Final Edit: APUSH 2023 Midterm

Havana Conference

-20 New World neighbors overran in EU agreed to uphold Monroe Doctrine in Latin America -protected the Caribbean from European advances -US wanted to keep the area secure/free from Zimmerman Note v2 -not an alliance - own hemispheres

Lochner v. New York (1905)

-A New York State law fixing maximum working hours for bakers was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. -The court held the law exceeded the police powers of the state and interfered with the individual's right to freedom of contract under Amendment 14. -setback for womans movement for increased rights

US vs Wong Kim Ark 1898

-A Supreme Court decision confirming that Chinese Americans born in the United States were citizens under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Big Sister Policy

-A foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders. -The policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States.

Gilded Age

-A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. -The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. 3 Gilded Age Politcal Themes 1) Power of special interest groups: Credit Mobilier, robber barons, political machines corrupting the system 2) Legislative accomplishments: ICC, Anti-trust, but some bad - restricting the power of buissnesses 3) Political Exclusion: minorities not allowed to participate *GOP dominance, Grover Clevland the exception -Parties went both ways in the era: agreed on tariffs, civil service reform, and currency, but still competitive -Amassed fierce followers and great voter loyalty/turnout Republicans: rooted more in puritanism ideals, personal morality, gov't role in regulating economic/morals matters, midwest and rural NE Democrats: immigrant Lutherans/Catholics, embraced differences, and shunned gov't attempts to control society, in the S/N cities -both parties used patronage - giving supporters/voters jobs

Pullman Strike (1894)

-A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. -The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. -Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. -The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Socialism

-A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. -a common responce to calls against industralization/its atricories -some progress (Debs a million votes) Why did the US not adpot socialism? -many ppl thought America would have the first socialist revolution -socialism never took hold, parties were small, no revolution occured -belief Americans were not in a seperate class from the rich/not super envious of class conflicts -safety valve to the west, worker mobility, racial diversity less able to form a perminend/unified class identitfy -American high standards of living -Americans always had political infulence: no need for a seperate revolution to attain/overthrow rights it already had (Eurpoean nations struggling to attain poltiical & economic rights at the same time) -

Lost Generation

-"lost generation" of writers goes to EU: upset w/ US materialism, immersed in rebuilding, post WWI allure, different forms of expression/reflection on the property lost in the war, US writers consider themselves EU -i.e. Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Faulkner -upset with US way of live, wanted inspiration from overseas ladns

Tydings-McDuffie Act

-1934 -US didnt want to deal w/ phil anymore (too expensive/competitiveo to American interests) -phil to become independnet by 1946 -US still able to hold navy bases -US freeing itself from the phil=leaving them to deal with recovery and government reflects their inward self-interests *US recgonized USSR 1933 to bolster trade/get an ally to counter ger/jap

1920s Quota System

-America growing increasingly isolationist: didn't like new waves of EU immigrants post WWI - too many immigrants flooding the US -Emergency Quota Act 1921: 3% cultural population on the 1910 census allowed in -supplemented by the Immigration Act 1924: lowered numbers to 1.5% of total, numbers based off of 1890 census (lower Eurpoean voting, Chinese excluded unlike 1890) -Southern Eurpoe upset at lack of allowed immigrants: freezing the population as mostly N Eurpoean (no Japan either) -immigration/ethnic numbers go down in following months - American showing they were full yet no longer a black of freedom/opprotunity -shutoff of immigration solidified ethnic division above all else class identifiers (diffenet pay/culture/daily life based on race) -Bourne and Kallen: advocated for continued ethnic opprotunity in the US/mix of their cultures to gvie America a truly multicultural flavor -US still not a safe place for Cathloic/Jews/believers in other political systems (Hard to thrive and be treated equally as an ethnic immigrant in the US)

Battle of Britain/US response

-Aug 1940: Hitler launched air attacks over GB to prepare for land invasion in Sept -RAF fought hard & German invasion postponed (helped by radar) -London Blitz - civil defense & engagement -sympathy for GB grew, yet still not enough for total war declaration -FDR between staying isolationist or agressively supporting GB Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (pro GB aid): keeping war in Eurpoe yet doing what we can to fight for democracy America First Committee: America should focus on self-defense, and let England fight (Charles Lindbergh): US not prepared, send over volunteer troops, references to GW/Monroe Doct, advocates for GB to pursue treaty w/ Ger. Sept 1940: FDR himself handed over destroyers from WWI in exchange for defensive sites (for 99 yrs) -questionable use of executive authority, FDR critized for it -still a necessary move to break neutrality and held GB

TR Imperalist Traits/Big Stick Policy

-Became president 1901 after McKinley died -Gov of NY, railroaded to the position -Republican/McKinley victory in 1900 was a mandate for prosperity and protectionism, not for/against imperalism -TR a city outdoorsman, strong intellectual, energetic, people person, ego, -bold leadership/loose constitution -peaceful meditation backed by strong US army

Neutrality Act of 1939

-Britain and France needed weapons and planes -Cash and Carry: European democracies must buy the materials from the US and transport in their own ships (less US risk - US avoiding debt, loans, ship losses) -FDR able to claim prohibited danger zones -Ended up hurting Chinese interests (Japanese blockade), yet clearly helps to the European allies, and producion helped alleviate the unemployment crisis/economic downturn

Panama Canal

-Canal necessary to bolster trade, military mobility, LA infulence -Clayton-Bulwer Treaty w/ Britian in 1850: US must share canal w/ GB (not exclusive use) -Britian eventually relented and formed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: US given permissoin to build and fortify a canal (Great Rapproachment) -French Canal Company campagiend for US to buy out position in Panama (represented by Phillippe Bunau-Varilla: New Panama Canal Company sold possessionf for 69 mil drop 1902 Panama a part of Columbia: Columbian senate rejected American offer of $10 mil and 250k annyal rent for 6-mi wide zone across Panama -TR pissed and worked with Panama rebels/Bunau-Varilla to orchestrate 1903 rebellion (worries for loss of economic traffic/investment if US abandoned Panama) -TR immediately respects Panama's sovereginty after insurrection & signs Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1904: US 10 mi zone around canal, Panama gets 40 mil seed money -TR stole canal land fairly (American experimment/industralism)

Gilded Age Urbanization

-Cities could fit more people (skyscrapers/elevators) -Mass transit to get communiters/workers to homes farther away - less walkable/more megatropolis -distinct sectios for each economic activity & residental areas divided based on race -Growth and allure of industrial jobs -greater access to consumer goods/amenities Benefits/drawbacks of city life: -idealism, independence, freedom to pursue new relationships w/ liked minded people -electriticy, plumbing, telephones all helped citizens -dept stores with luxurious/abundant consumer goods -increased wastefulness/waste production, limited outlets to get rid of waste, convinent consumer habits that inspired less resourcefulness -sewage and general uncleanliness -criminals -weak sanitation facilies -fires/other dangers -cities full of contradictions: wealth and poverty, factories and banks, tenements and skyscrapers mainly rural whites immigrated to cities - limited immigrant #s by comparison Tenements -overcrowding, disease, filth -lack of sunlight, trash disposal, ventilation -necessity of new people coming to America & needing a place to stay before moving on (many hard working people relocaed out of tenements)

Settlement Houses

-Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants -Jane Adams/Lillian Wald Jane Adams: -colleged-educated -wanted to embrace social work instead of other jobs avaoble to women like her -started the Hull House in 1889 - Settlement House -pacifist/anti-war and poverty -offered counseling, English courses, day care, cultural activities -settled in immigrant areas -battles larger political/worker issues -centers of women's activism/reform work

African-American Gilded Age Struggle in the S

-Dem south free to control S blacks after reconstruction ended -White dems reasserted power/infulence over blacks - no chance for them to rise in politial station/respect -fell victim to sharecropping/tenant farming - at the mercey of their former masters now landloards/creditors -crop lein system: storekeepers manipulated farmers to perpetually owe them crops in return for credit on food/supplies -State-wide systematic Jim Crow laws segregated blacks and whites (affecting daily lives, not voting) -S blacks disenfranchised: unfair poll taxes, unequal literacy tests, black indimidation (grandfather clause ensured most white men could vote - eliminated poll tax/lit req) -Plessy v Fergenson (1896) - seprate but equal facilities constitutional to satisfy equal protection clause of 14th amend (in reality black facilities were much much worse than white ones) -record lynching numbers to blacks who didnt comply w social order @ ensured their place in the new social order of the era (most lynched for asserting themselves as equals)

Insular Cases

-Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens. -constitution does not follow the flag

Atlantic Charter

-FDR and WC off Newfoundland -reflected 14 points for reconstruction after WWI: rights of indivuals, self-determination, new UN, disarmament agreements -people thought it made no sense bc FDR was "neutral" - neutral no more -start in the EU and then defeat Asia: caring more about white ppl

Court Packing Plan

-FDR didn't like how SCOTUS blocked his reforms after being elected in 1936 and wanting to continue ND (mainly conservative panel) -FDR wanted more democratic flavor to the court to reflect support for ND programs, conservative justices over 70 clung onto staying in court to protect American ways FDR asked Congress for legislation that allowed him to assign new justices to the court for every member over 70 that would not retire (max membership 15) -TR's ideas a bad verdict, contriversal, undermining democratic principles -FDR condemed for trying to break down check and balances/institute himself as a dictator -FDR's proposal caused switch in SCOTUS attitudes (Owen Roberts became more liberal - upheld min. wage for women) -weaker court reform bill only impacted lower courts -first political defeat for FDR - still achieved his goal by making the court support him/appointing more justices as they left -with this though FDR hurt conservatives --> now limited support to get across ND legislation

Lend-Lease Act

-FDR didnt want to deal with loans as GB started to run out of $ to buy supplies -Euroean nations lease US goods to be returned @ end of war (Senator Taft & others didnt support) -pitched as a way to save human lives/more direct US involvement in the war by sending over guns -resistance from isolationist repub -US showed it was willing to pledge itself to a strong aggressive support of nations fighting on its behalf overseas -economic declaration of war, physical violence to follow -LL openly debated, America consensus moved they would rather risk war than have Hitler take over GB -time to move past 19th century ideals of isolatioinsim and no global connections -primed factories for full-blown production once US actually involved in war -Hitler resented LL: opened up sinking of US ships (Robin Moor - May 1941)

Latin America Affairs/Good Neighbor

-FDR wanted to be peaceful/noncompative in LA -US intervention rarely worked out well -FDR withdrawing emphasis on intervention/the Roosevelt Corillary (7th Pan Am confrence 1933) -US released control of Haiti, Panama, Cuba 1930s -US settled Mexico coal seizure issue with a peaceful settlement instead of armed intervntion 1938-41 -US role in LA more protective and helpful - important in shaping allegiances/policy in WWII

Dollar Diplomacy

-Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. -linking American investments to upholding good relations w/ host nations -helping US political interests -investors urged to invest in necessary foreign regions to bring diplomatic stability to these regions -urges to invest in China (curbs Russia/Japan advancement), Cuba/Caribbean (protecting US investments/Monroe Doctrine used as an excuse for Caribbean landings)

US Foreign Policy in the 1920s

-GOP still rejected foreign involvement/LoN as unnecessary -tried to keep isolationist (sent observers to its seat at the LoN) -conflict over oil: US won shared production rights -US still involved in Haiti & Nicaragua Harding pursued disarmament: didn't want to have investors pay more for naval program/fears that US growing navey irritated Britian/Japan -worried abt Japanese expansion: Washington Disarmament Confrence 1921-22 (Russia not invited --> US doesnt recgonize gov't) 4PT: replaced Anglo-Japan alliance: preserve status quo in Pacific (Japan can't expand) 5PT: ship ratios, older ships had to be destroyed, US can't fortify far-east posessions (i.e. phil) 9PT: reaffirm Open Door in China -treaties seemed like a false promise/not reinforced by military backing: US/politicans ok with that -Japan tried to play nice at the confrence yet kept getting snubbed --> resentment grows in the 1930s -Kellogg-Briand Pact: nations outlawed delcaring war but for defensive purposes: yet lacked muscle/teeth and pratically worthless (speaks to Americans being easily lulled into false sense of security)

Pendelton Act

-Garfield won in 1880 - Chester Arthur as VP -assissilated by someone invovled in a conflict over problems with losing out on the spoils system -Garfield's death highlighted the need to reform the spoils system -Pendleton Act 1883 gave rep a taste of reform ideals: outlawed mandatory campaign contributions from employees, Civil Service Comission to appoint federal positions due to competition not personal prefrence -iniitally covered 10% of federal jobs -politicans souhgt elsewhere for funding - sought big corporations for campaign contributions - led to stronger politcal/buissness relations

China Imperalist Policies/Responce

-Germany/Russia carved up Chinese interest in 1895 after Japan defeat -Americans feared they would lose infulence in China to Eurpoean monoplies -Sec. State John J Hay issues Open Door Note 1899: countries respect China's territorial claims in exchange for free competition (best bet for US, Britian first to accept, Russia never does, Germany/Portugal late) -Boxer Rebellion 1900: represented Native chinese resenemnt for being dicked around by the West (fierce resistane, 18 mil of 24 mil US indemnity used to educate chinese students in the US - further increasing westernization) -stepping into China - US provokes Japan

Granger Laws

-Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Compromise of 1877

-Grant unable to run for a 3rd term, Rytherford Hayes nominated (compromise candidate - coming from important swing state Ohio) -Dems nominated Sam Tiden - journalist who uncovered Tweed -Tilden got 184/185 electoral votes in 1876 election, with the remaining 20 disputed in in LA, FL, SC, OR -Each state submitted a rep and dem set of votes - either candidate would win depending on who submitted votes -Compromise of 1877 solved the issue: Electoral Count Act passed to establish an oversight board to break the dispute -Iniital resolution of FL votes to a partisan committee led to further conflict Dems agreed that Hayes would take office, but he would withdraw troops from Lousiana/South Carolina (where they had been during reconstruction) -Rep promised Dems patronage power and a bill funding southern transaction rr line Through the compromise, reps abandoned the quest for racial equality, reconstruction, and S blacks (support already waining w/ questions into the necessity and worth of sending $/troops S) -Civil Rights Act 1785 last change @ progress: supposed equal accommodation/fair jury selection, born w/o teeth & tossed out for violating 14th amend

Great Rapproachment

-reconclilation between US and GB -cornerstore of 20th century foreign policy -GB scared of Germany /Japanese allies - wanetd to be friends with US to benefit from them too 1) backed off from Guena/Venez. border dispute 2) Paid US 15 mil for the CSS Alabama (kisses up to US) 3) Samoa withdrawl: in favor of the US, Samoa important military/refueling stop for the US

Role of blacks in WWI

-Great Migration 1917: travleled N to help in war industry positions (pushed out of the S by continued racism)-northerners concenrned, seeds of a mass black influx in mainly white areas-tace riots in STL, CHI-gangs and white resistance to changing character of black life-Red Summer 1919: white violence as blacks returned-served mainly in construction/manual labor roles, saw little fighting (segregated units w/ white commanders)-Harlem Hellfighters, many served w. Fr. (Hope of proving themselves/getting betterment when they returned-poor reception when they returned - fears of violence - KKK

Election of FDR

-HH renominated - support GOP policies, promises to repeal prohibition/return alc sales to state control -HH waged a harsh, bitter campaign style/promises -HH overwhelmed in the election -shift of black voters backing the Democrats: hurt by GOP policies in suffering the worst from the early GD, boosted dems in N urban areas -easy win for Dems: took advantage of the national resentment against HH to demand a substantive change - not just smoke and mirrors -HH tried to influence FDR policies during lame duck period before inauguration - called meetings to try to have FDR agree to an anti-inflationary policy to deal with war debt that would have undermined New Deal programs - FDR resisted and stood true to his interest -economic, employment (1 in 4 out), financial markets still in the shitter

Eugene V Debs

-Head of the American Railway Union and -director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. -While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Homestead Strike (1892)

-It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. -The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Pearl Harbor

-Japan dependent on raw materials from the US (FDR supported/no embargo: didnt want Jap to invade DEI) -Japan still weighed down by Rape of Najing -Embargos pushed on Jap 1940/41 (freezing all Japanese assets)/all shipments halted -Japan in a predicament: had to bow down to the US or launch attacks -Talks w/ US nov/dec 1941: japan pull out of China for trade deal (Jap didnt want to lose progress just to appeal to US - chose violence) -US able to crack Jap radio code (operation magic) - thought attack was gonna come on Phil/Malay -Sunday morning attack @ Pearl Harbor under complete radio silence - destroyers and deaths lost -not full out loss - AC not in port -war voted on and delcared the next day (except for Jenaette Rankins) --> ger and ita posed war on the US 12/11/41 -war not offical -US able to recover relatively quickly from PH

Jewish Hatred/US response

-Jewish communities victims of pogroms/mob attacks from the 1800s -Nov 9 1938: Joseph Goebbels ransacked shops/synagogues, Jews killed/conc. camps (Kristallnacht/Night of Broken Glass) -May 1939: St Louis ship denied by Cuba, USA, Canada - had to go back to EU w/ Jewish refugees War Refugee Board created 1942: saved Hungarian Jews from death camps (limited success/still millions died in EU)

Yellow Journalism

-Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers -sensationalist -i.e. Joseph Pulizter/William Randolph Hearst -Hearst: catches onto issues in Cuba/Mexico to ingite public opinion for entry into SCAF war -Hearst owned a ranch in MX and pressed for US involvement

Smith-Connally Anti Strike Act

-June 1943 -federal gov't to seize and run tied up industries -illegal to srtike in gov't industries -unions overall very coorperative/willing to help

US Entry into WWI

-March 1916: Germany dinks French Sussex, WW announced he would break diplomacy/war if Ger. didn't apoligize -Germany gave into US demands and promised not to sink innocent. ships IF the US would modify the GB blockade -WW accepted the agreement w/o his responsibility - praecarious peace that could be dissolved into conflict easily -WW still tried to remain neutral, hit with Ger. unrestricted sub. warfare 1/31/1917 (sinking all ships) -Ger could no longer afford to distinguish btwn friendly and unfriendly ships --> violated Sussex pledge, tried to get US into the war, WW stood off unless Germans took overt action against US lives -WW tried and failed to get a measure across to arm merchant ships - isolationism still there -Zimmerman Note 3/1/1917: Ger. foreign minister extended Ger MX alliance to take back TX NM AZ to MX (Ger. already helping MX repels, GB helps US uncover this note - wants to act) -Germans sunk unarmed American ships in March 1917 -Czar outsted in Russia/democratic gov't instituted - US no longer undermined on fighting for the cause of demcoracy with the other allies -Ger. harassment of US commerce and GB retaliation led to war being declared April 6 1917 -some western sentators vote against war (women in MT --> W states earlier to adpot female sufftage to qualify for statehood easier) -WW really wants to be a part of the postwar settlement, attacks on American shipping by Ger, Zimmerman. Note

Fair Labor Standards Act

-Min wage and Max hour rules for ICC industries -40 hours/40 cents an hour -outlawed under 16 labor -resistance from S industralists who relied on low-wage labor: agri. service, domestic workers excluded: minories and women not affted by FLSA

Muller v. Oregon 1908:

-Muller v. Oregon 1908: Louis Brandeis helped use the constitution to recgonize laws protectin women's workers in the name of their fragility/bodies (later viewed as discriminatory, at the time appreciated)

Double V Campaign

-NAACP during WWII -The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad." -like the efforts of Harlem Hellfighters in WWI

Spanish Civil War

-dress rehearsal for WWII -rebels against republican gov't led by Francisco Franco - supported by Hitler & Mussolini -Loyalists gov't helped by USSR: cooled off US support of the gov't and fed into support of rebels (some still supported loyalist gov't) -Abe Lincoln Bridage went over to help fight as volunteers -FDR enacted an arms embargo on both parities in Spain -Franco went wild w/ dictator support: US apathy fed into resistance success -repeated theme of the US being shy to militarize/warm up to second conflict (huge fleets equal huge wars/mil. spending hurts the taxpayer)

End of New Deal (Kensyian Economics/Roosevelt Recession 1837)

-ND reforms only inched down unemployment and economic recovery, yet some progress there -Roosevelt Recession in 1937: overreach of social security taxes and limited gov't spending to mind the budget -in 1937 FDR embraced Keynesian Economics: planned deficit spending, government spending to prime the pump, encourage consumer spending (creating jobs and going into debt now will pay off eventually) -FDR kept being shot down by apprehensive conservative congresses when trying to reorganize/hammer through reforms -concerns of New Dealer overspending: Hatch Act limited fed admin officals from campaigning (cut down on corruption), gov't funds for political purposes, contributions from relief recipients -ND lost its steam in 1938: GOP regained seats in the midterms, attention drawn into the start of WWII Kensyian Economics: -regulating the economy through increasing government spending -spend money to make money -sell purposely under budget in hopes that doing do would encourage spending in other areas and prime the economy

NAACP

-National Assn for Advancement Colored Ppl -Founded by WEB and Ida B Wells -Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Puerto Rico Struggles

-PR historically a multiracial society -American immigration calls for PR independence -Growth of industry, better living conditions, nautral disasters, agriculture monoplies led to high pop and low employment --> US immigration to NYC, etc -Air travel/US citizenship further accelerated PR immigration -PR still a transicent society between US/PR --> keeps education/social movement low, racism high, cultural overlap -PR a weird territorty from the outset -Foraker Act 1900: limited degree of popular gov't -Jones Act 1917: PR gets American citizenship, withheld full self-rule -Improvements to infastcure, transport, education, sanitiation, still calls for independnce

Politcal Machines/Bosses

-Padrone system: bosses would meet immigrants when they arrived and got them an indirual job in a city -meeting the needs of the immigrants and poltical bosses (manipulated both for personal gain) -poltical machines: traded jobs/services for votes, ensured party loayty by paying out jobs, housing, food, other amenities/services to immigrant communities (precinct captians in charge of certain areas) -Tweed Ring: bribes, grafy, frauded elections to plunder 200 mil and manipulate citizens -Thomas Nast/Sam Tilden helped to uncover tweed -means of securing votes - section captians interacted directly w/ voters to help them with issues they needed in exchange for votes -captians became a part of daily life/help citizens when the gov't couldnt -"honest graft": insider knowldge to raise innocent profits (not hurting anyone) -machines benefit men, not women: only concerned w/ helping the voting public

Rise of Grant

-People sick of politics after Johnson -Believed electing a military hero would solve their problems -Bad political background, but wanted to continue reconstruction w/ military reinforcements -Democrats didn't like military reconstruction, but fought over redeeming war bonds in gold (E) or greenbacks (midwest - Ohio Idea - keep interest rates lower) -GOP Waived the Bloody shirt and revived memories of the civil war to get people to vote for the victorious party -Grant elected thanks to slave votes in 68 - need for GOP to ensure blacks can still vote & control the S

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

-Sacco and Vanzetti were 2 Italian immigrants convicted for a crime with very little evidence. -Their guilty verdict reflected the anti-immigrant and anti-radical attitude of American citizens, -sentenced to death because they were anarchists and Italian.

Progressive Women

-Settlement House mvmt: easiest access to public reform/life -exposed women to the poverty, corruption, workin conditions -lieterary clubs helped the women be able to act on these issues -many argued their work as reformers/activists was an extension of motherhood/seperate spheres -therefore mainly argued about moral/maternal issues: working conditions, sweatshops, safety regulation, good food -NCL, WTUL, Depts of Children and Women: growing stage -Florence Kelly led efforts to improve factory conditions in IL Florence Kelly -led reform/sweatshop movements -advocate for women, children, black, consumer welfare -National Consumers League -blazed a new trail for women's occupations previously inaccessable -women limitied to certain jobs - many were single -Blacks: domestic service -Whites: socail worker,s secretaries, clerks, tele operators -Immigrant/Jews: garments, industries -long, low pay, limited advancement, but still social/economic independnce, free money to induge in urban social scene Margret Sanger -birth control activist

Reciprocal trade Agreements

-SoS Hull: didnt like tariffs that cut off intl trade -1934: aimed at relief & recovery, enacted low tariffs and tried to bolster US trade -US and other countries soon got into non-sentate agreements and discussions for both of them to bring down rates - strong sign of friendship & coorperation -Bolstered US trade -RTA reversed tradtitions of high tariffs and pioneered US led free trade policies after WWII

Andrew Mellon/Policies

-SoT during Harding admin. -didn't like high taxes imposed after the war --> discouraged spending on more lucrative investments and gave the treasury less money -Mellon cuts taxes to the rich, increases them on the middle class -trickle down policy: ppl with more money will create new businesses/jobs for the middle class (not always true - more rich spending) -manages to cut national debt by 10 mil (calls that he could have done more w/ the huge national incomes and instead encouraged overspeculating in the SM) -Mellon raises tariff to pay for debt -attempts to cut benefits to vets. vetoed by congress for approval @ a later date - problematic

FDR/Policies

-TR cousin -Harvard grad -NY state gov, VP nmine, navy -smooth and concilatory -appealed to people upset by GD -unlikely hero for poor people -Polio helps him understand hardships and suffering like many Americans face -has to learn to hide legs from the media -smooth voice and commanding political appeal (able to inspire -keen on using money to cure the probelsm of the ordinary man -betrayed rich class -held the promise to take action,even if risky to make America a better place Helped by the Brain Trust -group of policy advisors and speech writers who helped FDR write New Deal legislation/campaign speeches -helped him advocate for balanced budget and better recovery for Americans First Lady: Elanor Rooosevelt: First lady Elanor Roosevelt very active in her position: helped support TR's programs, supported womens trade unions, voting lagues, settlement houses -got into troubles with conservatives/KKK for her works -openly voiced concerns for discrimination/oppression -controversial and consequential: shapes national government policy

The Phillipines

-Teddy Roosevelt (Asst. Navy Secretary) sent George Dewey to invade Spanish PHIL, does so May 1898 (Manila captured August 1898 w/ Emilio Aguinaldo & revolutionaries) -McKinley torn over PHIL: didn't want to give it back to Spain rule after it had just fought a war against it/let it govern itself & fall into anarchy/dominace by Germany/Japan -Best bet for him to civulize the Phil and give them their freedom later after reforming them to American values (ensuring the welfre, religion, markets, global mission, divine right, civilizing mission) -Paid 20 mil to get phil Phil an interesting acquision: land of many/diverse people whereas US used to get atolls/sparcely populated islands __________________________________________________________________________________ Implications of Phil rule: Arguments Against US in Phillipines/imperalism -dishonor US's comittment to self-determination & anti-colonialism -giving up on history -conflicts w/ Japan -racism: don't wanna include other races -costly/like not to be profitable Anti-Imperalist League represnted these concerns Argumnets for US Phillipines -a part of its expansion history -moral responsibility -trade -religion -social darwinism _____________________________________________________________________________ -Phil thought they were getting freedom after war --> revolted under Anuinaldo when they found out they were forever under US control (conflict turned racial, torutre/concentration camps used by the US) -US poured money into improving infrastructure, healthcare, trade in phil -Phil still wanted their own independence -Many Phil started immigration to the US as temporary HI workers/ CA seasonal laborers (male dominated society - high influx of laborers continued today)

Stimpson Doctrine

-This note, delivered in 1932 by President Hoover's Secretary of State, censured the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and its threatening overtures to China -US woundnt recgonize Japan territorial advances

Reactions to 1920s Immigration/Return of Nativism

-US gov't unable to realy help immigrants - better suited to rural enviorments/unable to help -responsibilty fell to political machines, etc Help: -Padrone system: bosses would meet immigrants when they arrived and got them an indirual job in a city -meeting the needs of the immigrants and poltical bosses (manipulated both for personal gain) -poltical machines: traded jobs/services for votes, ensured party loayty by paying out jobs, housing, food, other amenities/services to immigrant communities (precinct captians in charge of certain areas) -necessary evil to help immigrants -settlement houses/Jane Adams/Lilian Wald Hurt: -Navisism movement: sparked by Irish/German, reincited w/ New Immiogrants -viewed as culturally/religiously exotic, high birth ratem, low sense of morality, fears that anglo-saxan stock would be watered down or difappeared -new immigrants blamed for worsening urban gov't s -new immigrants willing to work for less, feared to bring over socialist.communist/anarchist doctrines (dangerous) -Know-Nothing Party revived as American Protective Assn (APA) 1997: urged voting against Cathloic candidiates/embraced overexaggerated view of shitty immigrants -Chinese exlcuion act ofc -language barrier/masses of immigrants good strike/union breakers - unions put support behind throwing off immigration -1882/85 laws restricted bringing over paupers, criminals, paupers, foreign workers under contracts -literacy test proposal vetoed for showing opportunity instead intelligence -ironic: building America from immigration then closing it

US Industralization/Mobalization for war

-US needed time to arm itself and reach full military potential -retooling the US for the war effort while keeping overseas aversaries at bay -US had to feed/clothe/arm itself - never before happened War Production Board facilitated US industrial resurgence, assigned production priorities, limited nonessential production -national speed limit/gas rations to curb rubber shortage when DWI/Malaya invaded -synthetic rubber/silk -fewer farmers, yet machinery helped their productions

Charles Lindbergh

-United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Negotiating the ToV

-WW grew popular and godlike as the war ended -WW praised as a moralistic leader, empowered by victory & economic resources -WW idealism presented hopes of a better world - fears from leader that he would incite domestic revolts -Big Four @ Paris: US, Italy, France, Britain -WW really wanted to institute the LoN (worldwide parliament where each country gets a vote) --> covenant approved to be in final treaty WW addressing MAIN causes in his negotiations M: -limiting German arms -encouraging all nations to disarm -freedom of seas (subs, blockade) A: -replaced w/ LoN -no secret alliances I: -adjust colonies -self-determination for white ppl -not foreign colonies/minorities -mandates=protectorated operated by LoN countries, not colonies outright (sneaky way of keeping colonialism) N: -redrew map of EU/the middleeast -France wanted Rhineland & Saar Valley --> Wilson opposed as anti Self-Det --> resulted in Saar Basin controlled by LoN for 15 yrs, vote after, no Fr. Rhineland, but Security Treaty where US+GB come to Fr. aid if Ger. invades again (later denied by US conflict - Fr. upset) -Italy wanted Fiume, WW made it go to Yugoslavs - moral maunver failed, Italian leaders/people upset @ WW -Shandong Penin. & Japan: Japan got pacific islands through LoN mandate, WW wanted to maintain penin. as Chinese (self-det.), but Japan opposed. compromise where Japan had Germany's economic holdings on the penin. and will return later (China upset @ imperalism) -June 1919 completed -Germany only for 4 of 23 WW points -vengence not reconcilation -feeling of betrayl/resentment built on by Hitler befre WWII -WW had to sacrifice some of his promised points to get LoN across - priotities -WW had a fall from grace - detested by liberals & imperalists (hoped that injustices he included would be offset by powerful LoN) -Ger. not wholy responsible for causing the waar, got all the punshment -Alsance & Lorraine returned to Fr until WWII -Yugoslavia & Czechslovia (many different ethnic groups - easy for Germans to expand infulence) -Recreate poland & baltic states -A-H divided (self-determination) -Japan pissed they didn't get China colony - more resentent

SEC

-admin agency over the market -less gambling, more regulation/oversight

Motivations for US Imperalism

-age of empire/other counties getting territories too -booming industral production - search for new markets -new sense of power/population/production/wealth - need for a safety valve to make it all better -Josiah Strong/missionaries -Overcrowding: Turner Thesis 1982 no more frontier line - need a new frontier to escape/relieve social pressures & find reinvention Safety Valve Theroy (need for a new one w/ imperalism now that frontier closed) -Manifest destiny to expand/conquer - where do we go now? -Social Darwinism/American superioristy: as the better race than the indutralized, the US has a right to take these lands and make them better w/ American values (proven before, necessary now) (the world is America's) -Competiting w/ other Eurpoean colonizing states -Alfred Mahan's Naval Adovcacy: develipment of steel navy and isthmian canal -Yellow press helped spread these issues and excite the need for expansion

United Mine Workers

-an industrial union of mine workers in North America -John L Lewis -1902 strike - settled by TR

Fireside Chats/First 100 Days

-bank holiday to rush through legislation in Congress and open up only the successful banks again when all was said and done-happened right after his inauguration -Congress got out a shitton of legislation (some progressive-minded, all focused on remedying the situation) -Brain Trust employed -bipartisan support to get out of the mess - Fireside chats radio programs with the public to explain FDR's initatives/programs-hosted one to explain how he will fix banks and that the people needed to put their money in them for things to do over well-safe banks will open after -FDR good at gaining public trust --> restored trust in public banking system after crashes

Federal Reserve System

-codified by WW in 1913 -12 regional district banks decentralized from the gov't -issued paper currency/helped US recieve financial success

Ger harassment of US shipping

-dangerous bc US ships had to escort GB convoys of weapons -fears of being brught into war this way -US had to escort GB ships (too little) -June 1941: FDR solidified escort agreements to Iceland -US/Ger clashes: moved congress to remove teeth from 1939 neutrality and let merchant ships be armed and dangerous: bracing themselves for all out attacks/war

Calvin Coolidge

-quiet -traditional NE upbringing: morality, thrift, honesty -preached the status quo -fervently supported buissness -supported Mellon's fiscal policies -stood up to scandal/stains of Harding admin

Means of blocking union growth

-easily dispensible workers -hire top lawyers -buy ads in newspapers -tip off politicans -bring in scabs -issue court orders to stop striking backed by the threat for arrest -calling on troops to break up the strike -lockouts forcing striker starvation -blacklists -ironclad oaths/yellow dog (coward) contracts forbading workers from joining a union -raising prices in their company town where workers only paid in store credit (company-built infastrucure) -public distaste for unions/striking as unpatriotic, unnecessary (already high wages), and ineffective (a part of social Darwinism, unemployment an act of God, anyone can become rich if they tried)

Harlem Renaissance

-era of racial pride in Harlem that spurred advances in AA music, art, literature, performances, presence (due to pride in AA fighting during WWI, Great Migration to the era, economic generosity/wilingness to support a great cause) -jazz (profited off by whites) -Marcus Garvey: UNIA, African relocation, black buissnesses to localize profits, inspired continued African heratige pride despite getting arrested/deported) -Bessie Smith: channeling inner pains/raicst experiences through the blues -Langston Hughes & poetry -Aaron Douglas - reeducating himself on AA history/background when considering how to craft his art, pulls from a lot of tradicional African/Egyptan symbolism -blacks took pride in their culture/loved to spread it, but whites ran with this unique/simplistic soceity to profit off it for themselves (Jim Crow venues where AA not allowed), yet seemingly celebrating these people -exploitative/demeaning relationship -ended due to weaknesses from the GD 1930s, departure of key figures

Women in the Roaring 20s

-expanded job market, disposable income, civil rights: greater sense of freedom/opprotunity -parties, drinking, fun -flappers/the charleston -when compared to conservative roles/steryotypes held elsewhere abt womens roles (easy to spread racial ideas in urban enviornments) -further pushes for college education (3rd generation to have it) -new lines of work for women: clerical/secretarial/telephones (ladies work they were naturally thought to be better at) -Alice Paul pushed for Equal Rights Amebdmnt -sex appeal in everything women said, done, and dressed: Freud offered it was a part of our nature to be healthy through sexual gratification -more lively womens culture of dancing, spending, having fun -crowding in cities where they could enjoy this life more -compare this to Republican Motherhood, separate spheres, etc Margret Singer: push for birth control among married couples since her mother always fell sick w/ kids -bad effects of babies on health --> no class limit (royalty/working class) -walks into YES as nurse- sees ppl that can't afford to take care of their own kids -Anthony Comstock/Comstock Law: outlawed sending BC info via mail -overall strides of the women movement fizzled after WWI: got a great advance w/ voting, people more inclined to spend money on fun that education, nobody known what's coming next for the team to work on

Role of Women in WWI

-female workers running factories, towns, farms, jobs opened by men -split in the womens mvmt: progressives (i.e. Alice Paul, National Womans Party) feminists were pacificts and opposed the war and women who worked in it -general support for WW and the fight - participate to have infulence in shaping the peace -WW believed womens suffrage necessary during war (states, countries already started to do so) --> 19th Amend ratified 1920 -Alice Paul & Lucy Burns took over a new wave of radical womens suffrage movements: hunger strikes & violent displays to advocate for a constitutional amendment) /// CCC & Anna Howard Shaw who supported antiquated ideals of state-by state laws and peaceful resistance -womens role diminished as men returned home - roles/jobs not perminent -Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act 1921: federal instruction in maternal/infant healthcare (expanded gov't authority to family welfare) -feminists kept fighting for workplace protections/chiold labor laws, limited success initially yet foreshadowed more infulental era for women later on

Anti-Comintern Pact

-ger jap and ita (1936) -allied against Communism, willing to wage a 2 front war -Axis powers, battle of political ideaologies

Great Depression Cause/Effects

-incited by Stock Market crash, agriculture, real estate speculation, buying on credit, -bank runs, rampant unempolymmnt (up to 25%)-people lost their savings, jobs, houses -fathers felt guilty for bringing on economic tragity (not their fault), mothers bred less children GD overwhelmingly a result of too much production: -wealth going into the hands of the rich elite and not back into salaries and wages to uphold cycle of consumerism -production outweighed ordinary Americans ability to consume them -new technologies/overconfidence w/ margin buying further hurt Americans -Fed. Reserve tries to raise interest rates to curb speculation - too late (would've worked earlier in the decade) -int'l pressure: banks there crashed, trade weakened after tariffs, tensions built over inabilities to pay back loans (narrow-minded policies) -MS valley droughts in 1930 spread the problem-Hoovervilles spread the idea that political and social stability was shattered by the GD

Fourteen Points Address

-it was hard for WW to sell the Eurpoean war to americans (esp. in MDW where they couldnt care less --> US has always enjoyed isolationism from EU affairs) -WW delared the goal of making the US safe for democracy (righeous, contrasted selfish war aims of other countries) -this approach (which WW believed in making the world peaceful & it was the only way to convince Americans to be crucaders in the EU) -WW rose as moralistic leader of Allied cause-1/8/1918 --> reaffirm support for the war effort/demoralize enemies-freedom of the seas, no secret treaties, removing economic barriers, reduced arms, adjusting colonial claims -spread the ideas of self-determination/LoN for global collective security -recieved some ciritcism from GOP/greedy countries -Wilson really wanted to avoid starting another war w/ the LoN

Dust Bowl

-late 1933: Mississipi Great Plains drought -wind kicked up dry dirst/dust across the area -chaos -human factor: new agri. techniques exhausted soil quicker/made it more susceptible to drying up, dry farming techniques -OK/AK exodus to CA to find homes/jobs - touch and scare offerings -laws to help preserve farmers/their farms, trees planted by CCC as protective barriers

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

-law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII -The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. -Extreme example of nativism of period

John Dewey/Pragmatism

-learning by doing -popularized electives: students choosing their own courses (specalizaton of eduaction to prep studetns fo careers) -teacher's role is to guide students to discover concepts -pragmatist - test things to know if they're right and accepting uncertanty -emphasizes ethical view of society, vitrues of experience, cooperation, democracy Pragmatism: -focusing on the outcomes of ideas to test if they were true -William James 1907 -roots in MA metaphysical club (secret society w/ William James, Charles Pierce, Oliver Holmes Jr, Dewey, Chauneny Wright, George Mead - met to discuss meaning of life & nature of the universe) -Darwnin introduces the strengths of chance, change, contingency - no longer were absolyet truths sanctioned by idealism/religious philosophy ought to be taught -provisional, experimental nowdge -embraced uncertancy - true value of an idea is its ability to solve problems -praticality, correcting conventional philosophy, reconciling science & culture

Political Progressiveism

-main objective to regain power that slipped into hands of political bosses/machines -direct elections -initative: voters directly propose legislation - bypass bought-out legislatures -referendum: placing laws on the ballot otherwise voted on by corrupt representatives -recall: voters remove bribed/faithless public officals -limits on campaign spending -Australuan ballot: secret from political machines -17th amendment 1913 for direct election of senators: less likely to fall victim to business bribery/more representative of public mood -female suffrage still behind on a national level (reformers believed it would help elivate political mood/temperance cause, some states gave the right over time) In Cities -city manager system/committees: taking politics out of running a city -public ownership of utilities -WI's gob\v. La Follette: fought monoplies, returned political/economic power to the people and reinvented the administration of Madison -other states moved to regulate RRs/ICC

Japanese Internment during WWII

-many Americans found a united cultural identity along the lines of war (ethnic groups together, war clearly against a common political foe) -gov't feared the Japanese in the US would act as saboteurs for Jap in the case of an invasion -Executive Order 9066: rounded up in conc. camps (although most citizens) -although Japs hard workers, racism and hysteria took hold -Japanese citizens lost businesses/jobs - little done to help financial ruin -upheld with Korematsu//Hirabayshi v US 1944, US apologized & reparations in 1980 (enemy ancestry ok to lock up, fine to lock up if already citizens) -New Deal/conservative-dominated ideals over, focus now on the war -war less idealistic/more about defeating a common enemy -Japanese sent overseas by Meji gov't as representatives of their land - small and wealthy group found success in produce farming -Issei/Nessi generations reflect increasing Americanization/hope for success

Grant Scandals

-many gov't officials conduct jobs correctly, while others fall victim to corruption (RR promoters, judges, stock makret manipulators, legislators) -Jim Fisk & Jay Gould attempted to inflate gold prices in 1869 by buying all available stock and driving price upward - failed when Treasury sold gold sock on Black Friday and drove prices back down -grant's family and cabnet full or corrpution/grafters -Credit Mobilier 1872: UPRR formed construction company hired their own insiders and payed out twice to earn more profits/outst gov't, bribed congressmen to cover up corruption w/ stock -Personal secretary involved in whiskey ring stealing excice taxes -Secretary of War accepting bribes from Indian reservation suppliers

Rural vs Urban Conflict in the Roaring 20s

-more people becoming educated & moving to cities -more of an emphasis on scientific principles -John Dewey: learning by doing, progressive educational reformer -improvements in personal health (nurtition/health care boosyed life expectancy -Fundamentalists challenged scientific/progressive advances: detested theory of evolution as destroying religions purity, corrupting youth, runing America -Monkey Trial TN 1925: Scopes accused of teaching evolution, WJB prosecuting -Scopes found guilty for a fine -The trial highlighted the beliefs and contriversies stemming from findamentalism/strict adherence to the bible, -people want the tech of the future with the comforts of the past. fundamentalism a responce to changing economic ideals/living in a new economy -modernist churches: held optimistic view in God, embraced modern means/approaches to worship

Wagner Act

-movements to keep labor happy after unemployment simmered down/NRA helped collecive barganing -Nat'l Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act 1935: ROb Wanger -NLRB of worth -reaffirmed workers' rights to collectively assemble/bargan, choice representatives -Magna Carta of American Labor: huge milestone -Wagner act led to creation of many new unskilled labor unions (Mine Workers)

KKK

-new KK emerged after the war - took on a nativist flair: anti foreign, cathloic, black, jewish, communist, pacifist, internationalist, bootlegger, gambling, adultery, birth contril (supported WASP principles) -conservative nativism supported by Red Summer 1919: racial violence mainly against blacks in the N (due to GM and black presence in N for economic opprotunity) -celebrated by Birth of a Nation film 1915 -members didnt hide identity (parades in DC) -KKK bolstered in the MDW and Bible Belt w/ Protestant Fundamentalism: gained political infulence/social domination -KKK weakened after financial embezzlement discovered (not due to ideals/actions - but money) -KKK ideas still fizzled out

Adkins v. Childrens Hospital 1923

-overturned Muller v Oregon: minimum wadge/special treatment for women -now that women could vote, they should be treated the same -sparked debates over female equality and womens' role in the workplace

Interstate Commerce Act/Comission (ICC) (1887)

-passed despite Clevland's stubbornness -prohibited rebates, pools, and required RRs to publish rates, outlawed unfair pricing/rebates to big companies -ICC not effective in its initial cause: celebrated by RRs as a win in the public's eyes and a means for big RRs to resolve their differences, limit rate wars, state attacks -stablized RRs, didn't revolutionize them -set the precedent for gov't insight/supervision/regulations of private industry and new boards to follow: gov't bound to protect private enterprise/its practices

Black Tuesday

-prices kept going up, little forecasted downfalls/efforts to prevent overspeculation (Federal Reserve Board from HH) -October 1929: GB raised interest rates to retain capital shifting abroad in US investments-investors began to sell offf stocks to compensate Black Tuesday 10/29/29: sell off orders rampant as many people scared abt losing money -JPM co puts 20 mil into the market in hopes of bringing it back up -hard to pay off margin calls with little money made on stocks -crash really affects lower upper/upper middle classes with all their $ in the market

Isolationists/Responce to ToV

-republicans didn't like the LoN - useless or overpowered -main opposition was the reservationists (allowed changes to be made) irreconcibles -(complete opposition) dozen senators who thought the LoN got the US too involved in entangling alliances, collective security not benefitical to the US, we should only get involved on our terms/wars that dont to matter to us -desire to be isolationist following WWI -GOP opposition rooted in traditional American/Washington values, led by Lodge & Borah -GOP opposition to current LoN - WW had to beg more for changes to protect Monroe Doct. / US interests -all different groups opposed ToV: too harsh/not harsh enough, ethnic groups thought it didn't help their homelands enough, etc (Irish didn't like GB colonies voting status in LoN gave them infulence to crush Irish independnec mvmts) -Cabot led the US into confusion around the ToV and its impacts/need for amendemnets - WW embarks on speechmaking tour to appeal to citizens and convince them on the goods of ToV -WW encountered difficulties/irreconcible opposition in the MW, stronger reception as he went westward --> suffered stroke yet still politically commanded -Lodge not at the forefront - 14 amendmenets to the ToV to preserve Monroe Doct., Constitution, American sovereignty (kept warmaking power in congress - no moral obligation to help others) -WW told all dems to vote down the Lodge ToV - easier afterward to pass his version of the treaty -confusion after ToV voted down the first time - everyone wanted to accept some form of it, just didn't know which one to act on -Treaty condemned to never pass in Mar. 1920 - WW never god majority -Lodge Wilson beef, traditionalism, isolationalism, partisanship caused the ToV to fail - Wilson wanted all or nothing & got nothing -LoN formed w/o US in 1920 - US implicitly withdrew from foreign affairs

Muckrakers

-research and writing exposed the abuses of the era -mudslinging that TR compared to a Bunyan novel -Lincoln Steffens: The Shame of Cities (gov't/buissness corrpution) -Ida M Tarbell: Standard Oil expose/condemned them -Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives: tenement conditions in NYC -Sinclair & the Jungle -Ray Standards Baker: Following the Color Line: subjugation of blacks, continued illiterate, limited social mobility -attacking the malpractices of big buissness/trusts, gov't corruption, wealth concentration -pharma abuses: laced drugs lavishly advertised in papers -muckrakers were only there to raise social concern abt the issues: didnt' have set solutions but to ensure the public acts on it -cleansing capitalism, not overthrowing demoncracy, but adding more democracy

Wabash v Illionis (1886)

-some public outcry against RR domination (fears we fell into a new wave of slavery), others celebrated American dream and free enterprise/competition -SCOTUS case decided states can't regulate interstate commerce, the gov't must help out

London Econmic Confrence:

-summer 1933 -countries wanted to prevent conitnues depression w/ regulating national currency exchange rates & trading values -FDR realized intl coorperation may mess with his work to uphold US trade and fiscal policy -US withdrew from the conf -confrence collapses w/o FDR, global depression got worse -countries increasingly turned to nationalism to address their isues -dangerous reminder of the how FDR's isolationist/better policies came back to bite -US also gets off the gold standard

Hitler-Stalin Pact

-suprising non agression treaty -Aug 1939 -hitler now able to invade poland/eurpoean democracies w/o fear of ussr retaliation -Stalin wanted to turn USSR against Eurpoean democracies and have both devistated - leaving him powerful

FDR Fiscal Policy

-tried to protect gold reserves from hoarding -orderd all private gold holdings surrendered to the Treasury for paper currency -abolished the gold standard -managing currency to build inflation and relief debt and stimuate production -buying gold at increasingly higher prices would infate the value of paper dollars -limited gold standard reinstatement in 1934 for int'l trade (ciritcs of not real currency - gold coins for civil purposes still outlawed) Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act -created the Fed. Deposit Insurance Corp.: insured individual deposits up to $5K-ended eras of bank failures

Social Security

-unemployment insurance and old age pensions -1935 -federal welfare programs/insureance to protect against furture depressions -old people (65 and up, mainly women) would recieve monthly payments, financed by payroll taxes on current employees/ers -provisions also made for protections on older ppl -sweeping GOP opposition -limits on participation: depended on age, job, domesttic/farm work (millions excluded unlike universal Eurpoe) -farmersdomestic workers, public service jobs restricted (lots of black Americans) -^^act had to be racist to get the S to pass it -SS came about after examining more industral nations in EU -in a farm era, chores for all ages and the family cared for dependents, but now with industry the gov't had a responsibility to care for citizen welfare

Origins of Progressiveism

-waged wars on monoply, corruption, inefficency, social injustice -diverse backgrounds -expanding the gov't/using it as an agency of public welfare -technology/industry too advanced for laissez-fare style -greekback/populist party origins -led by many journalists/muckrakers: Henry Lloyd: Wealth Against Commonwealth/Standard Oil -many socialists w/ European ideas -social gospel: Christian teachings, religious doctrine demanded better housing/living conditions for urban poor -involvement of middle class women/Eurpoean model (Jane Addams, Lillian Wald) -diverse backgrounds/personalities: militarists, pacifists, women, immigrants -majority mood stood to curb monoply power and improve common person's conditions of life and labor Triangle SW Factory Fire March 1911 -Locked doors, no fire escape, no sprinklers, poor preperation led 146 to die (many women - jumped like 9/11) -moved NY legislature to pass acts protecting workers/improving safety regulations - precedent (worker's comp, insurance, anti-sweatshop)

ABC-1 Agreement

-with the British -Get Germany first -If the US focused on the pac, then AH may conquer USSR/GB and become unconquerable in EU -getting germany first could let US go in for the kill on Jap later -wise move, stupid criticism

Change in leadership during the 1920s

3 GOP presidents in a row: no more progressiveness, return to normalcy, government stays out of economic planning -less direct gov't action, more w/ cooperation w/ businesses -US became isolationist/militarily unprepared again

Shifts in Native American Policy

1887: Dawes Severality Act (gives NA land to grow farms on --> assimilate into US culture) 1934: Indian reorganization act (Easier to control back on reservations - less $ for gov't to spend during ND) -codetalkers in WWII

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 (HARDING) -hiked up tariff rates on many diff. goods -concerns over foreign goods/desire to protect US markets -president authorized to command Tariff Comisson to move rates around to reflect conditions -rates kept increasing -tariff hurt int'l trade: Eurpoean production couldnt be sold to US for profits to pay US back (cycle stopped/retalitory tariffs issued in EU) -vicious cycle

Bonus Army

1932 -WWI vets saw that other orgs were getting gov't assitance and wanted their promised repirations NOW -Bonus Exped. Force (BEF) set upin DC to demand their entire bonus-set up hooverviles on national lawn-crisis developed, bill failed to pass, HH sent 6k home -HH ordeed the military to clear out the BEF/veterans with force-peaceful protestors attacked by military (MacArthur): sign that American close to losing democracy/era of Hoover over

HH Policies before/during GD

Agricultural Marketing Act: 1929: -help farmers/unorganized wage earners -let farmers be able to feed themselves -buissness approach: let big groups of farmers buy/sell/trade (inkings of populist movements -created Fed. Farm Board: lent out to smaller groups to help manage surpluses -specific stablization corps. created to buy up/manage surplus: failed with too many goods Reconstruction Finance Corp: -government lending bank -helping insurances, banks, agri. orgs, local fovernments, RRs to get the economy back on track (not indivudal citizens --> preserve individualism) -not too useful (founded too late, corporations/government stood to gain profits) POUR: 2.25 bil for projects -Dams: electricity, irrigation, jobs, flood control -still opposed socailst measures (i.e Muscle shoals bill/gov't directly selling electricty against provte interests in the TN river valley) Presidents Org. on Unemployment Relief-helped people get jobs in public works Norris-LGA Anti-Injunction Act -1932 during HH -outlawed yellow dog contracts.federal cort injunctions against peaceful strikes Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930 (During the GD - didn't start it) -farmers wanted a tariff to help protect their interests -HH promised he would call congress to make one - bad idea -highest protective tariff in US peacetime history: rates up to 60% (amendeed through Sentate passage) -undercut advances in easier/cleaper int'l trade -irritated other nations/retalitory tariffs -played into the worsening depression, US economic isolationism, rise of Hitler

Winning the War in Eurpoe

Allied Air and Sea Advances -US slowly gained upper hand in naval battle over Atlantic: escorts, air patrol, radar, bombings, breaking Enigma codes for surveillance -US didnt have upper hand until spring 1943 - close victory before Ger started building new subs/GB went under finally -US winning in the air after Cologne air raid late 1942 -Desert Fox Marshal Rommel stopped @ El Alamein by Cario - Ger advances ceased -USSR stalled Ger army outside Stalingrad (very deadly siege, counteroffensive launched later to get back blood and other supplies -US realized it had to open a second front in EU to make sure USSR not too tired out/willing to pursue seperate peace w/ Ger. Advances in Africa/Italy -DDE led invasion of French North African Nov 1942 - curtailed German army -Sicily invaded/fell Aug 1943, BM outsted as leader and Italy surrenders as whole Sept 1943 -despite ita. Surrender, Ger/US fighting still fiercely fighting in Ita -Germans were fighting against American and Italians who declared war on them -harsh June fighting, Rome taken June 1944 D-Day -USSR still needed a second front -massive scale invasion of Normandy, FR -under DDE -June 6 1944 - instant deaths for thousands -limited infastructure due to allied bombings of supply lines -Combined with French resistance/armored divisions, American French force France liberated Aug 1944 Fall of Hitler -USSR still pressing from the E, US from the W -Battle of the Buldge//Dec 16 1944: penetrated through Ardennes forest to get to Antwerp and pushed back Allies to Buldge Line -Battle stopped w/ 101 Airbounre Division -March 1945 Americans teach the Rhine, Elbe 1945 -Us and USSR now able to walk into Berlin pretty soon -US troops saw the holocaust yet little to do abt it -Soviets go into and seized Berlin April 1945 *FDR dies and Harry Truman in his place* -Hitler kills himself 4/30 and 5/8 Germany surrenders on VE Day

Herbet Hoover

Background -qualified engineer, sees problems and scientific solutions -food admin to help Belgium -Multicultural -self-made, traditoinal US values -American success story: rags to riches, efficiency ideals of progressiveism -Quaker -gets blame for GD, yet not all his vault (inherited economy w/ flaws) -experiences and upbringing inspired allegiance to US free enterprise/small gov't (yet supported labor/regulating the broadcast industry) -not too give and take, yet great at inspiring loyalty -hated socialism HH preached rugged individualism, pulling yourself up, and not taking handouts Interaction w/ GD: -misapproapiated w/ a lot of the blame for causing the GD - not all his fault -HH wanted to help Americans, yet reserved by rugged individualist ideals that condemned government handouts -believe that industry thrift and self help would strengthen America (gov'ts acting as welfare agencies could hurt the country) -thought this was just another cycle of economic hardship and will rebound on its own -HH compelled to help out after GD worsened/local agencies failed -opted for a compromise w/ trickle down economics and helping top agencies to spread the wealth to others -HH critized for helping the orgs that caused the GD in the first place, but he set the precedent for government intervention to help the people/preventing further collapses

Span Amer Cuba Phil War

Background causes: -Cuban uprising, sugar burnt, US plantation owners want US aid to protect interests (majority Cubans didn't like US invovlement) -Concwntration camps (failed at preventing spread of revolutionary ideas) -DeLome letter (Spanish ambassator resented McKinley - disvoered by Heart and used to fire opinion against Spain) -Remington photojournalism -McKinley faces public pressure to act (Spain gives US end to concentration camps/armistace w/ rebels), didn't want hostilities but also didn't want Cuba to stay Spanish/become completely independent, eventually choose to go to war to appeal to public opinion, ensure Cubans remain free, prevent bad public image in the 1900 election Immediate causes: Maine explosion 2/15/1898 (sent to protect Americans in Cuba, assert US infulence, accidental explosion blamed on Spain and used as a catalyst for beginning the war) -Zealous war message & Teller Amendment passed April 1898: after US helped Cuba free itself from Spain, it would give Cubans their freedom _______________________________________________________________________________ -Teddy Roosevelt (Asst. Navy Secretary) sent George Dewey to invade Spanish PHIL, does so May 1898 (Manila captured August 1898 w/ Emilio Aguinaldo & revolutionaries) -Refocused attention on need to annex HI for refuel station/stopping Japan's expansion (annexed Julu 1898 & Hawwians given citizenship) _______________________________________________________________________________ -Shafter's army & Rough Rider volunteers invaded Cuba (organized by TR) -Quick and brutal war over in Cuba by July, Armistace signed after PR invaded in August -Disease & malnourishment almost killed American troops instead of deaths

Harding/Scandals

Background: -Harding easily overwhelmed, infulenced, exploited -questionable morality/moral halitosis -strong cabnet: CEH as Sec.State, Mellon in Treasury, Hoover for commerce, -Fall for interior/Daughtery as AG bad choices - scandals ruined cabnet Policies: -Harding/GOP wanted to return to laissez-fare/help guide buissnesses to profits through rulings/legislation -appointed 4/9 SCOTUS justices (Taft as CJ) -corporatoins expanded: antitrust laws ignored, SCOTUS shot down child labor/union laws, ICC helped RRs -Harding encouraged "trade assns." to reduce competition (trusts) --> dangerous to consumers (Hoover encourages - engineering ways around competition/struggles) -RRs private/encouraged to be made profitable -demilitarzaion: ships disposed of/trade crews disbanded -labor suffered: strikes broken among ethnic lines, injunctions issued Scandals: -veterans bureau embezzlment -Teapot Dome: oil-rich mountian set aside for the navy convinced to be handed over to Albert Fall/the interior dept. Fall then sold off the oil lands to private businesses men for bribes (should've been reserved for the mil.) -events undermined the public's trust in the government/officals -AG selling of pardons/permits -Harding died on speechmaking tour 1923 -some movements to acquit the perpetrators ecuse they had gotten away w/ it/persecution would cause instability (moral sensibility dulled by prosperity

Growth of Hitler (Invasions, Policies, Jewish Hatred)

Background: -Violated ToV: military service, invaded Rhineland -Nuremberg Laws enacted Jew restrictions -Anschaluss: invaded Austria 1938 (democracies upset/wondering when this will stop) -Hitler vyed for Czech/Sudentland -Munich confrence 1938 introduced appeasement: western eurpoean powers gave this territory to Hitler in hopes it would satisfy him for the rest of the time -bad idea: Htiler got the rest of Czech in 1939: appeasment always works to feed into the dictators and bolster their plans Invasion of Poland -greenlighted with the Nazi Soveit pact -Sept 1 1939 -land lost from Ger after WWI -Britian and France tried to help, but powerless to German bitzkrieg (bombs, tanks, infantry) -WWII underway -FDR issues neutralitties - US anti Hitler ideals, willing to preserve democracy from a distance w/o getting directly involved -Germany trying to reclaim all Ger-owned territory Invasion of France -Phony War winter 1939-40: Germany prepares for big offensive on France, moves troops -Soviets broke silence by crushing Finland for buffer terriroty (US gave them 30 mil) -April 1940: Hitler took over Denmark, Norway, Ned, Belg., finally France (evacuation @ Dunkrik highlighted WC's leadership skills) -France falls June 1940 (direct control over N, pupped Vichy gov't down South) -Americans now moved more to help GB (England was the only thing protecting the US from Hitler - Hitler able to have immense resources if they took over) German invasion of USSR -Hitler Stalin pact shaky at best - USSR resented Ger control of Balklands -Hitler wanted to quickly defeat USSR, seize natural resouces, and have 2 free hands to attach GB -June 1941 Ger invasion -US offered whatever support it could to the USSR (invoked LL) -USSR army/winter halted Ger outside of Moscow

Woodrow Wilson Progressiveism

Background: -intelligent progressive leader -gov. of NJ, targeted trusts, progressive legislation, appealing to the people over the heads of bosses -WW campaigned on New Freedom program: stronger AT reform, banking, tariff (smaller enterprise, unregulated markets, limited gov't welfare involvemnt); TR campaigned on New Nationalism: consolidating trusts/unions, growing regulatory agencies, womens' issues, welfare state (insurance, min. wage) -vote split btwn TR/Taft - WW able to win w. 41% pop. vote -Wilson the first S president sincee CW, first democrat since Clevland (not a people person, cold/standoffish), CSA sentiments/stubborn in his beliefs -believed president should step up & take a dynamic leadership role WW's Triple Wall of Privilege 1) Tariff: -Underwood Tariff: lowers tariff/import rates -enabled Congress to use the 16th amend to institute gradual income tax 2) Banks -need to spread out banks/issue more paper currency -Federal Reserve Act 1913: 12 regional district banks (decentralized from the gov't, owned by public member banks) -final authority of Feds rested on public control -issuing paper money -super important to US's financial success 3) Trusts -Federal Trade Comission 1914: federal commission to investigate interstate commerce industries (meatpacking), rooting out unfair labor practices/other abuses of monoplies -Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914: extended list of outlawed business practices (price discrimination/interlocking directorates), ended holding companies, exempted unions from AT prosecution (legalizing strikes/barganing) Federal Farm Loan Act 1916: low interest to farmers Warehouse Act 1916: loans on staple crop security -highway construction, agriculture education LaFollette Seamen's Act: decent treatment/living wage for sailors (crippled merchant marine) Worker's Comp Act 1916 helped federal civil service employees Adamson Act limited 8 hr workday for RR employees on ICC -nominated Louis Brandeis to SCOTUS (first nonchristan) -still anti-segregation -needed to portay himself as squarely progressive for 1916 to ensure voter support (conservative appointments)

Red Scare

Bolshevik Revolution fall 1917: commies in power & infulence felt in US (strikes/unions thought of as communist) -resentment grew over communist ideals/people who spread them -Communists in Russia organized under the Commiterm: plan to create workers revolution & overthrow gov't -Red Scare 1919-20: attacks against those with questionable patriotism/allegiance to the US -led by AG A. Mitchell Palmer: Palmer Raids against socialists, anarchists, union leaders (IWW, Debs, unions & socialists knit into suspicion) -6k suspects rounded up, 300 deported to Russia (to live in their ideal world) -Palmer's house bombed - got tense/personal -AMP's assistant J Edgar Hoover involved in 1st RS and later led 2nd RS later on Other states passed criminal syndicalism laws: outlawed advocating violence to incite social change (condemned as voliations of free speech, supporters believed it was a necessary deterrent to Commu. influence) -NY legislators denied seats b/c they were socialist -Empoyers welcomed the opportunity to outlaw socialist unions w/ the American plan: open shop where you don't need to be in one (anti-union valued become cherished, union popularity/membership declines) -Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti falsely convicted of murdering a MA man & sentenced to die (accused due to Italan racism, anti anarchists/athiests /prejudice) --> gave liberals martyr figures to represent their indignance

2 SCOTUS Cases Against New Deal

Butler vs US -ruled AAA unconstitutional under the 10t amend -prompted legislation to have farmers plant soy as preservative crops -Second AAA passed in 1938: helped farmers achieve parity payments and better share of nat'l income Schnecter vs US 1935 -shot down NRA: Congress can't give president legislative powers, federal rulings dont apply to interstate means, overreach of authority

Election of 1928 (Al Smith)

CC chooses not to run, HH steps in HH popular w/ the people, unpoopular with political bosses -Dems put up Al Smith: urbanist, supported alcholol, Cathloic, fears of being allied w/ the pope, tammany hall connections, -Al Smith suffered attacks/accusations based on Cathloic faith (protestant nativism), democrats did not appreciate his presence, accent didn't go through on radio -hatred for Al Smith's background (esp. amoug the KKK/S) led to HH's landslide win

WWII Conferences (Chrono order)

Casablanca Conf -FDR/WC -unconditional surrender -no separate negotiations (Stalin) -Jan 1943 Cairo Conf -FDR/WC/Chang Kai-shek -restructure of Asia (free Korea, plan for Japanese invasion, removal of Japanese holdings, DDay discussions, etc) -Nov 1943 Terhan Conf -Nov-Dec 1943 (big 3) -second front will be opened to work w/ soviets around the same time (simoutaneous) -keep the E front open -prepare for DDay Britten Woods Conf -Jul 44 -General Agreement on Trade/Tarffs -organize to control trade rates and promote int'l trade -IMF/IRRF (exchange rates/economic growth) Dumbarton Oaks Conf -negotiates UN details -Aug-Oct 1944 (China, USSR, GB, US) Yalta Conf -Feb 1945 -USSR to invade Japan 3 mo after Germany (wanted a say in reparations) -split Germany into zones and internal decide to collect reparations (USSR voted yes) -promised electrons in Poland (Lublin/ vs London factions of groups depending on location/character during the war) Potsdam Conf -Jul 1945 (WC, JS, Harry Truman) -an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be surrendered

Resistance to the New Deal

Charles Coughlin -radio priest -gave people a scapegoat -super anti-semetic -critized the New Deal Frances Towensend -promised everyone over 60 $200 every month -supposed to spend money and stimulate the economy -plan caught on to by FDR: social security Huey Long -LA senator-Share the Wealth pgrm: -give each family 5k a month (tax the rich to get enough money) -critized as dangerous by FDR/others: assisinated in 1935

New Deal Programs

Civilian Conservation Corps: -unemploymnt still a big issue (25%) -FDR willing to use federal money to prime the pump and get the country ready for industral/economic recovery -government-sponsored military-style housoing and emplpyment for young men who otherwise would have been criminals -restoration, firefighting, flood control, swamp damage (outdoors and active to tire them out) -encouraged CCCs to send $ home to help families Fed. Emergency Relief Act/Admin/Civil Works Admin -immediate relief to unemployed adults -entrusted with Harry Hokpins (FDR friend/advisor) -helped to give out 3 bil to states for direct payments or wages on projects -CWA helped to give out temp. jobs during winter crisis Agricultural Adjustment Act/Admin -helped famers pay for morgages -payed subsidies to farmers not to farm: prevent surplus and increase prices -set parity prices to profitable ones of prewar era -articifial scarcity: limit surpluses by paying farmers to reduce acherage (money for payouts came from taxing farm processors) -spreads the ideas of the ideal us farmer: keep them in business bc they're special (Jeffersonian ideas) -in early days: destroy crops, animals, milk etc to get rid of surpluses-tough start: mules had to plow under young plants, millions of pigs slaughered (some meat given out, others used as fertilizer - critized for depriving the hungry) -farm income raised, along w/ criticism -paying farmers not to do their job increased unemployment -ironic in the era Works Progress Admin -employment on useful projects -quiets resentment for unrest that would undermine democracy -infastructire, interviews, counting animals, Federal Art Project -gave ppl jobs and fostered hard working spirit PWA launched later w/ the NRA -recover and relief -allocated money for public projects, highways, parks -Grand Coulee Dam: irrigation, electric National Recovery Admin -blended relief and recovery -helped industry, labor and the unemployed -worked with various industries to limit working hours so more people could work: labor hour maxes, minimum wages -worker benefits: self-representation (elected, not chosen), no yellow dog contracts, child labor limits -self-denying program a struggle to both management and labor, patriotic efforts employed to support market participation -ultimately questionable: too much sacrifice expected of labor/industry/the public to make everything work Tenn. Valley Authority -concerns raised over electric power agencies hurting Americans by taking over public spaces and selling electricity for profit -Congress identified the TN Rvr/Valley/Muscle Shoals as an area where they could create new jobs and curb power inductry -TVA created by George Norris: very revolutionary scheme-sought to measure the how much the avg production and distribution of was to compare rates charged by private companies (criticism that TVA was flawed due to bad bookkeeping/no taxes in keeping prices low) -TVA gave the poor area jobs and cheap power --> transformed TN rvr valley into a bright, healthy, safe, prosperous area- other dams/hydroelectricty set up on other rivers to stimulate urban growth -TVA area of infulence limited due to conservative reactions-u 21st Amendment: 1933 -repealed prohibition -realized they could make money off of alc taxes/stimulate jobs

Domestic Reform/Programs during WWI

Commitee on Public Information -George Creel -sell the US on war/WW's amis -four minute men, billboards, pamphlets, books, movies -set the those for passion/volunteering over laws -oversold promises of WW - many disppointed later on Espionage Act 1917 -spying on the mail - can't use bad statements -cant mess w/ the draft/war effort -prevented any criticism of the gov't -Debs, Big Bill Haywood arrested under the law -many socialists/IWW arrested -Schneck vs US upheld - freedom of speech limited when speeches posed a clear & danger to the US (unanimous) Sedition Act 1918 -treason/cant mess w/ war bonds -general restriction on anti-government dissent -Abrams vs US (two justices dissnet - dissnet necessary in a time of war/violating 1st amend) War Industries Board -Bernard Baruch, Mar 1918 -gov't taking a central role in economic planning during crisis -economy returned to laissez-faire after, but strong precedent set -prioritized ppl in the war effort (daylight savings, nat'l RRs) National War Labor Board -taft -reduce labor disputes that may mess w/ the war -got 8 hr days and higher pay, did not get union recognition -Gompers and the AFL supported Industral Workers of the World (IWW) -didn't support the war - workers fighting for no benefit ` -Will Hayward -attacks against industrial infrastructure -global organization ^^Union/AF L membership generally increased due to serge of labor during WWI --> shift to gradual support of union labor -still many strikes: inflation hurts workers, unions still not guaranteed to organize -rising inflation offset wage gains, concerns of unemployment resulting in drafting -6k strikes during the war (250k in steel strike, accompanied resistant to change, black scabs brought in, strike broken) _________________________________________________________________________________________ -US didn;t know how much to prepare - caught off gard-WW only mildly prepared @ start of US war -shipbuilding/economic council/small army size increase-massive effort needed to get US ready to fight-ignorance a main issue - people didn't know how much the US could produce/fears of too much gov't involvement -Food Admin led by Herbert Hoover-didn't use ration cards - propaganda campaign to inspire volunaty food saving for export: wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays-victory gardens in backyards -easier to find grains w/ less German brewing/prohibition (18th Amend 1919 - Anti-German sentiment/easier to conserve resources)-HH's voluntary efforts successful --> copied in other commodity sectors (oil, treasury)-forced selling of war bonds/punished if didn't -war response based mainly on voluntary action, but some progressive gov't expansion necessary (WIB, quotoas, resource allocation, nationalization)

Roosevelt Corollary

Corollary: reminder of an already true statement -Venezulea/DR defaulting on loans to Eurpoean creditors -German navy shows up to indimitate a Venez. town in 1903 -TR worries Germans/Britian will use their time as debt collectors to grow infulence in LA (violate MD) -Issues corollary 1905: US will take care of LA debt issues/retrun the money to Eurpoe w/o them coming over to US terriroty -US the ultimate policeman/no other European nation could interfere w/ US efforts (i.e. helping DR) -R'sC promoted Bad Neighbor Policy: justifying interventions or landings to extend US dominance in the area -RC a cloak behidn which the US could manipulate LA (i.e. Cuban landing in 1906)

Taft Progressiveism

Trustbusting: -90 suits against trusts -1911 SCOTUS ruling on Standard Oil - rule of reason - only combinations that unreasonably restrcted trade illegal (weakened gov't standing on the issue) -Mann-Elkins Act 1910 - more power to ICC (telephone restriction)

Old Versus New Immigrants

Early 1800s: (Old) -WASP (white anglo-saxan protestant --> not Irish) -British Isles & Germany -Faced navitism & persecution for their values/stealing jobs -Evenaully settle in the US, grown into communities, unions, ethnic organizations -Accepted as American, less of a language barrier, came w/ savings & land New Immigrants: -S & E Eurpoe -Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovacks, Greeks, Poles -little history of democratic gov't, limited advancement opprotunities, despotism, -New E jEws suprised by conremporary religion in the US, Program mvmt to squeeze Jews out of Russia -Clung together in Little Italy, etc in cities -unskilled workers --> need for education -less $ saved -Willing to live in tight communities w/ native language/religion --> orthodox/cathloic, some radical poltical ideas -revived nativist fears that new immigrants could not adopt to life in the new land -melting pot or dumping ground of segregated peoples

Railroad Growth/Corrpution

Elite allured more by RR riches that being involved in politics -greed over public servitude -American lives forever changed as foreign investment, technoloogy, labor, and trade shot up industry (Eurpoeans willing to let Americans control their investments unless financial crisis occurred) -by 1900: 192k miles of track & half of economy based on agriculture -gov't helped build rrs: promises of national unity, economic growth, postal and military movement -gov'ts gave out generous loans and land grants to CP&UP RRs -land grants: RRs awarded land along the side of the line w/ alternting pattern of rr ownership and gov't ownership (but all the awarded land was owned by the RR until they chose what land was best for them to keep) Clevland stopped this practice & let settlment happen in unclaimed public settlement areas -gov't didn't have to raise new taxes to pay for rrs since they were granting land to be sold back (RRs also able to sell their land to banks/morgage companies/etc for $$$) -RRs dictated what land grew into cities or was left by the wayside (some towns bribed RRs into coming to them/giving their land value) -transcon RR sparked by start of civil war: means of uniting the N & mobilizing resources to the fight (esp. gold rich CA) -UPRR thrust west from Ohama: generous land grants/loans, promoters/Credit Mobilier construction company netted generous gains (73 mil) & bribed congressmen to ignore them, Irish Paddies worked W, hostile conflicts w/ native americans -CPRR went east: "Big Four" financial bankers (huntington, stanford, etc) who profited w/o bribes through 2 construction firms, expendable chinesse laborers -transcon RR finished 5/10/1869: one of America's most impressive peacetime feats: enabled trade with the W/Asia, linked CA, cross country communication, growth of the W -many RRs overly optimistic: bankrupcies common -safety measures, new tech (block signals, iron rails, air brake, telegraph, time zones), but still accidents -RRs contributed to physical union of the US, bringing miners to their mines, transporting goods to market, forging national market of goods, helping farmers sell their crops, employing many people, supplying/sustaining large populations (cities) -stimulated W mining/agriculture (taking famers to their land/goods to market, bringing them manufactured goods --> town populed next to RRs like to a river) -offered free transport of immigrants to RRs land grants sold at a profit w -tore up the US midwest: loss of buffalo, growth of grazing cattle/grass, deforestation -RR made millionaires for the first time __________________________________________________________________________________ -financiers and construction companies finessed millions from stock moves, etc -stock watering: bloating cattle for sale by making them thirsty w salt and having them drink water before weighing: employed when promoters lied about a RR's profitability/value to sell shares of the stock @ overinflated prices --> led RRs to struggle to meet financial burdens -RR titans waged wars w/o considering public impact -wide spread corruption, rigged elections, buying off bosses, lobbyists -free travel to journalists/politicans -RR monarchs had more public control then politicans/POTUS

WWI dissenters

Emma Goldman: -anarchist leader -organized against the draft -different values of patriotism Eugene Debs -socialist leader -recieved 1 mill votes on 1920 ticket while in jail Jane Addams -Hauge Confrence 1915: in Eurpoe w/ women on both sides to talk abt peacefully ending the war

Capitalists/Robber Barons

Henry Ford: -inventive new means of mobility/advancement -Henry Ford/DET took precedent: Scientific Management techniques from Frederick Taylor -Fordism/perfecting the detialed assembly line to give everone a boring yet important job -Ford wanted to pay his workers a living wage (retention/buying his cars) Andrew Carnegie -steel king -owned and operated all phases of the steel making process (mining to exporting) to cut down on competiton -improved efficency, reliable supplies, controlled quantities, cut down on fees -rags to riches story of hard work, determination, and persistence -didn't like monopolies, invoked a partnership agreement in the pitt area -donates most of his 400 mill to good causes Cornelius Vanderbilt -owner of NY Central RR -introduced smoother/efficent steel rails & standard gague to the RRs -"Public be dammed" Rockefeller -oil -monoplyizing by buying competiting companies & working together to control a stage of production and its prices -"Let Us Prey": buying up competitors and forming Standard Oil Co -oil emerged as the best way of fueling cars after losing spot as top heating fluid to electricity -sought to eliminate middlemen/squeeze out competetors -savage business tactics, buyouts, deceit through the standard oil co -owned most of the refineries in the country -did turn out a decent product at a good price - -one of the silver linings of trusts JP Morgan -JPM buying failing buissnesses during depression -consoldiating rivaling enterprises and ensured harmony by placing his friends/buissness partenets on other companies BODs: guides each buissness under his control to the same goals/strategies -financing the reconstruction of RRs, banks, etc -didn't believe money power was dangerous if in the right hands -buys Carnegie steel for 400 mil and expands the business into US Steel Corp: first billion dollar corporation (practices stock watering) -some invoked the destiny of god to thank for their fate

War in Japan

Japanese Expansion -Japan took over other pacific islands around the same time as PH -cut Burma Road (US supply line to Chinese defense against Asia —> now had to airdrop supplies) -DEI —> weak US presence Philippines; DMA withdrew to stronger defensive position at Bataan, surrender 1942 -DMA left for AS to lead resistance movements -remaining army forced on Bataan Death March as POWs -speaks to the specific atrocities of WWII -advances to Australia checked @ Coral Sea: divisive air battle -Japanese also routed by Nimitz @ Midway with carrier forces -Jap got Aleutian Alaskan islands in the fraw - limited support to NW war front -Japanese overexpanded//hard to keep up their expansion Island Hopping Campaign -started w/ Guadalcanal Island Aug 1942 - early Japanese victories countered by arrivals of US naval power by Feb 1943 -conquest of New Guinea under DMA complete in Aug 1944 - hard fighting -bypassing some more fortified Japanese islands, building bases on smaller ones, bomb runs to more important targets (select island invasions, starving out the others) -plan successful = US regained island territory throughout Pacific -Marinas island a great bombing spot US Fights Back Against Japan -US subs and bomb runs reduced enemy ships/cities -DMA seeks the Phil, reaches, Leyte Island Oct 1944 -clash @ Leyte Gulf: Americans won and Japan continued being menaced (especially bad on the signature navy) -US navy going strong -complete conquest of Phil not until July 1945: tough to beat the persistent Japanese -Iwo Jim and Okinawa were captured at the cost of thousands of Americans -full-blown Japanese invasion too risky/manpower —> idea of unconditional surrender Nuclear Bombings of Japan Manhattan Project founded in secret to compete with Germany (program dropped out years before) -engineering assistance from briths/refuge scientists -unable to be Used on Ger., japan instead Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6th and 9th) -bomb produced unprecedented deaths and destruction - justified? -USSR joined the pacific theatre August 8 to overrun Manchuria, reclaim casualties, etc -VJ day 9/2/45 (FDR met w/ emperor on the Missouri)

TR & Conflict w/ Japan

Mediating Russo-Japanese Treaty of Portsmouth 1905: -Russia+Japan broke into war after Russia sought warm-water port in China, Japan retalied invasion on its property, military dominace in the war led Japan to run out of cash/people - appealed to US for mediation/a treaty -TR agreed, wanted to ensure Russia didn't completely collapse so it could compat Japanese invasion -Treaty satisfised neither side/aggrivated Japan (Japan forced to drop claims to a cash indeminity/evacuation of Sakahlin Island, able to annex Korea in 1910) -Between this and helping mediate North African dispute confrence in 1906 - TR got Nobel Peace Prize -Russia relations soured as they accused US of robbing them of a victory & Russian Jew massacres -Japan felt cheated, fear and jealously grew -Japanese relocation/immigration as a result of the RJ War to the US stoked racist/overcrowding fears -1906: SFO schools segreated white/Asian students after an earthquake, roused war fears/Japanese resenemtnt --> Gentleman's Agreement 1907-08: SFO to repeal school segregation order, Japan agreedt to stop issuing passports to restrict the flow of American immigrants Taft-Katsura 1905: agreement the US controls Phil & Japan controls Korea TR sent Great White Fleet 1907 to Japan to show he wasn't weak, indimitate Japan, forced to be polite --> led to Root-Katsura Agreement 1908: both powers respect each other's territorial posessions & uphold open door in china -praecarious cycle of maintaining/breaking peace -Pearl Harbor shound't be a suprise

MAIN Causes to WWI

Militarism -arms races, countries building army/navy (esp GB/Ger.) -dreadnought ship - heavily armored -need to use these weapons Alliances -Triple Entente: Fr. Britain, Russia, US, Japan Italy (joins later) -Central/Triple Alliance: Germany, AH, Italy (leaves) -a clear sign conflict imminent -collective security Imperalism -conflicts from colonization -resources/troops from colonies Nationalism -pride/being the best -desire for own country to prove superior ^^WW tries to address these causes w/ the ToV

Rise of Unions

National Labor Union -1866 -attempt to unite all workers across trades to challenge big buissness -attracted various skilled/unskilled/farmers, but restricted access to women/blacks and banned Chinese from joining -still impressive numbers -wanted 8 hr workdays/resolving industrial disputes -Great RR stike of 1877 where troops sent in to combat strike after wage reductions contributed to NLU's demise Knights of Labor -took over for NLU -originally a secret soceity in 1869, became public in 1881 -Uriah Stephens/Terrence Powderly -wanted to include everyone in their fight: whites, blacks, skilled, unskilled (only restricted nonproducers i..e gamblers, lawyers, banker) -campaigned for economic/social reform (cooperatative producer ownership of the means of production, health/safety codes), 8 hr workday -one day the workers would have enough cash to buy factories and reach a utopian state --> out of touch idealism lacking an acceptance of capitalism, class consciousness, or inability of everyone to be a producer in US economy -successful Wabash RR strike in 1885 -declined after mistakenly blamed for 1886 CHI Haymarket Square bombing (anarchists terrorized a protest meeting but public resenement shifted against the KoL) -important values of unifying all workers despite skill level carried into future efforts American Federation of Labor -1886 -Samuel Gompers -Fedeations overseeing national unions & guiding their strategy -Gompers didn't like socialism, accepted realities of capitalism, yet advocated for a worker's fair share -better hours, working conditions, very immeidate/not idealistic advancements -wanted a closed shop where all workers were in a union vs an open shop of optional/no membership -mainly skilled laborers (harder to replace/had more barganing power) -pretty nonpolitical/refered to as the labor trust -helped attain some public support/industral softeness towards labor concessoins, but labor and industry far from parity Industral Workers of the World (IWW) -didn't support the war - workers fighting for no benefit ` -Will Hayward -attacks against industrial infrastructure -global organization

Inflation Control on the Homefront

Office of Price Administration -regulations to control prices -helped rationing to spread resources evenly National War Labor Board -limits on wage increases -Unions grew during WWII, resented ceilings -many devoted not to strike, some still did (United Mine Workers/John L Lewis) War Bonds soak up money too

Theodore Roosevelt Progressiveness

Origins -TR concerned for public welfare -Square Deal for Labor: 3 C's (consumer, conservation, corporate control) -1902 Coal Strike (UMW/JOHN LEWIS): threatened to federally seize the mines if owners didn't cooperate w/ strike demands - showing of federal power (waned 9 hour days and 20% increase in pay - for 9 hours and 10% after his tatics) Enviormental Protection: -speed and greed ruined American West - calls for moderation/protection of environment -before TR: Desert Land Act 1877 let cheap sale of desert land to irrigate it within 3 yrs -Forest Reserve Act 1891: forests set aside as national parks/reserves -Carey Act 1894: gov't distributes land to states to be sold/irrigates -TR appalled at abuse of environment, backed by Pinchot -took to protecting the environment with his powerful personality and power of office -Newlands Act 1902: collect money from sale of land in the west to use on developing irrigation projects (farmers repaid for their added cost, cycle of investment) -Antiquities Act 1906: protecting natural wonders: national parks, refugees, buffalo (president can declare national monuments w/o congress) -dams in W rivers -TR designated 125 mil acres of woods federal reserved (restricted coal, water, overexploitation of US interior) -TR moved to make tangible efforts at reclamation & conservation to protect the American spirit (individualism/nationalism) -conservationists stressed that nature must be carefully used (rational use policy defined regulated tapping of federal resources vs. preservationists (ecological argument - still need to restrict use of environment) -Hetch Hetchy Valley: dam allowed to be built to serve SFO (conservationists like John Muir were pissed, TR and Pinchot argued that they were using it intelligently/balancing overprotectiveness w/ natural exploitation -federal management of natural resources: taken advantage of by big businesses, smaller enterprises restricted in favor of big business/gov't Consumer Protections -growing concern for meatpacking industry improvements (safeer products/reinstating foreign exports) -The Jungle shone light on the flaws behind the meatpacking industry (wanted to describe social problems w/ workers, ended up appealing to gross descriptions of factories) -TR's comissoin/responce to rampant public outcry of the book led to Meat Inspection Act (federal inspection of interstate meat) & Pure Food & Drug Act (labeling/no more spiking food/pharma) Corporate Control -Dept of Commerce and Labor 1903/Bureau of Corporations (predecessor to trust-busting, introduced practices of investigations/probing ICC buissnesses -RR corruption continued to grow/the ICC proved ineffective -Elkins Act 1903 : penalized the issuing/acceptance of RR rebates -Hepburn Act 1906: restricted free RR rides (bribery), expanded authority of ICC to restrct/nullify rates -TR careful to distinguish btwn good (public conscious) and bad (purely greedy) trusts -1902 attack of Northern Securities Company (JPM RR HC) - TR challening the formation of a monoply and the people behind it. SCOTUS appeal failed - markets discrupted but enhanced role as a trust buster -40 other suits issued by TR to agricultural/industral trusts ****TR didn't like the economics behind trust busting - thought it was dangerous to halt combination and integration solely for poltiical popularity -symbolic crushing of trusts represents how the gov't not private industry controls the country (regulating not fragmenting buissnesses improves thier mood -TR tamed large trusts and ensured their growth was practical (US steel) -TR thoughts Taft was ignoring his advance

Corporations

Pool: -RRs worked together to split profits -dividing buissness in a certain area, sharing its profits -others used rebates to keep big inudtries on the RR --> made up losses by oversharing on short haul, independent farmer routes Trust/Holding Companies -other names for monoplies -stockholders in one company hold equity/stocks in other companies -working together for the same end goal profit -really any large scale business combination/agreement -trusts rose up in over 200 different industries (Gus Swift & Philip Armour in meatpacking) -new trust pirates replaced traditional wealthy people as new American aristocracy --> arrogant class of new rich families Plutocracy/14th amendment Plutocrat: earns infulence through riches -stood behind the constitution -corporations (legal company entity) regarded as people under the 14th amendment (orgiginally for slaves) and considered exempt from having stuff taken away w/o due legal process -companies incorporated in laxed states i.e. NJ and KY with better laws under this principle

Legacy of the New Deal

Pros: -new jobs -unemployment down 9% -saves democracy and capitalism Cons: -lots more debt -critized for being too socialist/Jewish/contradictory, confusing/ineffective -expands fed gov't infulence-doesn't end depression

Overview of FDR's Great New Deal

RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM -addressing the immediate impacts/releif necessities of the people before moving onto intituting programs to make sure this never happens again -specific ND programs overlappedon the Rs -Congress so willing to pass remedial legislation they gave TR legislative power with laws/policies -TR playing things by ear and based on the success of what he did before (people excited to have action in any direction) -ND headliners called on pre-WWI/socialist ideas: German social secutity, English housing, Danish agri. recovery -pushes for progressive ideas: insuance, min. wages, child labor limits -the age of social/political reform progressive america never got

Early Motivations for US Industralization

Reasons: -abundance of liquid captial/cash -foreign investment -connectivity of different natural resouces & the means to procude something meaningful from them -mass production methods (populations eager to consumer & principle of interchangeable parts well-known) -importing immigrant/unskilled laborers to take the place of aritsans with machines that didn't need specialization -new inventions: stock ticker, typewriter, electric light (Edison), telephone (Grahme Bell) (less sleep/more roles for women to work in Effects of US Industralization -Americans attained a new standard of living/more money than other industral nation -Jeffersonian ideals of free enterprise w/o gov't interference & land of small independent farms threw out the window -living life by the factory clock (strict dicipline) Women affected the most -drawn away from the home and into roles as clerks/telephone operators -discovering new social/economic opprortunities -Gibson Girl came to represent the new wave of athletic, spry, independent women -worked long/hard out of necessity & to support their males/brothers -class division grew between new wealth and wage slaves -some socialist outcry from Eurpoean immigrants -1/10 of the people owned 9/10 of the wealth -transition of American public to a nation of wage earners: good if consistently working, bad when suject to whims of companies, injuries, etc -growth of international trade/imperalism Impact of City Life on Women -Cities hard on families (crowded yet isolated) -families becames stresseful - the only place for rest (many cracked under stress: era of divorce) -all people worked - smaller families, later marriages, birth control Women growing more independnet in urban environments - calls for soceital participation (CPG) & suffrage to get a say in matters that concern them Natl American Woman Suffrage Assn (NAWSA) 1890 -Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Seneca Falls 1848), Sussy B Anthony (radical reformer) -Carrie Chapman Catt took the help of 1900s mvmts Southern Lack in Industry: -Southern industry still feeble combared to sharecropping/land argeements -tobacco industry bolstered w/ James Duke's American Tobacco co & mass production of cigarettes Industralists tried to lure S into factories, but many obsticles laid in its way: -regional rate setting by RRs that charged more to export manufactured goods from the S: attempted to keep it in a state of servitude compared to the N (i.e. Pittsburg Plus steel that cost more to ship from Birmingham AL despite more efficent) -Textiles also grew - S wants to keep the cotton contained in the S -Capitalists allured to build textile mills in S due to cheap/nonunionized labor (best kind for mass producion) -Mills devistates piedmont region & its people to keep labor cheap -white hillbillies moved eagerly to company towns and worked in mills despite poor condtions/half wages to attain a sense of liberation & earn a steady/dependable wage for the first time, kept their family together too

Prohibition/Temperance Movement

Rebirth of Temperance -harm of rum again concerned temperance reformers (esp. saloons polarizing families, old immigrants, necessity during industrialization/post civil war) -Nat Prohibition Party 1869 -Women's Christan Temperance Union 1874 -Carrie Nation: smashing salopon bottles w/ her hatch - brought temperance a bad name -Anti Saloon League 1893 furthered the cause - new states adopted laws - 18th prohbition amendment in 1919 -same as the 40s - drunk men, ruining family, violence/agression -connection with poltiical/moral corruption -WCTU/Frances Willard allied w/ Anti-Saloon League to spread the word -many women spearheading this effort -18th amendment 1919 solidifies this - in the meantime dry laws (hard to regulate alc in big immigrant cities) _______________________________________________________________________________________ -dying presence of progressiveism in US culture: led by churches&women -1919: 18th Amend & implimented by the Volstead Act -prohibition supported in the S & W: preventing from the vices of wild west drinking/possibilties of drunk Africans -E cities resented it: used to drinking, wanted access to alc more -hard to control between a strong opposition and weak gov't: people wanted to drink to celebrate war being over/liberation of culture - felt empowered and able to continue getting alc -rise of speakeasies, cocktails, alc from Canada -some advantages: more savings in banks and less absentism from work -rise of gangs to protect areas of alc markets in primarily immigrant neighborhoods: Al Capone in CHI (enjoyed murder - found out on tax troubles -ties betwene economic and raical tensions, but economy doing pretty fine (mainly postwar) -Racketeers/organized crime birthed from gangsters: selling products, ravanening unions -Charles Lindbergh's son kidnapped 1932: Lindbergh law passed to outlaw inerstate abduction & give it the death penalty

Specific Progressive Acts

Sherman Anti Trust Act (1890) -intended to forbid monoplies by restricting combinations interfering with trade -only concenred with size of combinations, not good/bad ones -legal loopholes & a lack of teeth let corporations pass through unscathed; but often used against unions -spread the idea that public need > private greed Mann-Elkins Act 1910: more power to ICC (telephone restriction)

Social/Religious Reactions to Industrialization

Social Darwinism -survival of the fittest -one's natural talents cause them to be better competetors on the stage of live/be more successful in the process -the rich were just better than the poor -justified inequality/perpetrated the idea that some people were nturally able to overpower others -American Dream and people making it if they just try Gospel of Wealth -intended to forbid monoplies by restricting combinations interfering with trade -only concenred with size of combinations, not good/bad ones -legal loopholes & a lack of teeth let coropratiosn pass through unscathed; but often used against unions -spread the idea that public need > private greed Social Gospel Movement -churches attending to needs of the cities -what would Jesus do? -churches work on social issues -socialism the outcome of christanity -applying Christan teachings to better society

Commitee for Industral Organzation

Started by John L Lewis Mine Workers Union -formed within the AF L -resistance with AF L led to upstart unions being suspended- CIO pioneered sit down strikes in auto factories: refused to leave the factory/prevent bringing in strikebreakers -CIO won a victory after recgonized by Gen. Motors -CIO helped US Steel Co by having them let CIO employeed unionize: resistance from little steel companies - 1937 Mem. Day massacre @ Republic Steel Co in CHI-further went to split completely w/ AF L, reconstructed as the Congress of Ind. Orgs by John L Lewis-4 mil members in unions (200K blacks)-still had conflicts w/ other union orgs

US/MX concerns in the 1910s

US a bad neighbor - exploited MX natural respouces/labor -Mexicans (poor) revolted in 1913 --> group backet by WT's ambassator to MX murdered the president and instilled Victoriano Huerta (an Indian) -Prompt MX. immigration to the US during this era --> cultural fusion -Hearst (owned a ranch) and others pressed for US involvement - WW stayed neutral/anti dollar diplomacy (dismissed agressive ambassator, arms embargo, didn't recgonize Huerta as a leader) -opposition to Huerta's agression/desire to do whats right inspired him to send arms to Huerta's rivals in 1914: Venustiano Carranza and Fransico "Pancho" Villa" Tampico Incident 1914: WW did not get a salute for arrested US soldiers by the MX --> WW demanded to use force against Mexico, opted to order navy to seize port of Veracruz to thwart German ship arrival carrying Huerta-bound guns, ABC powers had to step in to avoid actual conflict -Huerta and Carranza upset at this display of US supremacy -Huerta collapsed, replaced by Carranza -WW supported Carranza's new gov't in 1914, while Villa emerged as a rival to Carranza (used to be togther in opposition to Huerta) -Villa killed US miners in 1/1916, later murdered Americans in NM in Feb. -JJ Pershing & the American Expedition Force sought Villa - never got him, withdrew as WWI loomed

Cuba

Uprising: -Uprising in 1895 (misgoverened, crippled economy after US raises tariffs on sugar) -Insurrectos wanted to overthrow Spanish infulence entirely by using scorched earth (Civil War) -US interests in Cuba economic: heavy investments in sugar/production threatened by revolution -Spanish Weyler started reconcentration camps to prevent ordinary Cubans from helping insurrectos (mass deaths) -Yellow Journalism (Hearst/Pulitzer) caught onto the events in Cuba and used it to fuel sales -Jose Martis: leader of insurrectos: initially inspired by US freedoms/values, realizes how messed up/bad US infulence is on Cuba's success by living in the US for a while -killed 1895 after beginning uprising -CEDED TO US IN ToP 1898 Settling: -US improved Cuban finance, gov't, educaitom, agriculture, public health with military gov't (Walter Reed helped w/ Yellow Fever) -US withdrew in 1902, worried that they would not benefit from Cuban independence/other countries grabbing it up - 1901 Platt Amendment Teller Amendment: passed April 1898: after US helped Cuba free itself from Spain, it would give Cubans their freedom Platt Amendment established US protectorate in Cuba: forced not to compromise independece/take on escessive debt (as the US saw), restoring order when fit, lease Guantimino to the US

Prominent 4 African American Reformers of the Early 1900s

WEB Du Bois: -cofounded NAACP w/ Wells -grew up in MA pretty unaffected by reconstruction -believed in complete social and economic equality for blacks -education the get to get blacks in the running -critizied Booker T Washington's accomidationist tactics (Niagra Mvmt in opposition) -talented tenth to lift up other black Americans -Souls of Black Folk in PHIL: impact of slavery on divisions in N black cultures -left for Ghana (became socialist) -liberal art education (graduated from Harvard) -critized Garvey as a scammer Booker T Washington -economic over social equality -once blacks learn trades/educate themselves, then they could push for more advnacement -worked w. TR and Carnegie -Tuskegee Insitute: vocational training for economic equality -born into/worked in slavery -moderate stance on black movements for equality led him to be loved by whites and concerned by blacks --> Atlanta Compromise Speech (willing to still serve whites) Marcus Garvery -UNIA -Black Star Line/Liberator to encourage blacks to move to Africa -born in Jamica -inspired by Washington's works Ida B Wells -cofounded NAACP w DuBois -encouraged blacks to move W -friends lynched in Memphis - inspired work -slave parents, 3 when it ended -sues RR co

Woodrow Wilson/Moral Diplomacy

WW hated imperalism/its practices, TRIED TO KEEP A MORAL COURSE OF DIPLOMACY -didn't like dollar diplomacy - didnt trust Wall Street (wont offer support to foreign investors --> US pulled out of China loan) -hates TR's big stick practices --> doesnt want companies running the country -1914: Repealed Panam Canal Tolls Act of 1912 (anti-imperalist/self-denying) Jones Act 1916: Phil. a territory, independnece w/ a stable gov't (progressive, yet his racism prevails), PR now citizens *Phil doesnt get independence until 1946 - Japan involvement/capture in WWII Diffusing conflict w/ Japan after CA denied Japs from owning land --> WJB sent to CA to negotiate (WJB important Midwestern flair to WW's cabnet, progressive, aligns with WW's moralistic policies) 1914 Haitian Rev. - US troops interviened to protect US interests in Haiti (made Haiti US protectorate for 19 yrs. --> treaty enabled US supervision of finances/police like the TR Corillary) US also interveines in Haiti to prevent German expansion (weapons ships in Haiti) 1915: US troops still interveined in DR to quell riots (US infulence for 8 yrs.) 1917: WW purchased USVI from Denmark **US infulence still grows in the Carribbean despite WW's isolationist attitudes - concerning/hypocritucal

Dawes Plan

WWI made the US a creditor nation from a debtor nation -limited US investment overseas (focus on domestic) -US loaned Allies money and wanted it back -calls for debt to be cancled: Allies put up human sacrifice/support so they could even enter the war in the first place, money loaned to them ultimaetly benefited US economy w/ arms purchases, hard for EU countries to sell goods to US w/ strict tariffs -GB/Fr. hopes to use Ger. repirations to pay back US -Fr probes Ruhr Valley -German hyperinflation takes placece -US still very stubborn to get its money back despite calls to cancel debt (a misunderstanding that there was no connection between debt and reparations) Dawes plan: developed in 1924 to help restructure Ger. repirations payments -US bankers private loans to Germany -Germany paid repirations to Fr/GB -GB/Fr. paid war debts to US -cycle dependent on US credit: crashed in 1929 (most debots defaulted after 1931 debt moratorium except Finland) -US failed to stabilize EU/please Allies w/ insitience on getting money back -contributed to neutrality legislation of the 1930s

Role of Minorities in WWII

Women -Took Mens jobs (Rosie the Riviter) -WAAC/WAVES/SPARS - noncombat duties for women in mil -drafted many men to help with the fight (certian industries left exempt) -some gov't day care -many had to leave work when war over - seeds of women rights movements -overall small amount of women actually went to the facroty -little was done as soon as the war was over to advance women rights - all happened in deaces to come (family obligations/suburban spread) Bracero Program/Mexicans -agreement w/ Mex to provide farm workers in the US -1942 -outlived the war, seen today Leads to Zoot Suit Riots: -Summer 1943 -US sailors who didn't like being shipped overseas to fight attacked Braceros in Zoot Suits -brutal and slow to resolve Blacks -blacks left the S to seek employment in the W/N -A Phillip Randolph (educatied sleeping car porters): threatened march on Washington 1941 for equality in the war effort -FDR noticed and created Fair Employ/ Practices Comm. under executive order 8802 to ensure no discrimination in gov't contract wartime industries (first time a gov't org created to curb slavery) -NAACP double V campaign over fascism & racism -blacks in the military left to service branches/subject to racism -Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) dedicated to nonviolent direct action -great black migration in the years of the war (S had no more use for them): cities and modern treatment -Port Chicago CA issue w/ blacks not being regarded fine for loading bad bombs and being killed -larger great migration (Oakland) -Tuskegee Airmen —> Col. Ben O'Davis (training, sent overseas after publicity from Eleanor Roosevelt flight) Native Americans -code talkers to transmit messages in their own language (especially hard to detect in Pacific) __________________________________________________________________________________ -gravitation to the cities to help w/ production -S economic boost: manufacturing contracts to instigate the sunbelt

US Isolation before WWII

false belief oceans provided security -didn't like WWI/its debt results (Johnson Debt Default Act prohibited further lending from the US) 1934 -didn't relaize the policital polciies in Eurpoe/Asia and didnt care as long as they were being left out of it Nye Comitee Hearing 1934 blamed arms manufactures for making WWI to get profits - not Ger fault -responce solidified by Neutrality Acts 1935, 36, 37: limits on interaction with beligerents when war regonized -US no longer upholding doctrines of freedom and promise (wouldve wored for WWI, but not now) -US shortsightedness: falesly assumed that they controled whether war/peace prevails, didn think to use its power nstead to shape international events to promote peace (at the mercy of dictators) -holding both sides equal and not helping the victims in any case let agressors continue to arm thsmeveves w/ no reprocussions: fed into conquest/totalrianism -FDR didn't do anything when Japan started to invade China 1937 (Rape of Najing) - China still needed US arms -Neutrality speech fall 1937: US must make endeavors to quarantine aggressors: resented for encouraging violent war to much - needed more subtle means to enforce neutrality Sinking of the Panay -American gunboat the Japanese sunk -conflict avoided w/ peace talks -showed the US wasnt willing to risk combat