Final Exam

semantic memory

A form of declarative memory that includes facts, general knowledge, and information that is objective.

episodic memory

A form of declarative memory that includes personal experiences and emotions.

procedural memory

A form of implicit memory that includes muscle memory, stimulus-response associations, and motor skills.

mere presence

A key concept of social psychology is the idea of __________________ - simply being around other people inherently changes how we think and behave.

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A psychological disorder is defined as:

that her dreams are a result of random neural activity during REM sleep.

A psychologist who supports the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming would likely tell their client:

survey

A study in which researchers ask participants to fill out a self-report questionnaire regarding their behavior.

naturalistic observation

A study in which researchers systematically observe and record behavior in its naturally-occurring environment without manipulating any variables.

experiment

A study that attempts to identify and cause-and-effect relationship between specific, controlled variables

operational definition

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

confounding

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects all variables of interest in a study and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

humanist

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were early founders of the _____________ perspective.

uncondtional positive regard

According to Carl Rogers, __________________ is an important part of achieving one's ideal self because it involves feeling accepted by others no matter what.

introversion and extraversion.

According to Eysenck, the two dimensions of personality are:

compensation

Adler suggested that most people rely on _______________ to overcome their weaknesses.

Behaviorism/Learning

All behaviors are learned through association and/or their consequences, whether they are reinforced or punished.

low blood sugar and hypoglycemia

All of the following are physiological effects of long-term stress on the body we discussed in class except:

using outside sources of information to inform the decision.

All of the following are symptoms of groupthink except:

case study

An in-depth study of a small group or individual.

narcissistic

April has an unrealistically high self-image and believes her wants, needs, and opinions are more important than other people's. She is willing to exploit others if it means achieving her own goals.

Functionalism

Argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts.

formal operational stage

At this stage, children have developed the ability to think abstractly and philosophically. They are able to understand both reality and ideals, and they are highly self-reflective.

sensorimotor stage

At this stage, childrens' understanding of the world is driven by sensory experiences. Thinking is rudimentary and they cannot yet create internal concepts.

Structuralism

Believed that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

extraversion

Brooke is the life of the party, and enjoys celebrating the people in her large circle of friends. She does not enjoy solitude or quiet spaces, and prefers environments that are more stimulating.

incongrurnce

Carl Rogers theorized that when a person's understanding of his/her/their "self" is out of balance, they may display negative personality characteristics like anxiety, low self-esteem, or defensiveness. He called this state of personality:

Humanism

Cece, a counselor, believed humans had a tendency to pursue growth and a psychological health. She stressed the need for her clients to meet their basic needs before they can meet their more abstract needs.

Evolutionary

Changes in human behavior take place by natural and sexual selection.

associative

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

Cognitivism

Coach, a psychologist, was interested in the mental processes behind memory and learning. He viewed the human brain as similar to a computer that organizes information into frameworks.

Cognitvism

Compared the mind and its processes to a computer, with information being organized into mental frameworks.

superego

Driven by the morality principle, rules, and laws.

id

Driven by the pleasure principle, impulsivity, and gratification.

ego

Driven by the reality principle, attempting to find a middle ground between moral rules and unconscious urges.

concrete operational stage

During this stage, children have developed the ability to use mental operations and understand concepts like matter conservation. They understand that other people have their own feelings, desires, and experiences.

preoperational stage

During this stage, children lack the ability to perform mental operations, and cannot yet understand that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Their thinking is mostly illogical.

Projection

Dwight loses his temper easily and tends to exhibit hostile behavior. His mom enrolls him in a kickboxing class so he will have a healthier outlet for his aggression. He has found that the classes relieve his hostility and he is more friendly and patient than he used to be. According to Freud's theory of personality, which defense mechanism is Dwight using?

Wilhelm Wundt

Experimental psychology was "born" in Leipzig, Germany when which historic psychologist started the first psychology research laboratory?

unconscious

Freud, Adler, Jung, and Horney had differing theories of personality, but all of them emphasized the idea that largely driven by __________________ motives.

histrionic

George embellishes every story he tells with untrue details, acts out in sometimes dangerous ways, and becomes frustrated when he is not the center of attention.

Consientiousness

Hailey is described by friends as a "shoulder to cry on" because she is kind and trustworthy. She enjoys comforting others, and is excellent at resolving conflicts.

false memory

Hermione had a vivid memory of being kidnapped as a child by her babysitter. However, she only believed this because her brother, as a prank, had convinced her about it. In truth, the babysitter had taken her to a neighbor's home for just a brief visit, and she was never kidnapped. Hermione's experience of being kidnapped is an example of a(n):

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

cognitive

Humans use mental processes like language, thinking, problem solving, and memory to process information.

positive reinforcement

Identify the type of consequence being used in the operant conditioning scenario described below. Riley struggles with depression. Every time he visits his counselor, he leaves feeling much better. As a result, he continues to see his counselor regularly.

negative reinforcement

Identify the type of consequence being used in the operant conditioning scenario described below. Sarah is 17 years old and lives with her parents. She came home past her curfew several times last semester. Her parents began taking away her cellphone for two days every time she arrived home late. As a result, Sarah works harder to make it home on time, and has not missed her curfew all semester.

positive reinforcement

Identify the type of consequence being used in the operant conditioning scenario described below. When Marylin volunteered to serve on a committee at work, her boss emailed her to personally thank her for stepping up to the plate. The next time an opportunity to serve on a committee came up, Marylin was quick to volunteer again.

negative punishment

Identify the type of consequence being used in the operant conditioning scenario described below. While at Six Flags with his family, Payton and his brother rode a roller coaster. After the ride, Payton was nauseated and vomited, so his family had to go home. The next time he rode a roller coaster, he felt sick again. As a result, Payton does not ride roller coasters anymore.

That a child could be conditioned to feel an emotion.

In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's classic "Little Albert" study, what did the researchers demonstrate?

placebo

In a medical trial, one group will receive treatment for an illness and the other group will not. In order to keep patients "blind" to which group they are in, the doctors in charge of the trial will give the control group a ______________, a fake substance with no known effects.

informed consent

In a study of light perception, Angela asks participants to view a series of flashing lights through a scope. She fails to notify participants ahead of time that the study will involve flashing lights, which could be dangerous for participants with epilepsy or a history of seizures. Which APA principle of ethics is Angela in violation of?

Sociocultural/cross cultural

In order to understand people, one needs to understand the place and context in which they grew up.

antisocial

Izzy experiences low arousal and does not typically feel strong emotions. She struggles to maintain relationships because of her cold disposition and tendency to be manipulative of others. She often seeks out high-risk activities and is referred to by her family members as a "thrill-seeker."

Functionalism

Jess, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how behavior is shaped by the environment an animal is in. She believed that focusing on the mind through introspection was not scientific.

meloncholic

Lydia is easily overwhelmed when she is around other people. In general, she tends to be pessimistic and moody, and does not enjoy being around other people too often. According to Eysenck, which temperament does Lydia's behavior best reflect?

boderline

Mark is deeply afraid of being abandoned by his loved ones. When his partner attempted to break up with him due to his impulsive and erratic behaviors, Mark drank an entire bottle of vodka and called his partner in a state of drunkenness in an attempt to regain his attention.

Major Deppressive Disorder

Molly is a patient in a psychiatric hospital. She was admitted after telling her counselor that she had been feeling sad and unmotivated for the past two weeks, and had begun contemplating suicide. After being admitted, Molly was prescribed a serotonin reuptake inhibitor to increase the amount of serotonin in her system.

Neuroticism

Monique becomes overwhelmed very easily. Her schedule is chaotic, and she struggles to stay on top of her responsibilities and her emotions. Her friends describe her as "high-strung."

circadian rhythm

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ rhythms are aligned with the outside world.

Behaviorism

Nick, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in thought and behavior. He attempted to break experiences down into their component parts in order to study them.

It was unethical

One famous study in psychology is the Milgram study, in which participants were tasked with delivering an electric shock to a "student" when they answered the question incorrectly. What was the biggest criticism of the Milgram study?

selective attention.

Our ability to focus on specific features in the environment is called:

hippocampus

Overproduction of cortisol because of stress has been linked to poorer memory because of cortisol's effect on which structure of the brain?

erotamanic

Pat has delusional disorder, and believes that he is in a romantic relationship with Jennifer Anniston. Despite having never met her, Pat believes Jennifer is in love with him. What type of delusion is this patient experiencing?

Humanistic-Positive

People strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health. They have free will and self-determination.

top-down processing.

Processing that involves the brain attempting to break down unfamiliar information into smaller parts is called:

bottom-up processing.

Processing that is driven by perception and our own experiences is called:

Humanism

Promoted personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential.

random assignment

Researchers use _________________ to ensure that their experimental groups are as even and similar to each other as possible.

proactive interference.

Ron is trying to learn Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because English is his first language, so he tends to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of:

problem - focused

Ryan's roommate is constantly noisy and keeps his side of the apartment a mess. The lack of peace at home is causing Ryan to feel stressed out every time he is home. To alleviate the situation, Ryan goes to the leasing office and asks if he can change apartments. Ryan is engaged in which style of coping?

emotion-focused

Ryan's roommate is constantly noisy and keeps his side of the apartment a mess. The lack of peace at home is causing Ryan to feel stressed out every time he is home. To cope with this stress, Ryan vents to his friends about his roommate's bad habits. Ryan is engaged in which style of coping?

Agreeableness

Stef is highly organized, both in her apartment and at work. She is described by others as responsible, diligent, and reliable.

grandiose

Steve is experiencing the delusion that he has been chosen by God to carry out a mission on earth. He believes he is capable of predicting the future and changing the world using only the powers of his mind, and that he represents the second coming of Christ. What type of delusion is this patient experiencing?

phlegmatic

Stiles is highly social, outgoing, and laid back. He enjoys working with other people and is a good team player. People describe him as friendly and a good leader. According to Eysenck, which temperament does Stiles' behavior best reflect?

stress

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale and Hassles and Uplifts Scale are examples of tools used to measure:

obedience.

The goal of the Milgram study (1965) was to observe how the perception of authority influences a person's

psychoanalatic/psychodynamic

The importance of early childhood experience and relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development. Behavior is largely driven by unconscious processes.

maladaptive levels of anxiety and arousal.

The key feature of anxiety disorders is:

substantial fluctuations between very high and very low moods.

The key feature of bipolar disorder is:

onset begins during childhood development

The key feature of neurodevelopmental disorders is:

patients have an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions.

The key feature of psychotic disorders is:

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

The nervous system is divided into two major divisions. What are they?

minimally concious

The patient cannot communicate with her doctors, but is able to follow a light with her eyes and blink.

concious wakeness

The patient is alert and talkative, responding to the questions of her doctors, nurses, and family members.

sleeping

The patient is not consciously aware of his environment, but could be roused by an external stimulus.

vegetative

The patient shows no signs of behavioral response, but responds to cognitive stimuli and shows signs of thought.

coma

The patient shows no signs of cognitive activity. They cannot be roused by external stimuli and will not respond to doctors.

nueropsychological/behavioral-genetic

The reason some people have different traits, dispositions, and ways of thinking stems from the differences in their genotype and central nervous system.

interpret

The researcher analyzes the data they collected and looks for patterns or significant differences between groups.

test

The researcher conducts their experiment, observation, survey, etc. and gathers data.

observe

The researcher identifies a problem they would like to know more about.

predict

The researchers forms a hypothesis about what they believe they will learn from their study.

communicate

The researchers reports their findings and shares their results with the scientific community through journals and other publications.

perceptual set.

The tendency of our perception to change depending on our frame of mind or expectations is known as our:

retreival

This stage relies on the availability and accessibility of memories, which is determined by how efficiently the information has moved through other stages.

storage

This stage relies on the organization of information into networks, hierarchies, and schemas.

encoding

This stage relies primarily on attention and involves taking in and attending to information from the senses.

Consolidation

This stage relies primarily on sleep and involves solidifying information in the brain.

embryonic stage

This stage takes place between 2 and 8 weeks following conception. Early forms of major organs begin to form, and a heartbeat can be detected.

germinal stage

This stage takes place during the first two weeks following conception. During this time, a zygote is formed through the merging of a sperm and egg cell, which implants itself in the uterine wall after developing into a blastocyst.

Fetal stage

This stage takes place from 8 weeks until birth. Limbs, organs, bones, and the nervous system will become fully developed and the organism will reach viability around 24 weeks.

co-occurrence of two disorders

What is comorbidity?

moving against others

When Shelby feels anxious about her friendships, she becomes very clingy and whines that she is being left out. Which of Horney's coping strategies is Shelby using?

groupthink

When a group of people value cohesion and agreement over logic and rational critical analysis, it can lead to poor, reckless, or even dangerous decision making. This social phenomenon is called

obedience

When a person changes their behavior to meet the demands of an authority figure, it is called:

retrograde; anterograde

When identifying types of amnesia, the inability to recall past events is called _________ and the inability to form new memories is called ____________.

elaborative processing

When tasked with memorizing a list of words, you picture an image of each concept in your head.

maintence rehearsal

When tasked with memorizing a list of words, you repeat them to yourself over and over again.

chunking

When tasked with memorizing a long string of single-digit numbers, you pair the digits together to make a shorter list of two-digit numbers.

conforming

When we change our behavior to fit in with a group, we are

sympathetic nervous system

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for arousing the body during times of stress or danger?

parasympathetic nervous system

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for calming the body following a period of arousal?

stimulants

Which category of substances is primarily characterized by their ability to increase activity in the central nervous system?

central nervous system

Which division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord?

autonomic nervous system

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for involuntary processes such as digestion, breathing, and the stress response?

somatic nervous system

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary processes such as skeletal motion and muscle movement?

Emil Kraepelin

Which early psychological researcher gave us the first medical names for schizophrenia and depression?

William James

Which early psychologist is best known for their work in the school of functionalism?

frontal

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for planning, impulse control, and complex voluntary movement?

temporal lobe

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing auditory information?

parietal lobe

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing sensory information like temperature, pressure, and posture?

occipital lobe

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing visual information?

Seratonin

Which neurotransmitter regulates the sleep/wake cycle and other circadian rhythms?

physical

Which of the following is not a component of a person's attitude?

collaboration

Which of the following is not an ethical principle of the Belmont Report?

cortisol

Which of the following is the hormone released by the adrenal gland when the pituitary releases ACTH as part of the body's stress response?

experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships?

Georeception

Which of these is not a type of reception that sensory cells are specialized for?

adrenal-medullary system

Which pathway, initiated by the hypothalamus in response to stress, sends (CRF) to the pituitary gland, which releases (ACTH) to stimulate the adrenal gland to release cortisol?

chochlea

Which structure of the ear is a snail-shaped organ that contains sensory receptors?

auditory nerve

Which structure of the ear transmits auditory information to the brain?

optic nerev

Which structure of the eye conveys visual information from the retina to the brain?

pupil

Which structure of the eye expands and contracts to allow more or less light into the eye?

Erikson

Which theorist described psychosocial dilemmas, internal issues that a person must resolve at each stage of life in order to successfully move on to the next stage?

cortisol and adrenaline

Which two hormones have a primary role in the body's stress response?

fixed interval

Which type of intermittent reinforcement schedule involves making a reward available to the subject every 30 seconds?

Thematic Apperception Test

While in a session with his therapist, Andy is having trouble opening up about his divorce. In an attempt to ease him into the discussion, his therapist shows him a photo of a man and a woman facing each other. The therapist asks Andy to tell her what the people in the photo might be saying to each other. The therapist is using which kind of test?

Structuralism

Winston, an early researcher in psychology, believed psychology should stress how behavior and the mind's processes allow humans to adapt to their environments. He was, therefore, most interested in the functions of the mind, not the structures.

neurons

__________ are tiny cells that carry messages throughout the nervous system. The body has billions of them.

sustained attention

_____________ is important to our ability to process information from our environment because it allows us to maintain focused awareness on a target or idea.

selective attention

_____________ is important to our ability to process information from our environment because it allows us to narrow our perceptual focus and attend to information that is most relevant and important to the task or event at hand.

Psychoanalytical

___________________ theories of personality development emphasize the enduring collection of basic tendencies people have to behave in a particular way.

Sam is always up for something new, whether it is a last-minute road trip or a new art class. Friends describe her as idealistic and unique.

openess to experience

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only