Final Exam biology
Trees are not usually found in the tundra biome because of: A. Insufficient annual precipitation B. Acidic soils C.Extreme winter temperatures D. Overbrowsing by musk ox and caribou E.Permafrost
Permafrost
1. Where would an ecologist find the most phytoplankton in a lake? A. Abyssmal Zone B. Benthic Zone C. Photic Zone D. Aphotic Zone
Photic Zone
Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? (A) About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. (B) National parks are one of many types of protected areas. (C) Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area. (D) It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots
(A) About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.
Which of the following statements about human populations in industrialized countries is incorrect? (A) Birth rates and death rates are high. (B) Average family size is relatively small. (C) The population has undergone the demographic transition. (D) The survivorship curve is Type I.
(A) Birth rates and death rates are high.
Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? (A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. (B) Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. (C) The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. (D) Only a small portion of the energy captured by producersis transferred to consumers.
(A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
During exponential growth, a population always (A) has a constant per capita population growth rate. (B) quickly reaches its carrying capacity. (C) cycles through time. (D) loses some individuals to emigration.
(A) has a constant per capita population growth rate.
. A population's carrying capacity (A) may change as environmental conditions change. (B) can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model. (C) increases as the per capita population growth rate decreases. (D) can never be exceeded.
(A) may change as environmental conditions change.
Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx has revealed that (A) predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling. (B) hares and lynx are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other. (C) both hare and lynx population sizes are affected mainly by abiotic factors. (D) the hare population is r-selected and the lynx populationis K-selected.
(A) predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling.
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? (A) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem (B) the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers (C) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem (D) the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem
(A) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems? (A) organismal ecology (B) landscape ecology (C) ecosystem ecology (D) community ecology
(B) landscape ecology
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that (A) resources are distributed unevenly. (B) the members of the population are competing for access to a resource. (C) the members of the population are neither attracted to nor repelled by one another. (D) the density of the population is low.
(B) the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.
Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2019 will be closest to (A) 2.5 million. (B) 4.5 billion. (C) 7.5 billion. (D) 10.5 billion.
(C) 7.5 billion.
Which statement about dispersal is false? (A) Dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals. (B) Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on dispersal. (C) Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale. (D) The ability to disperse can expand the geographic distribu-tion of a species.
(C) Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale.
One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that (A) it is a rare, top-level predator. (B) its effective population size is lower than its total population size. (C) its genetic diversity is very low. (D) it is not well adapted to edge conditions.
(C) its genetic diversity is very low.
Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by (A) frequent massive disturbance. (B) stable conditions with no disturbance. (C) moderate levels of disturbance. (D) human intervention to eliminate disturbance.
(C) moderate levels of disturbance.
According to the logistic growth equation dN =rN(K-N) dt K (A) the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero. (B) the per capita population growth rate increases as N approaches K. (C) population growth is zero when N equals K. (D) the population grows exponentially when K is small.
(C) population growth is zero when N equals K
The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except (A) producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen. (B) removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (C) moderating the climate of terrestrial biomes. (D) regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.
(D) regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.
The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is (A) increased worldwide primary production. (B) increased worldwide standing crop. (C) an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. (D) the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels.
(D) the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels.
4. Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that (A) Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased. (B) current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries. (C) it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans. (D) the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
(D) the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
Image with boxes , Increasing, Decreasing, big box small box, big box Use the diagram above to answer questions 26 - 27: 26. Which population is in the process of decreasing? I II III I and II II and III ANSWER: B. II 27. Which population appears to be stable? I II III I and II II and III ANSWER: C. III
26. II 27. III
How are matter and energy used in ecosystems? A) Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not. B) Energy is cycled through ecosystems; matter is not. C) Energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy. D) Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter. E) Matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not
A) Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not.
Which is not the study of population ecology? A) abiotic factors B) population in relation to environment C) environmental influences on density and distribution of population D) population size E) population demographics
A) abiotic factors
62.Deserts typically occur in a band at 30 degrees north and south latitude because A) descending air masses tend to be cool and dry. B) trade winds have a little moisture. C) water is heavier than air and is not carried far over land. D) ascending air tends to be moist. E) these locations get the most intense solar radiation of any location on Earth
A) descending air masses tend to be cool and dry.
What are the characters of the terrestrial biomes: A)taigas. B) tundras. C) savannas. D) chaparrals. E) temperate broadleaf forest. F) desert G) tundra H) Northern coniferous forest I) temperate grassland (plains)
A)taigas.
Which is NOT the study of population ecology? A.Abiotic factors B.Population in relation to environment C.Environmental influences on density and distribution of population D.Population size E.Population demographics
A. Abiotic Factors
In the logistic equation dN/dt = rN, r is a measure of the populations intrinsic rate of increase. It is determined by which of the following? A. Birth rate and death rate B. Dispersion C. Density D.Carrying capacity E.Life history
A. Birth Rate and Death rate
Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries is incorrect? A. Birth rates and death rates are high B. Average family size is relatively small C. The population has undergone the demographic transition D. The survivorship curve is Type I
A. Birth rates and death rates are high
During exponential growth, a population always: A. Has a constant per capita population growth rate B. Quickly reaches its carrying capacity C. Cycles through time D. Loses some individuals from emigration
A. Has a constant per capita population growth rate
When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes: A. In biomes at different latitudes B. In different depths in the ocean C. In a community through different seasons D. In an ecosystem as it evolves over time
A. In biomes at different latitudes
Aquatic (marine and freshwater) primary productivity is most limited by which of the following? A. Light and nutrient availability B. Predation by fishes C. Increased pressure with depth D. Disease E. Temperature
A. Light and Nutrient Available
A population's carrying capacity: A. May change as environmental conditions change B.Can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model C. Increases as the per capital population growth rate decreases D. Can never be exceeded
A. May change as environmental conditions change
Trophic efficiency is A)the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production. B)the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. C)a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next. D)usually greater than production efficiencies. E)about 90% in most cosystems
B)the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.
Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx has been revealed that: A. Predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling B. Hares and lynx are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other C. Both hare and lynx population sizes are affected mainly by abiotic factors D. The hare population is r-selected, and the lynx population is K-selected
A. Predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? A. The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem B. The production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers C. The trophic efficiency of the ecosystem D. The location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem
A. The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? A. Tropical rain forest B. Savanna C. Desert D.Temperate broadleaf forest
A. Tropical rain forest
Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? A. A salt marsh B. An open ocean C. A coral reef D. A tropical rain forest
An open ocean
describe levels of ecological organization and arrange in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? A) community, ecosystem, individual, population B) ecosystem, community, population, individual C) population, ecosystem, individual, community D) individual, population, community, ecosystem E) individual, community, population, ecosystem
B) ecosystem, community, population, individual
Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? (A) Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. (B) Introduce new individuals transported from other popula- tions of the same species. (C) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. (D) Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors.
B) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The growth rate will not change. B) The growth rate will approach zero. C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.
B) The growth rate will approach zero.
To recycle nutrients, the minimum an ecosystem must have is A) producers. B) producers and decomposers. C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers. D) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. E) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers.
B) producers and decomposers.
Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake? A. Benthic zone B. Aphotic zone C. Pelagic zone D. Littoral zone
B. Aphotic zone
The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all the following results except which of the following? A. Most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem B. Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas C. Deforestation increased water runoff D. The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high
B. Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas
Aquatic ecosystems are least likely to be limited by which of the following nutrients? A. Nitrogen B. Carbon C. Phosphorous D. Iron E. Zinc
B. Carbon
Population ecologists follow the date of same-age cohorts to: A. Determine the population's carrying capacity B. Determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population C. Determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes D. Determine the factor that affect the size of a population
B. Determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population
Which of the following is true about current research about forest fragmentation? A. Fragmented forests support a greater biodiversity because they result in the combination of forest-edge species and forest interior species B. Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forested-adapted species leave, and only the edge and open-field species occupy fragmented forests C. Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologist who design wildlife preserves D. Harvesting timber that results in forest fragmentation results in less soil erosion The disturbance of timber extraction causes the species diversity to increase because of the new habitat created
B. Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forested-adapted species leave, and only the edge and open-field species occupy fragmented forests
According to the competitive exclusive principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same: A.Habitat B. Niche C. Territory D. Range E. Biome
B. Niche
Predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they: A. Competitively exclude other predators B. Prey on the community's dominant species C. Reduce the number of disruptions in the community D. Prey only on the least abundant species in the community
B. Prey on the community's dominant species
Resource partitioning would most likely occur between: A. Sympatric populations of a predator and its prey B. Sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches C. Sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator D. Allopatric populations of the same animal species E. Allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches
B. Sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches
The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that: A. Tropical communities are younger B. Tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation C. Higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation D. Diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases
B. Tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation
If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be: A. A big change in the length of the year B. Winds blowing from west to east along the equator C. A loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes D. The elimination of ocean currents
B. Winds blowing from west to east along the equator
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that: A.Resources are distributed unevenly B.The members of the population are competing for access to a resource C.The members of the population are neither attracted nor repelled by another D.The density of the population is low
B.The members of the population are competing for access to a resource
Which of the following is true of detrivores? A) They recycle chemical elements directly back to primary consumers. B) They synthesize organic molecules that are used by primary producers. C) They convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers. D) They secrete enzymes that convert the organic molecules of detritus into CO2 and H2O. E) Some species are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic.
C) They convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers.
Describe the Following types of species interaction with its effects on the density of the two interacting populations: A) predation B) parasitism C) commensalism D) mutualism E) competition
C) commensalism
Which of the following types of species interaction is correctly paired with its effects on the density of the two interacting populations? A) predation: as one increases, the other increases B) parasitism: both decrease C) commensalism: as one increases the other stays the same D) mutualism: both decrease E) competition: both increase
C) commensalism: as one increases the other stays the same
Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species are known as: A. Endemic sinks B. Critical communities C. Biodiversity hot spots D. Endemic metapopulations E. Bottlenecks
C. Biodiversity hotspots
Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by: A. Converting nitrogen gas to ammonia B. Releasing the ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil C. Converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb D. Incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds
C. Converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb
Which statement about dispersal is false? A. Dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals B. Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depend on dispersal C. Dispersal only occurs on an evolutionary time scale D. The ability to disperse can expand the geographic distribution of a species
C. Dispersal only occurs on an evolutionary time scale
According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is: A. Large and remote B. Small and remote C. Large and close to a mainland D. Small and close to a mainland
C. Large and close to a mainland
Food chains are sometimes short because: A. Only a single species of herbivores feeds on each plant species B. Local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain C. Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level D. Most producers are inedible
C. Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level
According to the logistic growth equation dN/dt = rN * ((K - N)/K): A. The number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero B. The per capita population growth rate increases as N approaches K C. Population growth is zero when N equals K D. The population grows exponentially when K is small
C. Population growth is zero when N equals K
The principle of competitive exclusion states that: A. Two species cannot coexist in the same habitat B. Competition between two species always causes extinction or emigration of one species C. Two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community D. Two species will stop reproducing until one leaves the habitat
C. Two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community
Which of the following is a characteristic of most terrestrial biomes? Annual average rainfall in excess of 250 cm A. A distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns B. Clear boundaries between adjacent biomes C. Vegetation demonstrating stratification D. Cold winter month
C. Vegatation demonstrating stratication
Which of the following organism is incorrectly paired with its trophic level? A. Cyanobacterium: Primary producer B. Grasshopper: Primary consumer C. Zooplankton: Primary producer D. Eagle: Tertiary consumer E. Fungus: Detritivore
C. Zooplankton: Primary producer
Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is: A. Increased by frequent massive disturbances B. Increased by stable conditions with no disturbance C. Increased by moderate levels of disturbance D. Increased when humans intervene to eliminate disturbance E. Increased by intensive disturbance by humans
C. increased by moderate levels of distrubances
According to the population model, A.Communities will remain in a mature state if there are no human disturbances B. Community structure remains constant in the absence of interspecific competition C. Communities are assemblages of closely linked species that are irreparably changed by disturbance Interspecific interactions induce changes in the community composition over time D. Communities are constantly changing after being influences by disturbances
Communities are constantly changing after being influences by disturbances
Based on the current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2019 will be closets to: A. 2.5 million B. 4.5 billion C.7.5 billion 10.5 billion
C.7.5 billion
Which is NOT an example of the law of conservation of mass? A) matter can notbe created or destroyed B) chemical elements are continually recycled within ecosystems C) ecosystems are open systems, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products D) Matter is lost during the metabolism E) detrivores play an important role in connecting all trophic levels.
D) Matter is lost during the metabolism
What is the effective population size (Ne) of a population of 50 strictly monogamous swans (40 males and 10 females) if every female breeds successfully? A. 50 B. 40 C. 32 D. 20 E. 10
D. 20
Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? A. Adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability B. Using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine C. Reconfiguring the channel to a river D. Adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium
D. Adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium
Which type of biome would most likely occur in a climate with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers? A. Desert B. Taiga C. Temperate grassland D. Chaparral E. Savanna
D. Charparral
. If you applied to a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)? A. Both decomposition rate and Nep would decrease B. Neither would change C. Decomposition rate would increase, and NEP would decrease D. Decomposition rate would decrease, and NEP would increase
D. Decomposition rate would decrease, and NEP would increase
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? A. Limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount B. Influence of temperature on competition among plants C. Influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers D. Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
D. Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
Which of the following describes carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor re-reflecting infrared radiation back toward Earth causing global warming? A. Depletion of atmospheric ozone B. Turnover C. Biological magnification D. Greenhouse effect E. Eutrophication
D. Greenhouse effect
The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to more natural states is known as: A. Population viability analysis B. Landscape ecology C. Conservation ecology D. Restoration ecology E. Resource conservation
D. Restoration ecology
Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that: A. Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased B. Current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries C. It is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans D. The ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resources use is high
D. The ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resources use is high
The feeding relationships among the species in a community determines the community's: A. Secondary succession B. Ecological niche C. Species richness D. Trophic structure
D. Trophic structure
What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? A. pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil B. disruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct e. habitat C. introduced species that compete with native species D. habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction E. overharvesting of commercially important species
D. habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction
Logistic growth in a population is represented by dN/dt = A. KrN B. rN C. rN (K + N) D. rN * ((K - N)/K) E. rN * ((N - K)/K)
D. rN * ((K - N)/K)
The oceans affect the biosphere in all ways except: A. Producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen B. Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere C. Moderating the climate of terrestrial biomes D.Regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
D.Regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
What are the detritivores and their roles?
Detritivores are prokaryotes and fungi. They have the role of decomposers, which means they consume and break down organic matter.
According to the nonequilibrium model, A) communities will remain in a mature state if there are no human disturbances. B) community structure remains constant in the absence of interspecific competition. C) communities are assemblages of closely linked species that are irreparably changed by disturbance. D) interspecific interactions induce changes in community composition over time. E) communities are constantly changing after being influenced by Disturbances
E) communities are constantly changing after being influenced by Disturbances
Trees are not usually found in the tundra biome because of A) insufficient annual precipitation. B) acidic soils. C) extreme winter temperatures. D) overbrowsing by musk ox and caribou. E) permafrost.
E) permafrost.
Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. Ecologists call this relationship between species in a community interspecific interaction. What is the example? A. Competition B. Predation C. Herbivory D. Symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) E. All of the above
E. All of the above
The law of conservation of mass is following the example except: A. Matter cannot be created or destroyed B. Chemical elements are continually being recycled within ecosystems C. Ecosystems are open systems, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products D. Matter is lost during the metabolism E. Detritivores play an important role in connecting all trophic levels
E. Detrivores play an important role in connecting all trophic levels
Which factors regulate density-dependent population growth? A. Competition for resources B. Territoriality C. Disease D. Predation E. All of the above
E. all of the above
The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environments is called?
Ecological niche
Which of the following is NOT true about estuaries? A. Estuaries are often bordered by mudflats and salt marshes B. Estuaries contain waters of varying salinity C. Estuaries support a variety of animal life that humans consume D. Estuaries usually contain no or few products
Estuaries usually contain no or few products
What determines population size?
Immigration & births. Emigration & deaths.
In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was most likely a(n) A.Community facilitator B.Keystone species C.Herbivore D.Resource practitioner E. Mutualistic Organism
Keystone species
Which factor accounts mostly for the logistic equation?
K (carrying capacity)
Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems? A. Organismal ecology B. Landscape ecology C. Ecosystem ecology D. Community ecology
Landscape ecology
What is demography?
Study of the vital statistics of a population & how they change over time.
Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square meter? A. Savanna B. Open ocean C. Tundra D. Tropical rain forest
Tropical rain forest
Describe the survivorship curves with examples
Type I - Low death rate early on, increases at older ages (Low to high rate). Type II - Constant death rate over life span (balanced rate). Type III - High death rate while young, decreases for the survivors (High to low rate).
Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between A) sympatric populations of a predator and its prey. B) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches. C) sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator. D) allopatric populations of the same animal species. E) allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.
b) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.
Which biomes are most likely to be affected by global warming
temperate grassland, temperate broadleaf
what is the ecological niche
the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment
