final

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

They require water for reproduction

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

Waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Which of the following is an example of negative feed back?

When blood glucose concentration increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases the rate of production and release of insulin decreases

which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface area to volume ration?

a platyhelminth

Microsporidians are considered parasitic because of the ability to penetrate their host cells using _____.

a polar tube

Which of the following would be an example of an animal employing torpor to survive very cold weather

a small mammal entering hibernation

which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestors of living tetrapods?

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe fin whose appendages had skeleton supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Predict what would see if you were looking at a new species of zygomycetes

a zygote enclosed in a tough outer coat

The sporangia of the bread mold rhizopus are_____.

asexual structures that produce haploid spores

The stingers of honeybees have a function most similar to that of?

cerata

In the process of alternation of generations, the sporophyte is

diploid and produces spores

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

double internal fertilization

What feature is important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert?

either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

endothermy

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____.

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

what plant has these characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds

ferns

The last common ancestors of all animals was probably a

flagellated protist

What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?

flagellated sperm

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

fruits enclosing seeds

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____.

gametophyte of a moss

which mollusk clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion

gastropods

Nematodes and arthropods both

grow by shedding their exoskeleton

Where are you least likely to see green algae?

growing independently on dry rock in meadows

in plants, what is produced by meiosis

haploid spores

Because they are morphologically simple, Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) have traditionally been thought to be a basal group in the radiation of land plants. Molecular phylogenies have challenged this hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis that they_____.

have lost complex structures in this lineage

arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both____

help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats

All fungi are

heterotrophic

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it

is surrounded by a cuticle

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

it has no coelom

Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a leech?

lack of external segmentation

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?

lacks gametangia

Following the fusion of gametes in Obelia, the resulting cell divides via mitosis to become a _____.

larva

if a lung were to be found in a mollusk, where would it be located

mantle cavity

To reproduce, many plants produce seeds-structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

oviparous reproduction

Suppose you came across a novel organism you suspected belonged to one of the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, or Acoelomorpha. Which of the following characteristics would NOT be helpful in placing the organism into the correct phylum?

whether the organism has a gut

Which of the following are characteristics of arthropods? 1. Protosome development 2.bilateral symmetry 3.a pseudocoelom 4.three embryonic germ layers 5.a closed circulatory system

1,2,4

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei

1,4,3,2,5

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

3-1-2

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

What process has been mist important in improving the features of plants long used by humans as staple foods?

Artificial Selection

What is the only group of Mollusca that does NOT have a radula?

Bivalves

which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?

Charophytes

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes

Which of the following groups is classified as homo sapiens?

Cro-Magons

What was a challenge to the survival of the first land plant?

Desiccation

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct?

Different species of the genus homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution

which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?

Echinodermata

Describe a portion of the pine life cycle

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

What features explains how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors?

Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.

when a mycelium infiltrates are unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Fungal enzyme

how does a swim bladder help the ray-finned fishes maintain buoyancy?

Gas is added to the bladder as the fishs depth increases

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____

Green Algae

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ____.

Had no vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rocks.

Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I) sporophyte dominance II) defenses against herbivory III) adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

II and III

Which features of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1.They have exposed ovules II.They have flagellated sperm III. They are pollinated by animals

II and III

What is true about the genus sphagnum?

It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Ovule

Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic?

The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as

antibiotics

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host?

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it

belongs to a species that is homosporous

In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?

bipedal posture

which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders?

bivalves

Composition of connective tissue determines its physical properties. If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, then shape of your ear will return. This can best be explained by the presence of what tissue type in your ear?

cartilage with elastic fibers

Many amphibian populations have been decimated by a parasitic fungus classified as a member of the _____.

chytridiomycota

The vertebrate spinal cord develops from embryonic?

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi?

flagellated spores

a cephalopod's tentacles are modified from its

foot

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?

humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal hetertrophy from fungal hypertrophy is the most animals derive their nutrition by

ingesting prey

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

monotremes lay eggs:other mammals bear live young

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall

internal fertilization, a leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of______

nonbird reptiles

(Purity of water exiting the osculum graph)

number of chanocytes per sponge

what is a major distinguishing characteristics of fungi?

nutrient acquisition via external digestion

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

at which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

plasmogamy

You find a multi-legged animal in your garden and want to determine if it is a centipede or a millipede. You take the animal to a university where a myriapodologist quickly tells you that you have found a centipede. Which of the following may have allowed her to make this distinction?

poisonous fangs

in septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae?

pores in septa

Which of the following is found in many tetrapods but not in fish

production of amniotic egg

in adult arthropods, the hemocoel

provides space for the internal organs to grow and function

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to...

reduce dehydration

if the midbrain of a fish became damaged it would harm its ability to______

see

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?

sharks are streamlined for active swimming off the bottom: skates move about mostly on the ocean bed

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST

spores

archegonia may contain

sporohyte embryos

Which of these are spore producing structures?

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you, but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass. Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucus on their tentacles or other body parts. What feeding tactic do these animals use?

suspension feeder

which of the following is most likely to be aquatic?

suspension feeder

Which adaption is unique to insects among all protosomes?

the ability to move by flying

Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants?

the cell walls of fungi are made of chitin

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works?

the mosquito would have trouble digesting food, duue to impaired gut function

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?

the mouse will because it has the higher surface area to volume ratio

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests that _____.

there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly be

tripoblastic

Echinoderms often use

tube feet to move around in their environment

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

type of body cavity (coelom vs pseudocoelom vs no coelom)