final exam anatomy

the ground substance of connective tissue is rich in heavily complex mixture of macromolecules. all of the following are examples of such complex mixtures of macromolecules except one. which one is the exception

acetylcholine

the neurotransmitter that is released at the synapse between a motor neuron at a muscle is

acetylcholine

the neurotransmitter released by a preganglionic parasympathetic axon is

acetylcholine (Ach)

which type of grand is associated with a blind sac for a lumen

acinar

during the flexion of the biceps muscle the sarcomeres of the muscle shorten. which of the following structures are attached to the z-line during this process

actin myofilaments

the submucosa deep to the blistered tissue contains a type of cell whose nucleus is located on its periphery. this is a (testlet)

adipocyte

The primary proteoglycan in cartilage is

aggrecan

the ground substance of connective tissue is rich in heavly hydrated glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins. an example of a proteoglycan found in cartilage is

aggrecan

during endochondral bone formation, all the following statements are true except one. which is the exception

bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells

numerous mitochondria are associated with which type of fat

brown

the type of fat whose primary role is heat generation is

brown

the dendritic processes of osteocytes communicate with other osteocytes via

canaliculi

the pigmental layer of the retina is adjacent to the

choroid

which of the following region of the eyeball is highly vascular

choroid

In the inner ear, the spiral organ (organ of Corti) has hair cells that are attached to the basal membrane. The basal membrane is between which two spaces in the inner ear?

cochlear duct and scala tympani

the high tensile strength fibers are located within the inflamed fibers are (testlet)

collagen fibers

the predominant type of collagen found in the reticular fibers is

collagen type 3

all of the following are true about hyaline cartilage except one. which is the exception

composed primarily of type 1 collagen

which of the following is a parasympathetic response

constriction of airways

which cranial nerve is associated with motor movement of the tongue

cranial nerve 12 (CN XII)

the pain the patient felt after being hit in the face wouldnbe transmitted by which cranial nerve (testlet)

cranial nerve 5

all of the following cranial nerve have a parasympathetic component except one. which one is the exception

cranial nerve 5 (CN 5)

which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation from the skin on the nose and cheek

cranial nerve 5 (CN V)

the muscles responsible for preventing drooling and producing a smile are innervated by which cranial nerve (testlet)

cranial nerve 7

secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland (producing tears) is produce by the

cranial nerve 7 (CN VII)

a lesion of the prefrontal cortex exhibit all of the following behaviors except one. which one is the exception

decreased intelligence

the lamina propria is adjacent to the submucosa would most likely be classified as (testlet)

dense irregular

the process by which a leukocyte migrates from a blood vessel into the connective tissue is called

diapedesis

the cerebellum facilitates all the following actions except one. which one is the exception

discretion of movement

the type of gland which has no duct is the

endocrine gland

the connective tissue structure that surrounds a single muscle fiber is the

endomysium

a single nerve fiber is enclosed by the

endoneurium

which of the following organelles of the cell is closest in proximity to the nucleus?

endoplasmic reticulum

the healing of a broken bone is facilitated by progenitor bone cells located within the

endosteum and periosteum outer layer (A and B is the answer)

osteoclasts

enhance ca2+ release from the bone

true or false: the blackeye that the patient has is a result of damage to blood vessels located in the epithelium tissue around the orbit (testlet)

false

the type of pain that travels to the postcentral gyrus and is precisely located and intensity measures is

fast pain

collagen synthesis is a product of which type of cell

fibroblast

the type of cartilage that has the fewest number of chondrocytes is

fibrocartilage

all the follwing statements about fibroblasts are true except one. which statement is the exception

frequently undergo mitosis in adults

an 80 year old male patient is having trouble speaking to you. his speech is limited, not fluent, and hard to understand. he is only able to utter small words and phrases. this deficit ay be due to damage in the

frontal lobe

connexons are a part of which type of intercellular junction

gap

transport vesicles carry proteins to what organelle to complete posttranslational modifications

golgi apparatus

all the following statements about an epithelium are TRUE EXCEPT ONE. which one is the EXCEPTION

has a limited capacity for cells to divide

alternating levels of hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue is indicative of an area of

high stress

which of the following statements best describes the connective tissue located within the papilla of the oral mucosa involved in the blisters (testlet)

highly vascular and delicate

The largest and most unique GAG (glycoaminoglycan) is:

hyaluronic acid (hyalaronin)

interstitial growth of cartilage occurs

in the epiphyseal growth plate

if baroreceptors in the aorta detect decreased arterial pressure, a sympathetic response is initiated. which of the following actions would you expect to occur

increase heart rate and vasoconstriction

a problem invloving hormones being recognized by a receptor most likely involves

integral proteins

cardiac muscle has

intercalated discs and gap junctions joining two muscle cells

the fluid that forms the blister is located in the (testlet)

intersititum

all the following statements about primary bone are true except one. which one is the exception

it has osteons

the epithelial cells that are blistered primarily contain what intermediate fiber (testlet)

keratin

the type of bone that was fractures is called (testlet)

lamellar

the oculomotor nerve innervates all of the following muscle except one. which one is the exception

lateral rectus

the hormone secreted by adipocytes that binds to receptors in the brain indicating satiey is

leptin

the inflammatory reaction to the tissue injury results in an influx of transient connective tissue cells. which of the following is a transient cell (testlet)

leukocyte

concentrations of integral and peripheral proteins that function in larger enzyme complexes are located in the

lipid rafts

a 20 year old female college student presents to your office with a pierced lip. the lip stud is positioned 1 cm below the medium portion of her inferior lip. the tissue around the stud is red and appears inflamed. she complains that the area is painful. the redness most likely increased blood flow in which tissue?

loose connective tissue

loss of knee jerk reflex suggests injury to

lower motor neurons

which of the following cells assist in repair of the damaed tissue by cleaning up tissue debris

macrophage

the ear ossicle that attaches to the tympani membrane is the

malleus

the connective tissue cell whose role is to release stored granules to mediate an inflammatory response is the

mast cell

which of the following cells act as macrophages in the central nervous system

microglia

the cytoskeletal component that forms near the nucleus that extends outward toward the plasma membrane is

microtubules

the cytoskeletal structures that guides vesicles in their movement within the cell are the

microtubules

a free surface specialization of a cell that increases surface area in the small intestine is

microvilli

aerobic respiration of a cell occurs in what organelle

mitochondria

the unicellular merocrine glands typically produce which type of secretion

mucous

motor nerves and interneurons are typically classified as

multipolar

postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers that synapse with adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle use which neurotransmitter

norepinephrine (Ne)

the myelin sheath surrounding a neuron in the cerebral cortex is sevreted by the

oligodendrocytes

the motor homonculus has motor neurons for the tongue located adjacent to the central sulcus

on the lateral aspect of the brain

antibody producing cells are the

plasma cells

which of the following type of epithelia has all cells attached to the basal lamina but not all cells reach the free surface

pseudostratified columnar

the mechanism by which a ligand attaches to an integral protein to trigger an action of the cell is called

receptor-mediated endocytosis

loss of tactile sensation reported by the patient for his right hadn involves a pathway where the affected secondary neurons cell bodies are located in the (testle)

right medulla oblongata of the brain stem

all of the following are examples of reflexes except one. which one is the exception

running from danger

at the neuromuscular junction the folds that contain acetylcholine receptors are a part of the

sarcolemma

a gland with a long duct most likely would produce what type of secretion

serous

which of the following types of epithelium secretes tears

simple cuboidal

all the following statements about skeletal and cardiac muscle are true except one. which one is the exception

skeletal muscle has more capillaries than cardiac muscle

the type of pain that travels to the frontal lobe and limbic system is

slow pain

the dorsal column fiber tract consists of axons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the

spinal ganglion

the axons of lower motor neurons runs in the

spinal nerves

the patient's bone fracture in his upper limb would be very painful. the spinal cord fiber trat that would transmit this sensation to the brain is the (testlet)

spinothalamic tract

which of the following types of epithelial has cells that are flat on the surface but cuboidal in the basal layer?

stratified squamous

the epithelium associated with the tissue that is characterized as inflamed but not blistered would be classified as (testlet)

stratified squamous nonkeratinized

the abrasion on his zygomatic arch would involve which type of epithelium (testlet)

stratified squamous, keratinized

the epithelium associated with the tissue that is characterized as blistered would be classified as (testlet)

stratified squamous, keratinized

which type of joint has the greates amount of movement

synovial

the displaced cartilage has limited ability to repair itself because (testlet)

the cartilage is avascular

the trigeminal nerve (nerve 6) branches on the face are composed of nerve fibers of primary sensory neurons located in the

trigeminal ganglion

within an adipocyte, the storage droplets store

triglycerides

true or false: spinal nerves contain the processes of both sensory and motor neurons

true

the triad in a muscle fiber is composed of

two terminal cisterna and a T-tubule

the basal lamina is composed of glycoproteins (laminin and enactin) and

type 4 collagen

the predominant type of collagen found in the basal lamina is

type 4 collagen

Cadherins are adhesive molecules that join cells to adjacent cells via

zonula adherens