final exam mesoamerica
Mexican Revolution
(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
ESSAY Florentine Codex summary
1500s by Fr Sahagun A new world product of syncretism indegenous painted images w european influence--perspective and architecture one side spanish other nahautl medici's owned in florence library 12 books, 3 volumes Gods, religious beliefs and rituals, cosmology, and moral philosophy, Humanity (society, politics, economics, including anatomy and disease), Natural history. 1 The Gods. Deals with gods worshipped by the natives of this land, which is New Spain. 2 The Ceremonies. Deals with holidays and sacrifices with which these natives honored their gods in times of infidelity. 3 he Origin of the Gods. About the creation of the gods. 4 The Soothsayers. About Indian judiciary astrology or omens and fortune-telling arts. 5 The Omens. Deals with foretelling these natives made from birds, animals, and insects in order to foretell the future. 6 Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy. About prayers to their gods, rhetoric, moral philosophy, and theology in the same context. 7 The Sun, Moon and Stars, and the Binding of the Years. Deals with the sun, the moon, the stars, and the jubilee year. 8 Kings and Lords. About kings and lords, and the way they held their elections and governed their reigns. 9 The Merchants. About long-distance elite merchants, pochteca, who expanded trade, reconnoitered new areas to conquer, and agents-provocateurs. 10 The People. About general history: it explains vices and virtues, spiritual as well as bodily, of all manner of persons. 11 Earthly Things. About properties of animals, birds, fish, trees, herbs, flowers, metals, and stones, and about colors. 12 The Conquest. About the conquest of New Spain from the Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco point of view. killing of moctezuma-throw body in canal, fished out and cremated
Marxism
A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.
Hammer and Sickle
A communist symbol that represents the workers and the farmers under one party rule.
Allegory
A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
Grisaille
A monochrome painting done mainly in neutral grays to simulate sculpture. Grisaille is a painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour. It is particularly used in large decorative schemes in imitation of sculpture. Many grisailles include a slightly wider colour range, like the Andrea del Sarto fresco illustrated.
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
US-Mexican War (1846-1848)
A war fought over the annexation of Texas and a border dispute. Mexico thought the border of Texas was at the Nueces River and the U.S. thought the border of Texas was at the Rio Grande. fought over boundaries, and ended with the signing of Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
Abstract Expressionism
An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes. An experimental style of mid-twentieth-century modern art exemplified by Jackson Pollock's spontaneous "action paintings," created by flinging paint on canvases stretched across the studio floor.
Baroque
An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements relating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism and is characterized by ornate detail. In architecture the period is exemplified by the palace of Versailles and by the work of Bernini in Italy. Major composers include Vivaldi, Bach, and Handel; Caravaggio and Rubens are important baroque artists.
Emperor Maximilian died 1867
Appointed emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III, after forces were sent to protect French interests in Mexico. When French troops were recalled home, he was left without an army; he surrendered to Mexican forces and was executed; seen as a blow to the prestige of the French emperor. French Emperor to Mexico when France invaded; France's army had to leave Mexico and return to Europe; captured by Mexican forces and executed after french left tthe country
colonial
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Cochineal
Brilliant red dye produced by scale insects found on prickly pear cacti.
Los Tres Grandes
David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, and Diego Rivera became the leaders of the muralist movement in Mexico and became known internationally as "los tres grandes" or "the big three." Rivera was the most famous of these artists. He incorporated European Modernism and elements of Cubism into his work combined with Mexico's bright colors to depict his people, and particularly the working class, as noble and glorious. Orozco, who had fought in the revolution, drew from European expressionism to portray the suffering of mankind, the horrors of war and the fear of a future dependence on technology in very straightforward ways. Siqueiros was young and radical, using progressive techniques and materials in murals that oftentimes blended visions of science and machinery to convey progress. Although all three men had different political beliefs and ideals, they agreed that art, as the highest form of expression, should be a vital part of Mexico's new post-revolutionary identity. They saw art as a vehicle for education and for the improvement of society. They formed the influential Labor Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors as a body, which could glorify the Mexican people and bring their artistic efforts to wider attention.
Porfirio Diaz
Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910. a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants A veteran of the War of the Reform (1858-1860) and the French intervention in Mexico (1862-1867), Díaz rose to the rank of general, leading republican troops against the French-imposed rule of Emperor Maximilian. He subsequently revolted against presidents Benito Juárez and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, on the principle of no re-election to the presidency. Díaz succeeded in seizing power, ousting Lerdo in a coup in 1876, with the help of his political supporters, and was elected in 1877. In 1880, he stepped down and his political ally Manuel González was elected president, serving from 1880 to 1884. In 1884 Díaz abandoned the idea of no re-election and held office continuously until 1911
Frescos
Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. water paintings done on wet plaster that can tell the stories and cultures of the area around it
Nelson Rockefeller 1908-1979
Govenor of NY and VP to Ford. Considered a moderate Republican. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954. In 1932, Mexican artist Diego Rivera was commissioned by Nelson Rockefeller to add a mural to the soaring lobby of Rockefeller Center. ... And so to match the building's theme of new frontiers, he gave Rivera a theme of "Man at the Crossroads Looking with Hope and High Vision to the Choosing of a New and Better Future." After "Man at a Crossroads" was removed, it was replaced with a larger mural by the Catalan artist Jose Maria Sert titled "American Progress." It can still be found in the Rockefeller building today.
20th century Mexican Modernists incorporated Mesoamerican themes and art into their works. use class presentations
History of Medicince in Mexico or History of Mexico Mural-National Palace Staircase the mural represents "the entire history of Mexico from the Conquest through the Mexican Revolution . . . down to the ugly present." The National Palace is located on the Zocalo, the central plaza in Mexico City, the place where Moctezuma, the Aztec king ruled Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish. eurocentrism vs indigenismo The ancient Native Americans had rich culture but were conquered by Europeans. Later, the Native Americans and Mestizos suffered at the hands of the Spanish, the French, and the Diaz dictatorship. Rivera shows suffering of Native Americans and poor people. He depicts the evil rich people and foreigners who took over Mexico North wall This section of the mural displays the richness of the ancient Aztec culture including the people and their traditional costumes. It shows an image of the sun, which was the center of the world in the Aztec religion. Below the sun are a pyramid and an Aztec leader. They built the pyramids and temples to the sun. Rivera depicts these main motifs and the everyday life of the Aztecs. The section also illustrates the Aztec religion, including the worship of snakes and jaguars. West (main) wall This is the central part of the murals and summarizes the history of Mexico as a series of conflicts, rebellions, and revolution against oppression. These are the scene of hatred and war. 5 major points leading to mex indpce from post conquest french rule to 1930 Spanish conqueror Cortes defeating the Aztecs and other Indians who fight valiantly against the Spanish South wall This part of the mural is about the future of Mexico. It shows factories, the Soviet flag (Rivera and the government at the time had socialist tendencies), workers, Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto, and an image of Rivera's wife Frida Kahlo. Kahlo and her sister Cristina are shown as socialist teachers bringing a glorious future
Stations of the Cross
Images based on fourteen events in the Passion of Christ found on display in most Catholic churches. Also the devotional practice of private or communal prayer using these fourteen stations. a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' progress from his condemnation by Pilate to his crucifixion and burial, before which devotions are performed in some churches.
Sighting of the Virgin of Guadelupe 1531
Juan Diego -aztec peasant went to aztec sacred site of fertility-earth goddess saw holy virgin mary--holy virgin of guadelupe she gives juan a bouquet of flowers to show to bishop--her symbol painted by god himself on a husk of corn juan became a saint symbolized christianity's ascent to americas syncretism
Katrina by Jose Guadelupe Posada
La Calavera Catrina or Catrina La Calavera Garbancera ('Dapper Skeleton', 'Elegant Skull') is a 1910-1913 zinc etching by the Mexican printmaker, cartoon illustrator and lithographer José Guadalupe Posada. La Catrina has become an icon of the Mexican Día de Muertos, or Day of the Dead. lavish cap, boa, feathers, using skeleton to avoid racial tension political but avoids controversy
The Controversy behind the Rockefeller Center Mural by Diego Rivera
Man at the Crossroads (1934) was a fresco by Diego Rivera in New York City's Rockefeller Center. It was originally slated to be installed in the lobby of 30 Rockefeller Plaza, the main building of the center. Man at the Crossroads showed the aspects of contemporary social and scientific culture. As originally installed, it was a three-paneled artwork. A central panel depicted a worker controlling machinery. The central panel was flanked by two other panels, The Frontier of Ethical Evolution and The Frontier of Material Development, which respectively represented socialism and capitalism. The Rockefeller family approved of the mural's idea: showing the contrast of capitalism as opposed to communism. However, after the New York World-Telegram complained about the piece, calling it "anti-capitalist propaganda", an image of Vladimir Lenin and a Soviet Russian May Day parade were secretly added in protest. When these were discovered, Nelson Rockefeller - at the time a director of the Rockefeller Center - wanted Rivera to remove the portrait of Lenin,[2] but Rivera was unwilling to do so. In May 1933, Rockefeller ordered the mural to be plastered-over and thereby destroyed before it was finished, resulting in protests and boycotts from other artists.[3] Man at the Crossroads was peeled off in 1934 and replaced by a mural from Josep Maria Sert three years later. Only black-and-white photographs exist of the original incomplete mural, taken when Rivera suspected it might be destroyed. Using the photographs, Rivera repainted the composition in Mexico under the variant title Man, Controller of the Universe. The controversy over the mural was significant because Rivera's communist ideals contrasted with the theme of Rockefeller Center, even though the Rockefeller family themselves admired Rivera's work.
Catherwood and Stephens
Mayan studies as the two great explorers who documented the ruins from Copan in the south to Chichen Itza in the north illustrations, focused international attention on the Maya civilization. Catherwood's publication of his book of lithographs Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (1844) furthered the world-wide interest and lifted the Maya civilization out of obscurity and into world consciousness.
Miguel Cabreras
Mestizo Mexican Painter During his lifetime, he was recognized as the greatest painter in all of New Spain. He created religious and secular art for the Catholic Church and wealthy patrons. His casta paintings, depicting interracial marriage among Amerindians, Spaniards and Africans, are considered among the genre's finest.[3] Cabrera's paintings range from tiny works on copper to enormous canvases and wall paintings. He also designed altarpieces and funerary monuments.
20th century Mexican Mural Painting
Mexican muralism was the promotion of mural painting starting in the 1920s, generally with social and political messages as part of efforts to reunify the country under the post-Mexican Revolution government. It was headed by "the big three" painters, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros. From the 1920s to the 1970s many murals with nationalistic, social and political messages were created on public buildings, starting a tradition which continues to this day in Mexico and has had impact in other parts of the Americas, including the United States, where it served as inspiration for the Chicano art movement. defining a new "Mexican" character. This often led to themes of mestizaje (celebration of Mexico's mixed-race heritage), but also recognition of the native value of the indigenous Indian. hese ideals or principles were to glorify the Mexican Revolution and the identity of Mexico as a mestizo nation, with the indigenous promoted as well as the Spanish. promote Marxist ideals. Rivera's works were utopian and idealist, Orozco's were critical and pessimistic and the most radical were those of Siqueiros, heavily focused on a scientific future. Rivera themes were Mexican, often scenes of everyday life and images of ancient Mexico.
Benito Juarez
Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico for three years (1864-67) fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian and who sought constitutional reforms to create a democratic federal republic. Mexican lawyer and politician, who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in 1872. He was the first president of Mexico who was of indigenous origin.
Miguel Hidalgo d. 1811
Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions - Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. Spanish Catholic priest, a leader of the Mexican War of Independence, and recognized as the Father of the Nation. He marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90,000 poor farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked and killed both Spanish Peninsulares and Criollo elites, even though Hidalgo's troops lacked training and were poorly armed. These troops ran into an army of 6,000 well-trained and armed Spanish troops; most of Hidalgo's troops fled or were killed at the Battle of Calderón Bridge.[6] After the battle, Hidalgo and his remaining troops fled north, but Hidalgo was betrayed, captured and executed.
Emiliano Zapata 1919 The Reformer
Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated. Emiliano Zapata Salazar became a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Conquest of Tenochtitlan 1521
Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernán Cortés allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán.
Father Bernardino de Sahagun
Spanish missionary to Aztecs of Mexico, "Florentine Codex", wrote encyclopedia "Father of modern ethnography" (study of culture) and described the effects of smallpox on the Aztecs in, "Seeds of Change." spanish missionary who helped to preserve the Mexican history before the arrival the spanish/ things such as language, customs, literature, and history came to new world to study aztec in tenochtitlan and wrote florentine codex he saw the aztec culture was being erased so he recorded it interviewed indegenous
ESSAY Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park Diego Rivera. 1947-1948 C.E. Fresco
The artist reminds the viewer that the struggles and glory of four centuries of Mexican history are due to the participation of Mexicans from all strata of society. past and present Mexico represented, numerous real people represented"artist of the people" he was the father of Mexican Mural-ism Murals made art political it was a tool to send messages. Murals on public buildings art by the people for the people. He was hired to paint in U.S. by FDR and taught others how to paint as well. He used murals to tell stories of struggling people. Artist: Diego RiveraGenre: Mexican muralistHis views were not in line with the popular abstraction style in the early 20th century.Characteristics of the genre: Rivera handled major themes appropriate to the scale of his chosen art form social inequality, the relationship of nature, industry, technology, and the history and fate of MexicoInterpretation: This painting depicted the three eras of Mexican history: conquest and colonization of Mexican by the Spanish, Porfirio Diaz dictatorship, and Revolution of 1910. In the center there appears to be an ideal celebratory scene, while of the sides of the mural there are men being shot, being referenced to the Mexican RevolutionOn the first panel Rivera depicted:Hernan Cortez, Spanish conqueror of the Mexican territory. Fray Juan de Zumarraga, first Catholic archbishop of Mexico, who established the Catholic inquisition in Mexico. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, general and politician, President of Mexico eleven times between 1833 and 1855. Mexico lost 51% of its territory after American invasion. Winfield Scott, American general and head of the troops that occupied Mexico City, camping at the Alameda from 1846 to 1848.On the middle panel River depicted:a symbol of the urban bourgeoisie at the turn of the nineteenth century must be taken here as an allusion to the Aztec Earth Mother Coatlicue, who is frequently represented with a skull. There is a crowd gathered together at Alameda Park which includes allusions to four hundred years of Mexican history.Jose Marti, father of Cuba's independence. An outstanding modernistic poet, Marti was part of the mainstream cultural and literary life of Mexico. He returned to Mexico in 1894 seeking support for Cuba's struggle against Spain and died in battle in Cuba in May 1895. Diego Rivera as a child. He is hand in hand with a typical Mexican image of a skull the "Calavera Catrina."Frida Kahlo, Rivera's third wife, an outstanding painter influenced by surrealism and Mexican folk art.La Calavera Catrina, a Mexican representation of death created by Jose Guadalupe Posada. Her feather boa symbolizes Quetzalcoatl, God of Prehispanic cultures. Jose Guadalupe Posada, Mexico's foremost pre-revolutionary engraver. Rivera used both his style and his choice of folk subjects (festivities, everyday events) as inspiration and model.Porfirio Diaz, dictator of Mexico, who ruled for more than thirty years until overthrown by the Revolution in 1911.On the last panel he depicts: Poor family being expelled by brute force. They dream of themselves as fighters and revolutionaries and their son dreams himself shooting at the oppressor. Juan Sanchez Azcona, revolutionary writer and journalist under Madero to whom Azcona was private secretary. He created the newspapers Mexico Nuevo and Nueva Era. Revolutionary worker, who is speaking to the people about the Revolution advocated by Flores Magon.President of the Republic, a symbol of corrupt presidents, handling an enormous amount of money and fondling a blonde woman with consent of an archbishop.Contribution to Art History: Rivera was among the leading members and founders of the Mexican Muralist movement. Rivera made the painting of murals his primary method, appreciating the large scale and public accessibilityDiego Rivera's Life: He studied in Europe and had success as Cubist painter but after the Mexican Revolution from 1914-1915 (and Russian Revolution) Rivera completely changed the style and subject of his art. He wanted to make art the reflect the lives of the working class and native people of Mexico. He developed an interest in making murals during a trip to Italy, finding an inspiration to make murals by looking at Renaissance frescoes.
Jose Vasconcelos
The revolution's first education minister, best known for having invited Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco to paint their murals in several government buildings in early 1920's. Raza Cosmica (Vasconcelos' vision of mestizo Mexico. José Vasconcelos Calderón, called the "cultural caudillo" of the Mexican Revolution, was an important Mexican writer, philosopher, and politician. He is one of the most influential and controversial personalities in the development of modern Mexico.
Pancho Villa died 1923
This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920. famed Mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader. He joined Francisco Madero's uprising against Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in 1909, and later became leader of the División del Norte cavalry and governor of Chihuahua. ... Villa escaped again and later became a bandit.
Surrealism
a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images. Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the unconscious mind through the imagery.
Syncretism
a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith
Codices/Codex
an ancient manuscript text in book form. an official list of medicines, chemicals, etc Aztec books made of deerskin or paper made from tree bark or cactus fibre that contained images and were folded like an accordion
Castas Paintings
caste system 18th cent paintings defining interracial love in colonial times for New Spain. Racial assumptions led to different categories of mixing—blacks were treated unlike natives. Some paintings showed mixed race couples fighting with one another suggesting that the partnerships were unnatural and tumultuous. The casta series represent different racial mixtures that derived from the offspring of unions between Spaniards and Indians-mestizos, Spaniards and Blacks-mulattos, and Blacks and Indians-zambos
Diego Rivera in NYC 1930s
during the first half of the 1930s, the Rockefellers were his main sponsors in the United States. platform for the projection of both his artistic career and his political ideology into the international arena, while the Rockefellers saw Rivera as an opinion leader who could function as their mediator with the Mexican and Latin American intelligentsia in a region where their investments were subject to constant criticism.
Sorella Juana Ines de la Cruz
first poet of the americas, 1st spanish poet after conquest nun from spain writer, philosopher, composer, poet of the Baroque period, and Hieronymite nun of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Her outspoken opinions granted her lifelong names such as "The Tenth Muse" and "The Phoenix of America", for she was a flame that rose from the ashes of "religious authoritarianism". lived during Mexico's colonial period, making her a contributor both to early Spanish literature as well as to the broader literature of the Spanish Golden Age. Beginning her studies at a young age, Sor Juana was fluent in Latin and also wrote in Nahuatl
Retablo Ex-voto
petition to help loved one -praying to saint The painting of religious images to give thanks for a miracle or favour received commissin local artistto paint story narrative images, telling the personal story of a miracle or favor received appeared. These paintings were first produced by the wealthy and often on canvas; however, as sheets of tin became affordable, lower classes began to have these painted on this medium.
Jose David Alfaro Siqueiros Madres proletaria (Proletarian Mother) c 1924 oil on canvas Courtesy Museo Nacional de Arte
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Frida Kahlo Alla cuegla mi vestido (There Hangs My Dress) 1933 Collage on Masonite 46x 50cm Courtesy Instituto de Bellas Artes
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Jose Clemente Orozco 1883-1949 Resureccion de Lazaro 1943 Mixed media on canvas 52x 74cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Jose Clemente Orozco 1883-1949 Mujer con figura valando 1945 oil on canvas, 51.5x73cm Banco Nacional de Mexico
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Jose Clemente Orozco 1883-1949 Retrato de Don Luis Cardoza y Aragon 1940 Tempera on canvas 55x 44 cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Jesus Guerrero Galvan 1910-1973 Nuestro pasado, 1951 oil on canvas 49x51.5 cm Collection Pascual Gutierrez Roldan
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Jesus Guerrerro Galvan 1910-1973 Madonna con nino 1939 oil on canvas 80x61cm private collection
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Alfredo Ramos Martinez 1871 -1946 Maternidad, 1924 Ink on revolution 53x40cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONCACULTA-INBA
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Antonio Ruiz (El Corcito ) 1897-1964 Desfile civico escolar 1936 oil on canvas 46x56cm Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Publico
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Edward Weston 1886-1958 Lavabo y aguamanil 1926 Silver gelatin print 24x 18.3 cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Manuel Alvarez Bravo 1902 - 2002 Los agachados 1934 Lavabo y aguamanil 1926 Silver gelatin print 18.3x24.1cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Frida Kahlo 1907-1954 Los cocos 1951 oil on canvas 25.5x 35.3cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Diego Rivera (1886-1957) La banista de Tehuantepec, 1923 oil on canvas 63.5x54cm Museo Casa Diego Rivera, Guanajuato, CONACULTA-INBA
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Maria Izquierdo 1906-1955 Mujer Oaxaquena 1940 oil on masonite 61x 50cm Collection Pascual Gutierrez Roldan
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Maria Izquierdo 1906-1955 Altar de Dolores 1943 oil on canvas 63.5 x 53.3 cm Private collection
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Rufino Tamayo (1899-1991) Francisco I. Madero 1948 oil on canvas 95x 75 cm Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Rufino Tamayo 1899-1991 Homenaje a Juarez 1932 oil on canvas Museo de Arte Moderna, CONACULTA-INBA
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Rufino Tamayo 1899-1991 El borracho feliz 1946 oil on canvas 101.6x 86.3cm private collection
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Carlos Merida 1891-1984 Perfiles 1929 oil on canvas 73.5x 63.5 Museo de Arte Moderna del Estado de Mexico, Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura
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Gerardo Murillo (Dr. Atl) 1875-1964 Nubes sobre el Paricutin, nd atl colors on Celotex 124x155cm CONACULTA-INBA
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Juan Diego
poor aztec man who was appeared to by the blessed Mother and his cloak held a miraculous image of the Mother, built a church in Mexico city where he was appeared to Chichimec peasant and Marian visionary. He is said to have been granted apparitions of the Virgin Mary on four occasions in December 1531: three at the hill of Tepeyac and a fourth before don Juan de Zumárraga, then bishop of Mexico.
Diego de Landa
read maya glyphs and understood them to them destroy them and teach them catholicism book burner 16h Century bishop of the Yucutan. burned codices missionary. Wrote about the maya providing us with valuable resources tried to convert maya to roman catholicism he burned all but 4 of the Maya's written works he burned almost all the Maya manuscripts (codices) that would have been very useful in deciphering Maya script, knowledge of Maya religion and civilization, and the history of the American continent. Nonetheless, his work in documenting and researching the Maya was indispensable in achieving the current understanding of their culture, to the degree that one scholar asserted that, "ninety-nine percent of what we today know of the Mayas, we know as the result either of what Landa has told us in the pages that follow, or have learned in the use and study of what he told."
Retablo
the Spanish word for altarpiece. A decorative screen set behind an altar
Predella
the painted or sculpted lower portion of an altarpiece that relates to the subjects of the upper portion A predella is the platform or step on which an altar stands. In painting, the predella is the painting or sculpture along the frame at the bottom of a polyptych or multipanel altarpiece.
