Final Exam

a.) The wire mother with milk/nourishment b.) The cloth mother without milk/nourishment c.) Both mothers d.) None of the mothers

In Harlow's experiment, which surrogate mothers did baby monkeys prefer?

foot-in-the-door technique

In Milgram's Obedience Experiment, people started by applying the shock at 15 volts. When this small action became justified, the next act of applying higher shocks were made more tolerable. This can be best explained by

a.) Security b.) Attachment c.) Reunion d.) Parenting

In the "Strange Situation" paradigm, a mother returns after a brief separation and is reunited with her child. What construct is this paradigm assessing?

6-12 months

Interest in peers usually appears first at about

Gulit

An example of a complex emotion is

door-in-the-face technique

A person is more likely to agree to complete the smaller request when s/he is first presented with a large request. Which technique best describes this?

a.) True b.) False

A threatening situation is always experienced as stressful. b.) False

a.) Follows the pleasure principle b.) Tries to satisfy urge while acknowledging the constraints of the real world c.) Emerges during the resolution of the Oedipal/Electra complexes d.) Acts like your conscience by avoiding bad behavior and striving for morally correct behavior

According to Freud, the ego ________. b.) Tries to satisfy urge while acknowledging the constraints of the real world

a.) Children are biologically preprogrammed to learn language b.) All languages have aspects that are universal c.) A and B d.) Only A

According to Nativist theories of language:

a.) Romantic love b.) Companionate love c.) Fatuous love d.) Consummate love

According to Steinberg, we need intimacy, passion, and commitment to relationships to last. Love that is characterized by intimacy and commitment without passion is considered as: b.) Companionate love

Consummate love

According to Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, what type of love is defined by passion, intimacy, and commitment?

a.) The person unconsciously believes b.) The person wishes to happen c.) Cause extreme depression d.) The person consciously thinks and how he or she behaves

According to lecture, the result of the compromise between the id, the ego, and the superego is what ________. d.) The person consciously thinks and how he or she behaves

a.) Fear b.) Anxiety c.) Depression d.) Hostility

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves? c.) Depression

a.) Somewhat low b.) Moderate c.) Somewhat high d.) Extremely high

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, the optimal level of arousal for a student during a challenging exam is:

a.) An irrational response that needs to be suppressed b.) A combination of bodily arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience that occurs in response to stimuli c.) A pre cognition mechanism for survival d.) A post cognitive bodily reaction to stimuli

According to the definition given in lecture, what is emotion? b.) A combination of bodily arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience that occurs in response to stimuli

a.) Optimism b.) Coping self-efficacy c.) Type B. personality d.) Type A personality

All of the following personality characteristics are associated with decreased risk of the negative effects of stress except:

Fundamental attribution error

Attributing the achievement to one's own hard work when receiving an A in the exam but attributing the failure to the lack of sleep and other external factors when failing the exam is an example of:

Reduced

Children with disruptive behavior problems show ____ brain activity when viewing images of pain compared with healthy children.

True

Children with more friends tend to experience less loneliness when rejected in a social context.

a.) Spiritual b.) Affective c.) Cognitive d.) Behavioral

What type of engagement does NOT affect achievement and IQ? a.) Spiritual

a.) Social Engagement b.) Creative Engagement c.) Physical Exercise d.) Both a and c e.) A, B, and C

What types of activities enrich your cognitive ability and overall increase your well-being? e.) A, B, and C

The group is exposed to hearing different perspective of the issue

When is groupthink less likely to occur?

a.) Secure attachment b.) Avoidant attachment c.) Ambivalent/resistant attachment d.) Disorganized attachment

Which attachment style is characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent and is mostly seen among children who have been abused?

a.) Physical exercise b.) Learning new skills c.) Social Support d.) All of the above

Which factors can reduce cognitive decline? d.) All of the above

a.) Any alcohol consumption during pregnancy will result in major abnormalities b.) Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is only problematic for those who predisposed to developmental problems c.) Alcohol consumption during the embryonic period of pregnancy is most likely to result in major abnormalities d.) Alcohols consumption during the last week of pregnancy is most likely to result in major abnormalities

Which of the following best describes critical periods in prenatal development?

a.) Geriatrics b.) Pediatrics c.) Gerontology d.) Biogerontology

Which of the following is NOT a research area related to aging? b.) Pediatrics

a.) Openness b.) Compatibility c.) Extroversion d.) Neuroticism e.) Agreeableness

Which of the following is NOT one of the big 5 personality traits? b.) Compatibility

a.) Attachment may vary from culture to culture b.) Attachment in infancy is not related to the Childs relationship with others later in life c.) Young children cannot communicate very well d.) There were not enough toys in the room for young children to interact with

Which of the following is a criticism for Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm in assessing the attachment styles? a.) Attachment may vary from culture to culture

a.) Poverty b.) Social Neglect c.) Both of the above are risk factors d.) Neither of the above are risk factors

Which of the following is an early childhood risk factor for decreased synaptic density? c.) Both of the above are risk factors

a.) Practical b.) Observant c.) Creative d.) Analytical

Which type of intelligence is NOT part of Sternberg's Triarchic theory? b.) Observant

a.) True b.) False

Laughter is a legitimate way to reduce stress. a.) True

a.) True b.) False

Monozygotic twins have different DNA b.) False

a.) True b.) False

Positive life events cannot cause stress. b.) False

An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

Prejudice is best defined as

False

Procrastination is a way of resolving cognitive dissonance.

Increased productivity was observed when there weren't any changes made for the workers Increased was observed when negative changes were made for the workers

The Hawthorne effect is the increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors. Knowing this, under what circumstances was the Hawthorne effect observed when changes were made to working conditions?

Infants self awareness

The Rouge test examines

a.) Fluid intelligence b.) General intelligence c.) Crystalized intelligence d.) Specific intelligence

The ability to draw new links between information and solve new problems is a.) Fluid intelligence

Scapegoating

The act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal is called:

a.) True b.) False

The decline of physical and mental health in aging adults is avoidable with good nutrition and exercise b.) False

How immediate the threat is How clear the course of action is

The difference between fear and anxiety is:

a.) There is no difference in individuals sensitivity to their environment b.) The effect of the environment on an individual depends on his or her sensitivity to the environment c.) Some environments negatively affect all individuals d.) Both b and c

The differential susceptibility model hypothesizes that:

a.) True b.) False

Specific genes have been shown to correlate with life duration. a.) True

a.) Symmetry b.) Health c.) Beneficial genes d.) Income

The following aspects attributed to physical attractiveness except d.) Income

a.) Shrinking brain volume b.) Declining coherence in neural activity c.) Increased effectiveness of neurotransmitters systems d.) Both A and B

The neurobiological factors of the aging adult are d.) Both A and B

a.) Positively correlated b.) Negatively correlated c.) Not correlated

The relationship between number of early adverse life events and telomere length can be described as:

a.) Very few studies have been conducted b.) Studies have shown little/ no improvement in untrained tasks c.) Results are mixed at best d.) Both b and c

What are some problems with brain training exercises? b.) Studies have shown little/ no improvement in untrained tasks

a.) Decreasing routines b.) Social isolation c.) Low self-esteem d.) Neurogenesis

What cognitive factors hasten the aging process? b.) Social isolation

a.) That attachment is not just about parents meeting biological needs b.) That animals do attach like humans do c.) That attachment is manifested due to positive reward of getting fed by parents d.) That if you do not attach to a primary caregiver, you can easily grow out of it.

What did Harlow find out about attachment, when raising monkeys on cloth and wire monkeys? a.) That attachment is not just about parents meeting biological needs

a.) True b.) False

Intelligence is based on the ability to get good grades and score highly on exams, such as the SATs b.) False

a.) Reliable b.) Unreliable c.) None of the above

Children that wait longer at the marshmallow task are said to be in what type of environment

a.) Attachment b.) Sensitive Period c.) Imprinting d.) secure base

A baby duck following around the first large thing they see upon hatching is an example of: c.) Imprinting

a.) Develop normally b.) Never form relationships c.) Have trouble forming later relationships d.) none of the above

A child who does not develop a secure attachment within the first two years of life will most likely: c.) Have trouble forming later relationships

a.) Verbs b.) Adjectives c.) Nouns d.) Pronouns

Babies typically expand their vocabulary during the "vocabulary explosion" period by rapidly learning more: c.) Nouns

a.) Psychoanalytic b.) Cognitive c.) Behavioristic d.) Trait

Bandura's emphasis on social learning as a mechanism through which personality can be shaped best reflects which approach? c.) Behavioristic

Aggression to people, destruction of property, and deceitfulness of theft

Behaviors associated with conduct disorder include

Externalizing problems

Ben has a difficult time controlling his temper. When he fights with his friends he typically yells and throws things. Ben would be said to have

a.) Gender schemas b.) Parental influences c.) Temperament d.) Peer influences

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to: b.) Parental influences

a.) Connected b.) Eliminated c.) Reinforced d.) None of the above

During synaptic pruning, synapses that are not used are b.) Eliminated

a.) True b.) False

Emotion regulation is a developmental process. We learn to handle emotions and situations differently and better over time a.) True

industrial-organizational psychologist

Employee retention is dropping after a company was forced to downsize to overcome financial difficulty. What type of psychologist would the company seek to prevent further employee turnover?

a.) True b.) False

Entrance exams are highly correlated with socioeconomic status a.) True

a.) True b.) False

Fluid intelligence can decrease over time but crystallized will tend to remain the same. a.) True

a.) Unable to acquire speech b.) Able to understand everything she heard c.) Able to acquire a relatively large vocabulary in a short period of time d.) Able to develop speech that was. native-like

Genie was:

a.) True b.) False

Having high socioeconomic status is correlated with a fixed mindset b.) False

a.) Were followed b.) Received extra nutrition c.) Received stimulation d.) Received extra nutrition and stimulation

High-risk children in Jamaica who ______ were able to catch up developmentally to their peers two years later d.) Received extra nutrition and stimulation

Interpreting a hostile intent in ambiguous behavior

Hostile attribution bias is

a.) Genetic influence b.) Environmental influences c.) Both d.) Neither

Intelligence is based on c.) Both

a.) A few weeks of rest required after a concussion to properly heal b.) Concussions only affect children and adolescents without fully developed brains c.) Concussions only affect those who have had a large amount of concussions d.) Side effects often do not appear until much later on

In what way does having a concussion appear to have a critical or sensitive period?

a.) Overextension b.) Shape Bias c.) A and B d.) Only A

Jonathan is going through the "vocabulary explosion" period. He has learned the word for ball. However, he is calling different types of objects that are round, "ball" (including marbles). Jonathan is using:

a.) A word applies to multiple objects b.) A word applies only to one object c.) Multiple words applies only to one object d.) None of the above

Mutual exclusivity is the idea that:

a.) telling someone about a traumatic event b.) Finding personal meaning in a traumatic event c.) Understanding traumatic events as divine punishment d.) Expressing rather than suppressing feelings

People can alleviate stress in all of the following ways except: c.) Understanding traumatic events as divine punishment

passion + commitment

On Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, fatuous love is primarily

a.) Intimacy +commitment b.) Intimacy c.) Passion d.) Passion+ intimacy

On Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, romantic love is primarily d.) Passion+ intimacy

a.) Feel a great sense of control b.) Feel a diminished sense of control c.) Are less likely to develop symptoms of depression d.) Both a and c

People who attribute negative life events to internal, stable, and global causes for uncontrollable proble b.) Feel a diminished sense of control

a.) Behavior b.) Emotion c.) Thought d.) All of the above

Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________. d.) All of the above

Cognitive dissonance

The tendency to resolve a conflict between actions and attitudes by changing our cognitions through rationalization or denial to fit those actions is most closely related to which of the following?

The training procedures an organization uses for a new hire

Organizational psychology examines all of the following except

False

Outward signs of emotion are similar across different cultures

a.) Adolescents b.) Older children c.) Young adults d.) Young children

Peers increase risk taking behavior most in

a.) Overall increases in stress levels b.) Overall decreases in stress levels c.) Overall stability in stress levels d.) A period of marked increase followed by decrease in overall stress levels

Research on stress levels across US sociodemographic groups over the past quarter-century show: a.) Overall increases in stress levels

a.) True b.) False

Research with kittens, who had one eye sewn shut from birth to 3 months, informed studies investigating infants born with cataracts. True

True

Seeking outside opinions can prevent groupthink.

a.) Arthritis, Visual Impairments, Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Loss of Touch b.)Arthritis, Visual Impairments, Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Hearing Impairments c.) Hypertension, Arthritis, Heart Disease, Respiratory Disease, and Parkinson's Disease d.) Hypertension, Arthritis, Heart Disease, Respiratory Disease, and Influenza

Some of the most prevalent chronic conditions of older adults include: b.)Arthritis, Visual Impairments, Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Hearing Impairments

a.) Children need social support/interaction to learn language b.) Children who are lacking access to language need schooling to learn language c.) Deaf children need hearing aids in order to learn an oral language d.) Deaf children's intellectual problems need to be addressed before they can learn language

The story of Nicaraguan Sign Language is evidence that:

a.) True b.) False

We are born with the neurons we will have for the rest of our lives, and no new neurons are created throughout our lifespan. b.) False

a.) Stanley Milgram b.) Philip Zimbrado c.) Carl Rogers d.) Martin Saligman

__________ discovered the phenomenon of learned helplessness d.) Martin Seligman