 Palestinians would be confined to their homes.

amal party

is a Lebanese political party associated with Lebanon's Shia community. It was co-founded by Musa al-Sadr and Hussein el Husseini as the "Movement of the Dispossessed" in 1974. The 'Amal movement gained attention from Shi'a outcry after the disappearance of Musa al-Sadr and saw a renewal in popularity after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1978. - The Amal movement does not operate only on their behalf but also as warriors to the Syrian intelligence and other armed groups. More tension is arising between the Amal Movement and Hezbollah, due to the disagreement that they have about the intervention in the Syrian civil war which Amal does not want to intervene in. The tension is also about, who will remain to be the greatest to Shia community

PLO

is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle, with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians.[5][6][7][8][9][7][10][11] It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations,[12][13] and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974.[14][15][16] The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization[17][18] until the Madrid Conference in 1991. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people.[19]

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

s a Palestinian Islamist terrorist organization formed in 1981 whose objective is the destruction of the State of Israel and the establishment of a sovereign, Islamic Palestinian state -The armed wing of PIJ is Al-Quds Brigades, formed in 1981, which is active in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with its main strongholds in the West Bank being the cities of Hebron and Jenin. Its operations have included suicide bombings, attacks on Israeli civilians, as well as the firing of rockets into Israel. PIJ has much in common with Hamas, with both fighting against the existence of the State of Israel. Both groups were formed as offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood and receive a large amount of funding from Iran. With similar goals, Hamas and PIJ have worked together on a number of projects.

March 17 1992

was a suicide bombing attack on the building of the Israeli embassy of Argentina, located in Buenos Aires, which was carried out on 17 March 1992. Twenty-nine civilians were killed in the attack and 242 additional civilians were injured.

Holy land foundation

was the largest Islamic charity in the United States. Headquartered in Richardson, Texas,[1] it was originally known as Occupied Land Fund.[2] In December 2001, the U.S. government designated HLF a terrorist organization, seized its assets, and closed the organization. In 2004, a federal grand jury in Dallas, Texas charged HLF and five former officers and employees with providing material support to Hamas and related offenses. -Mossad helped finance it originally as a counter to the PLO -global -islam puts an emphasis on charity,

Ariel Sharon and delegation to the Temple Mount

when Ariel Sharon made a visit to the Temple Mount, seen by Palestinians as highly provocative; and Palestinian demonstrators, throwing stones at police, were dispersed by the Israeli army, using tear gas and rubber bullets -started the second intigada