final exam

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

1 C higher

During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time?

2

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood

5 liters

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood

55%

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

T/F: Although hormones influence activity in the neural and reproductive systems, they do not influence the digestive system.

False

T/F: The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds.

False

T/F:An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.

False

T/F:Sustained fevers that are 1° C above normal core body temperature usually lead to irreversible brain damage.

False

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?

Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

T/F: The left ventricle walls are typically thicker than the right ventricular wall.

TRUE

T/F: The pericardium helps prevent overfilling of the heart and it lessens the friction of movements during heartbeats

TRUE

T/F: The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.

TRUE

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

The systemic cells

T/F: The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein.

True

T/F: The second signal during cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T-lymphocytes.

True

T/F:Like veins, lymphatic vessels rely on skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps to help propel fluid through them.

True

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

a,d,e

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins

Correctly label the following external anatomy of the posterior heart. (2)

aortic arch left pulmonary artery left pulmonary veins left atrium coronary sinus left ventricle

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

aortic semilunar valve

Correctly label the following external anatomy of the anterior heart.(left)

ascending aorta ligamentum arteriosum left pulmonary artery pulmonary trunk left pulmonary veins left auricle of of left atrium anterior interventricular artery left ventricle

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _______ veins.

brachiocephalic

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped

by a single ventricle in one minute

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.

capillaries

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma ____________

electrolytes

Which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms?

eosinophils

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

external iliac arteries

T/F:The spleen is considered a primary lymphatic structure.

false

Lymph nodes

filter lymph

Which is not a function of the spleen?

filters lymph

Label the internal anatomy of the heart.

fossa ovalis opening for coronary sinus right av valve tendinous cords papillary muscles pulmonary semilunar valve trabeculae carneae interventricular septum

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

get smaller

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hemopoiesis

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

hydrostatic pressure

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

Correctly label the following glands of the endocrine system part 2

hypothalamus parathyroid gland adrenal gland ovaries (females) testes (males)

Antigen-presenting cells are ________________, and they display antigens to both ________________ and ______________.

immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in

immunity and fluid balance

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to

initiate and oversee the immune response.

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

innate immunity

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

insulin

Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection.

interferon

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure

A portal system

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because

it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

largest, prominent nuclei

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid-soluble hormone

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?

natural killer cells

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is

neutrophil

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophils

Lymphatic capillaries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

ovaries and testes

The heart valves

permit the passage of blood in one direction

Correctly label the following glands of the endocrine system.

pineal gland pituitary gland thyroid gland thymus pancreas

Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?

plasma cell

Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into

plasma cells

"Complement" refers to a group of

plasma proteins

Upon activation, a T-lymphocyte

proliferates to form clones and memory cells.

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

protection

In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.

proteins; chemical messengers

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

pulmonary veins

The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies:

red bone marrow and thymus

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _________ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.

secondary

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in

secondary lymphatic structures

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

spleen

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

subclavian veins

Correctly label the following external anatomy of the anterior heart (right)

superior vena cava branches of right pulmonary artery right pulmonary veins right auricle right atrium right coronary artery right ventricle inferior vena cava

Correctly label the following external anatomy of the posterior heart.

superior vena cava right pulmonary artery right pulmonary veins right atrium inferior vena cava posterior interventricular artery

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

systemic circuit

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

systemic veins

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the

tendinous cords

Endocrine glands are

the organs of the endocrine system. ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and help maintain homeostasis.

During ventricular contraction

the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

thymus gland

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

tissue spaces between cells

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

transportation

T/F: Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

true

T/F: SA nodal cells are autorhythmic.

true

T/F: The main functions of the cardiovascular system include the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.

true