Final Exam

In Piaget's work with children, he established that a child's process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit. This aspect of adaptation is known as what? a. Executive function b.Intersensory integration c.Accommodation d.Intermodal perception

Accommodation

Though personality traits are largely stable after age 30, what basic dimensions of personality tend to increase during middle adulthood? a. Neuroticism and conscientiousness b. Conscientiousness and agreeableness c. Extraversion and openness to experience d. Confidence and openness to experience

b. Conscientiousness and agreeableness

Adolescents may be capable of constructing ideals—ideal self, ideal society, and ideal family system. This ability likely contributes to which of the following? a. Self-critical attitudes b. Greater decentering c. Increased capacity to forgive d. Greater acceptance of what is real

a. Self-critical attitudes

Many scholars refer to the period from about 18 to 30 as young adulthood, but Arnett views the period between ages 18 and 25 as a distinct stage of life that he calls a. Post adolescence. b. Adolescent extension. c. Emerging adulthood. d. Late adolescence.

c. Emerging adulthood.

What percentage of adolescents typically are part of a "popular" crowd in American high schools? a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. Less than 5 percent

a. 20 percent

As people age and experience declines in fluid intelligence, what effects provide evidence of this cognitive change? a. Slower processing speed b. Increased inhibitory functions c. Declines in pragmatics d. Loss of factual knowledge

a. Slower processing speed

What term do current writers use (in place of self) to represent the various aspects of self, incorporating such ideas as self-concept, self-regulation, and self-esteem? a. Inner-self b. Inner-being c. Self-representation d. Self-system

d. Self-system

The scientific usage of the word theoryis best described as a. a proposed explanation whose status is conjectural and untested. b. a personal opinion that is part of one's worldview. c. a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena. d. an explanation of facts or phenomena that fits with an individual's best assessment of a situation.

a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena.

Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways their children can understand are using what disciplinary approach? a. Induction b. Power assertion c. Withdrawal of love d. Permissiveness

a. Induction

Babies don't enter the world with a concept of self. Which of the following is an early indication that a young child's self-awareness is emerging? a. Pre-self b. Self-recognition c. Social referencing d. Secure attachment

b. Self-recognition

1. Which of the following widely held assumptions about children's cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget? a. Children are blank slates receiving knowledge. b.Knowledge is funneled into children. c.Children passively absorb information. d.Children construct their knowledge.

d. Children construct their knowledge.

According to Izard, the expressive behaviors of infants reveal basic emotions that include joy/happiness, interest, sadness, anger, disgust, and what other emotion? a. Fear b. Pride c. Confusion d. Shame

fear

Current research, contrary to Freud's predictions (in his psychoanalytic theory of moral development), indicates that signs of moral development begin to emerge at what age? a. By one year b. Toddler age c. 3 to 4 years of age d. By middle childhood

3 to 4 years of age

When clinicians assess a client's presenting problem(s) in order to plan for treatment, which of the following approaches to diagnosis reflects a developmental viewpoint? Consider those issues in a client's life which result from multifinality. b. Count the number of symptoms currently manifested in order to reach a specific diagnosis. c. Assess the person's level of symptomology on a checklist and assign a diagnosis only when a certain percentile has been reached. d. Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment.

Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment.

Cultures that emphasize the needs of the group over individual needs, who value social relationships more than personal goals, and who see failure as a step toward self-improvement are defined by what label? a. Individualistic b. Conventionalist c. Moralistic d. Collectivist

Collectivist

A theorist named Super presents the idea of a vocational self-concept. In his stage approach, what stage of vocational self-concept development involves trying out and sometimes reevaluating work experiences in search for the match between vocational self-concept and job settings? a. Growth stage b. Establishment stage c. Exploratory stage d. Maintenance stage

Establishment Stage

Researchers have identified cultural structures and values that are relevant to parenting. For which of the following cultural groups is independencethe traditional value orientation? a. European American b. Latino American c. Native American d. African American

European American

What is the current assumption of modern multidimensional theories about the role of nature versus nurture in development? a. Environment influences development more than heredity. b. Heredity influences development more than environment. c. Heredity and environment are interdependent. d. Heredity and environment independently influence development.

Heredity and environment are interdependent.

A counselor is concerned about a client's self-esteem. Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for concern? a. High levels of self-esteem increase the risk of mental health problems. b. Low levels of self-esteem cause people to act incompetently. c. Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about self and to depression. d. High levels of self-esteem contribute to hypervigilance and perceived need to protect oneself.

Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about self and to depression.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body? The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised. b. There are no effects on the immune system, and only short-term effects on the cardiovascular system. c. There are no effects on the cardiovascular system, but long-term effects on the skeletal muscles. d. There are no lasting effects on the body - when the stress ends all physical systems return to normal.

The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised.

Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? a. Fetal brain development is almost totally dependent upon the fetus' genetic inheritance because it has no environmental experience in the womb. b. The development of the lower, primitive areas of the brain depends upon nature but the higher levels depend upon nurture. c. Mothers can advance the fetus' intelligence significantly by speaking out loud in foreign languages during pregnancy. d. The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.

The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.

Alex is 22 months of age. He knows that he should not play with his food at the dinner table, but he sometimes plays anyway. His parents can usually redirect his behavior with simple reminders about what he should be doing. What is happening cognitively to help him grow in self-control? a. With repeated experience, Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior. b. Alex knows that he will be embarrassed if he gets caught playing with his food. c. Alex can decenter sufficiently to understand that he needs to focus on his food in order to stay healthy. d. Alex is now less cognitively egocentric and can see his mother's perspective.

With repeated experience, Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior.

One factor that promotes higher self-esteem among minority group members is a. a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity. b. being a member of a smaller, rather than a larger, social group. c. making social comparisons to members of other cultural groups. d. incorporating reflected appraisals in construction of self.

a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity.

Joe, a 52-year-old, lost his job when the plant he managed was closed, and his overall life satisfaction plummeted. After 9 months out of work, Joe was fortunate to find another, similar position. What can we expect for Joe now? a. Joe's overall life satisfaction will now return to the baseline he experienced before the job loss. b. Joe's overall life satisfaction will rise but will not return to baseline. c. Joe's overall life satisfaction will continue to fall. d. Joe's overall life satisfaction will not change in relation to job loss or reemployment.

a. Joe's overall life satisfaction will now return to the baseline he experienced before the job loss.

Studies show that peer influence rises and declines during adolescence. At what point does resistanceto peer influence typically begin to rise? a. Around the age of 13 b. Middle adolescence c. Late adolescence d. Around the age of 18

a. Around the age of 13

According to respondents in Arnett's research with young people in the U.S., the two most important qualifications for reaching adult status include which one of the following? a. Being responsible for the outcomes of your actions b. Accepting decisions made by others on your behalf c. Taking steps toward financial independence d. Becoming a parent

a. Being responsible for the outcomes of your actions

According to Bartholomew's typology of attachment orientation, what is the description of individuals who have internalized a negative model of themselves and a negative model of others?

a. Fearful

Which of the following tends to assure that work experiences will be linked to positive well-being? a. Feeling that one is making competent progress toward challenging goals b. Feeling less generative c. Workplace characteristics that remove personal control d. Having few workplace relationships

a. Feeling that one is making competent progress toward

At puberty, hormonal changes and hormonal differences between boys and girls may cause some behavioral differences that emerge at about that time. Which of the following behavior changes is seen more in girls than in boys? a. Greater increase in depressive symptoms b. Greater increase in aggressive behavior c. Greater increase in delinquent behavior d. Greater increase in dominance seeking

a. Greater increase in depressive symptoms

Mark, a 47-year-old man, is very shy. He has difficulty interacting with others because he feels awkward and does not easily express his thoughts and feelings. He is a relatively successful artist who lives alone in a rural Southern state. Mark also remembers being very shy as a child. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for the continuity of Mark's personality over his life span? a. Mark's early temperamental shyness was influenced by his genes. b. Mark's parents did not try to make him more outgoing. c. Mark selected a job which reinforced his temperamental characteristics. d. Mark's early temperament and his later personality traits are moderately correlated.

a. Mark's early temperamental shyness was influenced by his genes.

A coping style that has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is a. Rumination. b. Distraction. c. Support seeking. d. Denying a problem exists.

a. Rumination.

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with, the most consistent finding is that they will choose a. Same sex playmates. b. Opposite sex playmates. c. Either same sex or opposite sex playmates equally often. d. Playmates they believe their teachers or parents wish for them to play with.

a. Same sex playmates.

When working with youth whose racial or ethnic heritage is biracial or multiracial, counselors are likely to find that a. The majority of adolescents identify with the minority category of their racial or ethnic identity. b. The majority of adolescents identify as White. c. About half of adolescents identify with no racial or ethnic category. d. Adolescents shift identity back and forth depending on the circumstances, rarely settling on one or the other for long.

a. The majority of adolescents identify with the minority category of their racial or ethnic identity.

The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is called a. socioeconomic status. b. social standing. c. social class. d. economic class.

a. socioeconomic status.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what did he call the stage children typically experience during the preschool years, beginning around the age of 2? a. Preoperational b.Sensorimotor c.Adaptation d.Self-regulation

a.Preoperational

Based on studies of adolescents in the U.S. and many other countries of the world, when do they experience the steepest decline in their willingness to endorse (1) the idea that they are obligated to obey their parents, and (2) the legitimacy of their parents' claims to authority? a. Preadolescence b. Early adolescence c. Middle adolescence d. Late adolescence

b. Early adolescence

James Marcia studied Erikson's work and saw embedded in Erikson's views the notion of two processes in identity formation. What are those two processes? a. Foreclosure and achievement b. Exploration and commitment c. Exploration and moratorium d. Diffusion and commitment

b. Exploration and commitment

As a toddler, Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters, twirling around the house to music. By age 5, Joey refused to dance anymore, saying that dancing was for girls. His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't. How would a cognitivetheoristexplain Joey's attitude toward dancing? a. Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends. b. Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender. c. Joey now identifies with his father and will only do things his father does. d. Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.

b. Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.

In old age, what autobiographical memories are adults most likely to recall as "flashbulb memories" or personally relevant recollections? a. Memories from childhood b. Memories from young adulthood c. Memories of grandparenting experiences d. Memories that are most recent

b. Memories from young adulthood

Jasmine, age 16, has just begun an after-school and weekend job at which she expects to work about 20-25 hours a week. She plans to use her earnings to buy clothes, gas for her car, and to fund outings with friends. Based on research, which of the following is the most likely outcome of Jasmine's part-time employment? a. Her grades will improve. b. She will be more reliable and less likely to engage in delinquent behavior. c. She will leave high school with substantial savings. d. Her work time will negatively affect her school achievement.

b. She will be more reliable and less likely to engage in delinquent behavior.

Henry, at 79, has always enjoyed relatively good health. However, he has recently begun feeling like he is slowing down and has reported to his doctor that he is doing poorly, although his doctor can find no specific cause. When Henry participated in a research study at a local university where his intellectual functioning was tested, his score had dropped dramatically since his last testing session a year earlier. Henry has the signs of a. diabetes. b. terminal drop. c. osteoarthritis. d. double effect.

b. terminal drop.

Beth comes from a working-class family. Since her father is disabled and unemployed, Beth needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother provide for two younger children. Fortunately, she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business. The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which placement would you assign to Beth with regard to her vocational identity? a. Diffusion b. Moratorium c. Foreclosed d. Achieved

c. Foreclosed

Which identity status is characterized by making commitments without exploration of alternatives and perhaps adopting a choice dictated by culture or family? a. Identity achievement b. Moratorium c. Foreclosure d. Diffusion

c. Foreclosure

Which of the following factors continues to be more powerful than the others as a predictor of vocational interests? a. Marital status b. Race c. Gender d. Ethnicity

c. Gender

Based on 21st century data, which one of the following groups has the longest life expectancy in the United States? a. White males b. Black males c. Hispanic females d. Black females

c. Hispanic females

Research findings show that group dynamics explain some of adolescents' behavior. They often chooseto participate in shared norms, roles, and expectations. This process is identified by what term? a. Crowd pleasing b. Peer attribution c. Peer selection d. Individual autonomy

c. Peer selection

By middle childhood, boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests, whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on a. Looks. b. Social class. c. Personality. d. Parents' choices.

c. Personality.

A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources. In young adulthood, one common developmentalsource is a. Relativistic thinking. b. Actuarial prediction. c. Poor self-management skills. d. The personal fable.

c. Poor self-management skills.

Participation in after-school activities sponsored by school or community organizations is a. Unrelated to academic achievement. b. Detrimental to academic achievement. c. Positively related to academic achievement. d. Positively related to social competence but negatively related to academic achievement.

c. Positively related to academic achievement.

Many individuals struggle with highly challenging life circumstances (such as a debilitating accident or the death of a loved one) and emerge with improvements in psychological functioning. What term identifies this phenomenon? a. Kindling-sensitization b. Role strain c. Post-traumatic growth d. Stressor predispositions

c. Post-traumatic growth

Based on many meta-analyses that assess the effects of sex differences, which of the following "real" sex differences (in traits or qualities) applies to boys more than girls? a. Collaborative discourse style b. Verbal achievement (reading, spelling, language tests) c. Satisfaction with one's gender assignment d. Preference for gender-typed toys

c. Satisfaction with one's gender assignment

Research indicates that mothers talk more to girls, that parents talk more about emotions to girls, that parents put more pressure on boys to suppress crying, and that teachers are more disapproving of girls than of boys when they are highly active. Which of the following theories argues that these modeling and rewarding processes are the most important influences on sex differences in behavior? a. Information processing theories b. Psychoanalytic (Freudian) theories c. Social learning theories d. Behavioral genetics theories

c. Social learning theories

How does early maturation tend to affect boys? a. More socially awkward than younger-maturing boys b. Moodier than early-maturing girls c. Some of the same disadvantages as girls d. Disadvantaged in socially approved activities such as athletics

c. Some of the same disadvantages as girls

In studies of middle school students, which of the following instructional practices enhanced student academic achievement? a. Criticism of students when they showed lack of motivation b. Teachers' negative feedback to students about errors c. Teachers' high expectations for their students' learning d. Authoritarian classroom control

c. Teachers' high expectations for their students' learning

What does research show about social relationships and their effect on life satisfaction? a. Social relationships only mask depression. b. Life satisfaction is unchanged by quantity and quality of social relationships. c. The happiest people have good social relationships. d. Wealth has greater positive influence on life satisfaction than friendships.

c. The happiest people have good social relationships.

In the prodromal period or early stages of dementia, which one of the following procedures provides the greatest benefit for reducing symptoms? a. Pharmaceutical treatments b. Transitioning to full-care facility c. Surgical procedures to remove plaques in the brain d. Daily exercise and cognitive stimulation

d. Daily exercise and cognitive stimulation

Among the physical changes occurring in adults, which of the following is most likely to begin in the 30s? a. Erectile dysfunction b. Increase in the production of estrogen c. Menopause d. Decline in sensitivity to high-frequency sounds

d. Decline in sensitivity to high-frequency sounds

Allie's 8thgrade academic work is a little more advanced than what she is used to. She is having a hard time keeping up, particularly in science, which is her first period course. The teacher moves very fast, despite the fact that most of the students look glassy-eyed from too little sleep. What is a puberty-related biological explanation for the students' behavior in science class? a. Sexual dimorphism b. Early menarche c. Androgen imbalance d. Delayed phase preference

d. Delayed phase preference

When adolescents are found guilty of criminal activity, sentencing may involve weighing the individual's culpability and mitigating guilt. Researchers Steinberg and Scott argue that developmentally adolescents are less culpable on the basis of which of the following? a. Fully formed characteristic behavior b. Fully formed identity c. Less vulnerability to compelling circumstances d. Diminished capacity in reasoning

d. Diminished capacity in reasoning

According to Arnett's research with young people in the U.S., when do most individuals perceive that they have reached adult status? a. 18 to 20 years of age b. 20 to 22 years of age c. Around the age of 24 d. Late 20s to early 30s

d. Late 20s to early 30s

. Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that qualifications for adulthood is determined a. By the timing of achievements, such as marriage and parenthood. b. On the basis of reaching a certain age. c. On the basis of their parents' definition of adulthood. d. On the basis of taking responsibility and making independent decisions.

d. On the basis of taking responsibility and making independent decisions.

Across cultures teens seem to agree that some aspects of parental control are legitimate. Which of the following areas causes the greatest conflict between adolescents and their parents? a. Political issues b. Conventional rules c. Moral issues d. Personal issues

d. Personal issues

Aging adults take different approaches or pathways to retirement and use varying strategies. Based on work by Schlossberg, which of the following common strategies is most likely to result in depression following retirement? a. Continuers b. Easy gliders c. Searchers d. Retreaters

d. Retreaters

When Marla, age 14, decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English, she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation. a. Attribute substitution with peers b. Susceptibility to peer influence c. Emotional autonomy from peers d. Social comparison with peers

d. Social comparison with peers

Which child's self-concept is boosted most by demonstrating high competence in musical performance? a. A child who demonstrates no natural musical competence b. A child who demonstrates natural musical competence c. A child who thinks musical performance is insignificant d. A child who thinks musical performance is very important

. A child who thinks musical performance is very important

Marie has a 2½-year-old daughter. The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "a bad girl" when the child is uncooperative. The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter. Marie is unsure about what to do. Based upon information presented in this chapter, what would you say to Marie? a. Marie should not worry about what the babysitter is doing because her daughter is too young to understand. b. Marie should tell her daughter that what the babysitter says about her is untrue. c. Marie should tell her daughter that she is loved to make up for what the babysitter says. d. Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding.

. Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding.

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills, which of the following is correct? a. Males on the average do somewhat better than females in all areas of math skill testing. b. These differences have changed historically, and there is now little difference before grade 12. c. Boys are on the average better than girls on math computations in elementary school and early adolescence. d. Girls are on the average better than boys on math problem solving after puberty.

Boys are on the average better than girls on math computations in elementary school and early adolescence.

Jane is a new therapist who works with couples and families. Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse. When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases, he points out that Jane takes sides with her female clients when they cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands. She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse. According to Kitchener's theory, on what assumption is Jane operating? a. Determination of abuse is difficult to ascertain and must be tested in each situation. b. Determination of abuse should only be reached after consultation with expert supervisors. c. Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience. d. Determination of abuse should be based on the context.

Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience.

Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity? a. Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin. b. People must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity. c. One's identity provides the answer to the question "Who am I?" d. Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.

Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.

Phillipa's husband, Manuel, is worried about her plan to return to full-time employment when their baby is 6 months old. He is afraid that there will be a negative effect on the baby's attachment to her mother. Phillipa suggests that she and Manuel discuss the pros and cons of day care with a counselor. What would a well-informed counselor advise this couple? a. If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive, responsive care when she is with the baby, and if the day care is good quality, then the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa. b. No matter how good the mothers' care or the day care is, leaving the baby in day care each day will put the baby at high risk for forming an insecure attachment to her mother. c. As long as the day care quality is good, evenif Phillipa is too tired and busy to be responsive and sensitive, the baby should form a secure attachment to her mother. d. There is no reliable information available to counselors that would help them to advise this couple.

If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive, responsive care when she is with the baby, and if the day care is good quality, then the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa.

Males are less likely to survive than females, both before and after birth. One important reason is that a. Males have more dominant, defective alleles than females. b. Males are more vulnerable to disorders caused by X-linked recessive alleles than females. c. Males have two Y chromosomes. d. Most societies value males less than females and provide males with less protection.

Males are more vulnerable to disorders caused by X-linked recessive alleles than females.

Gisela is a 6-year-old Peruvian girl who lives with her family on a farm in a rural village. She often helps her father take produce to a market to sell. She does not know how to read, but she understands the cost of items and can make change without errors. Sophie is a 6-year-old who lives in the US. She is in the 1stgrade, is making great progress in learning to read and write, and is gaining skill in computer use. What is the best way to explain the development of these two children? a. The progression of cognitive development is not universal; it is different for children in different cultures. b. The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture. c. The content of children's knowledge is similar across cultures, but the processes involved in cognitive development differ depending upon children's culture. d. Cognitive development is the same for all children, regardless of culture.

The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture.

Massage therapy for infants has been very successful in promoting weight gain and social interaction, and in decreasing distress in low-birth-weight infants. Based upon developmental research, what is the best explanation for this? Infants' bodies take in more nutrients when they are touched as they nurse. b. Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn. c. When the infant is massaged, its attachment to the caregiver is strengthened. d. Crying and other distress is reduced because the infant is paying attention to the person giving the massage.

Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn.

Typical prenatal development depends on which of the following? a. The genome to code in the absence of environmental inputs b. The genome to code and the environment to provide inputs c. Properly timed gene expression without environmental inputs d. Environmental inputs and deregulated genetic coding

Typical prenatal development depends on which of the following?

Mr. Sanderson is a 1stgrade teacher. He believes in fostering children's tolerance for others, encouraging fairness, and promoting cooperative behavior. One of his classroom jobs involves leading the lunch line to the school cafeteria, a coveted role among the students. Vanessa has been line leader of the week. It is now the last day of the week and Mr. Sanderson asks Vanessa to allow Jeremy, a brand-new student, a chance to lead the line. Mr. Sanderson is upset with Vanessa when she refuses because he feels she is not being kind. What is the best explanation for Vanessa's behavior at this age? Vanessa is at the premoral stage and is unconcerned about other children. b. Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against her own. c. Vanessa recognizes her duty to share, but she doesn't like the new student. d. Vanessa can't engage in needs-based reasoning so she is unaware that she is being selfish.

Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against her own.

Imagine that you are counseling a 6thgrader on how to improve her study skills so that she will remember more information on tests. Not only do you teach her some memory strategies, you also encourage her to engage in self-testing so that she will begin self- monitoring, that is, keeping track of how well she is remembering new material. What kind of skill is this type of self-monitoring? a. A metacognitive skill b. A preoperational skill c. A declarative memory d. A social cognitive skill

a. A metacognitive skill

In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? a. A working model of self, of others, and of relationships. b. Basic trust in others, but not a sense of self or of relationships. c. A sense of the power structure of a family. d. A belief in God.

a. A working model of self, of others, and of relationships.

Over the last century, researchers have held various views of stress and adaptation. Which of the following alters physiological functions temporarily as the body deals with an acute stressor? a. Allostasis b. Homeostasis c. General adaptation syndrome d. Set-point model

a. Allostasis

At 10 months of age, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie's mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries, because she feels like it will do no good. What advice should Anne's counselor give her? a. Anne has been too responsive to the baby's crying. She needs to refuse to go to the baby when it cries to teach Suzie to be more independent. b. Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie regulate her emotions. c. It really doesn't matter what Anne does. Of course Suzie needs to be fed, diapered, and so on, but Anne's responsiveness will not affect whether Suzie cries a lot or a little. d. Anne's counselor should not advise on this matter.

a. Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie regulate her emotions.

In a study of attachment formation by Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978), some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? a. Securely attached b. Anxious ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Disorganized/disoriented

a. Avoidant

Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding? a. Breastfeeding guarantees that the infant will be securely attached to the mother. b. Breast milk contains beneficial antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas. c. Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk. d. Breastfeeding is associated with less secure attachments.

a. Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk.

Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week- old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers' cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? a. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. b. Daria is probably exhibiting a stress response that suggests the family may need some counseling. c. Daria is probably exhibiting separation distress which is normal for children her age. d. Daria is probably exhibiting a failure to show empathy and needs more training in this area.

a. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet.

What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to minority (Black and Hispanic) children in the U.S.? a. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for White children. b. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for minority children. c. White children feel more pressure for gender conformity. d. Hispanic males feel less pressure for gender conformity.

a. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for White children.

In Bronfenbrenner's multidimensional model of development, what aspect of the environment has the most immediate influence on a child's development? a. Microsystem b. Mesosystem c. Exosystem d. Macrosystem

a. Microsystem

Children's repeated interactions with others enhance their ability to decenter and to interpret others' thoughts, feelings, and desires. This ability to consider another's point of view is called what? a. Perspective taking b. Rehearsal c. Metacognition d. A script

a. Perspective taking

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory? a. Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc. b. Piaget believed that children's progress through the stages could vary. For example, very intelligent children could skip a stage. c. Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children in the same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality, morality, and so forth. d. Piaget believed that children could vary in their understanding of morality but that their understanding of causality was the same for all children within a particular stage

a. Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc.

Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care. When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet, but she is unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood. Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social worker's efforts? a. Risk factors are reduced, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided. b. Their unborn child is not likely to be benefited by eliminating only one risk factor. c. The unborn child might have been benefited if prenatal care were found, but improving prenatal nutrition does not reduce risks. d. The health care and stress factors of the parents will only be important after the child is born.

a. Risk factors are reduced, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided.

According to recent views, the "Me" includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term? a. Self-concept b. Self-esteem c. Self-advocacy d. Self-efficacy

a. Self-concept

Infants' early relationships with caregivers are believed to lay the groundwork for the child's interactions with others. What other aspect of the child's future is believed to be shaped by these early relationships? a. Self-concept b. Intelligence c. Cognitive development d. Social referencing

a. Self-concept

Ryff and her colleagues identified six elements that fundamentally support psychological well-being, and they include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Social status b. Autonomy c. Life purpose d. Self-acceptance

a. Social status

Carla, a bright, energetic 7-year-old, has lost four gloves during the past few weeks. Her mother is annoyed at the need to keep replacing gloves. Carla notices that her little brother is amused that Carla is in trouble, and she formulates the theory that her brother is stealing the gloves just to get her into trouble. Carla is convinced that she is right. She refuses to entertain her mother's suggestion that Carla is often so distracted that she does not keep track of her possessions. Carla is displaying a form of a. egocentrism. b. formal operational thought. c. reversibility. d. domain specific knowledge.

a. egocentrism.

When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, this set of processes (involved in controlling genetic expression) is called a. epigenesis. b. translation. c. transcription. d. mitosis.

a. epigenesis.

The epigenomeis the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression of a. hereditary material. b. recessive genes. c. the zygote. d. histones.

a. hereditary material.

Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Because of Bea's depression, we can expect that Alex, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, will display a. less self-regulation. b. more active face-to-face interactions. c. less crying and distress. d. more fearfulness and turning away.

a. more fearfulness and turning away.

. Dylan, a 9-year-old, is manipulative in his interactions with his friends. He does not use physical aggression, but he often tries threats and scare tactics to get what he wants. Dylan's interpersonal orientation would be described as a. other-transforming. b. reciprocal. c. mature for his age. d. self-transforming.

a. other-transforming.

Eight-year-old Marquita has spent a great deal of time learning basic addition facts. When she solves a complex addition problem in school, she pulls these facts out of memory. Marquita is using a ____________ strategy to help her solve addition problems. a. retrieval b. reversible c. production d. counting on

a. retrieval

At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy? a. 0-6 months b. 15-24 months c. 24-36 months d. After the age of 3

b. 15-24 months

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which negatively affects children's school performance, is linked to atypical variations in brain development. What is the incidence of ADHD among school-age children? a. Less than 1% b. 5-10% c. 2-3% d. More than 15%

b. 5-10%

At approximately what age do children begin to demonstrate Selman's second stage of friendship and learn that the needs and perspectives of other persons must be considered carefully? a. 5 b. 8 c. 11 d. 14

b. 8

The decline of academic interest and motivation during early adolescence may be attributed in part to changes in instruction practices from elementary school to middle and junior high schools. Which one of the following instructional practices is identified as a probable culprit? a. A decrease in competitive grading practices b. An increase in cooperative activities c. More opportunities for student decision making d. An increase in whole-group lectures

b. An increase in cooperative activities

According to self-determination theory, what psychological needs should be fulfilled for an individual to have life satisfaction? a. Creativity, generosity, and security b. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness c. Dignity, security, and peace d. Intrinsic motivation, love, and support

b. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on stages of reasoning and understanding ability (cognition). Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)? . Operational b. Concrete operational c. Sensorimotor d. Formal operational

b. Concrete operational

Research into the personal and cognitive characteristics of each identity status provides additional insights. Which identity status group seems to lack trust in their ability to choose a meaningful path in life, may not feel they need to choose a path, and seems to lack optimism about their future? a. Achievement b. Diffusion c. Moratorium d. Foreclosure

b. Diffusion

Yvonne is an early-maturing 13-year-old 8thgrader who is a new student in an urban middle school. Last month she moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings. The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship. Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school. She has not been able to make friends at the new school. What does this example illustrate about the ease of the adolescent transition for early-maturing girls like Yvonne? a. Early-maturing girls are more likely to be admired by others and have higher self-esteem than late-maturing girls. b. Early-maturing girls are more likely to be rejected by girls who are less mature. c. Early-maturing girls are more confident about their sexuality than late-maturing girls. d. Early-maturing girls are neither more confident nor more likely to be rejected than late-maturing girls

b. Early-maturing girls are more likely to be rejected by girls who are less mature.

How do the attitudes toward death among elderly people compare to the attitudes of younger age groups? a. Elderly people report more anxiety about death than middle-aged adults. b. Elderly people report less anxiety about death than middle-aged adults. c. Elderly people are less realistic about its inevitability than middle-aged adults are. d. There are no differences between the elderly and other age groups in regard to attitudes toward death.

b. Elderly people report less anxiety about death than middle-aged adults.

Some researchers emphasize the ability to recognize emotions (your own emotions and the emotions of others), to understand their meanings, to integrate this information with other kinds of cognition, and to manage or regulate emotions. This combination of abilities is called what? a. Cognitive development b. Emotional intelligence c. Stages of emotion d. Emotion schemas

b. Emotional intelligence

Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city. Affordable, High-quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood. Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community? a. Macrosystem b. Exosystem c. Microsystem d. Mesosystem

b. Exosystem

In research studies, the term subjective well-being(SWB) is often used synonymously with which of the following terms? a. Fulfillment b. Happiness c. Physical and mental health d. Physical and mental activity

b. Happiness

Numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between playing violent video games and aggressive behavior. According to studies, what are the effects of playing violent video games? a. No increases in aggressive behavior b. Increases in aggressive behavior across cultures c. Increases in aggressive behavior of youth in Canada but not in the U.S. d. Increases in aggressive behavior of youth in the U.S. but not in Japan

b. Increases in aggressive behavior across cultures

Scholars may disagree about the age or point in time when an individual reaches adulthood. Viewing adulthood in the U.S. from a current sociological perspective, which of the following conclusions is accurate? a. Reaching adulthood is based on marker events such as getting married. b. Individuals reach adulthood later today than in earlier points in history. c. Completing one's education and entering the workforce marks adulthood. d. Adulthood begins when brain development is complete.

b. Individuals reach adulthood later today than in earlier points in history.

Which of the following characteristics is most closely linked to children who exhibit prosocial or helping behaviors? a. High social anxiety b. Low social anxiety c. Hedonistic perspective d. Low needs-oriented reasoning

b. Low social anxiety

Elementary school teachers often ask students to engage in self-testing and other self-monitoring activities that help them think about their own thinking. Such activities are designed to promote which type of cognitive skills that improve memory? a. Language skills b. Metacognitive skills c. Narrative skills d. Processing speed

b. Metacognitive skills

Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education. So far, his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program, the course of study he intends to pursue. He also works part time as a youth counselor, a job he really likes. He is considering changing his major to education. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity? a. Diffusion b. Moratorium c. Foreclosed d. Achieved

b. Moratorium

What percentage of young adults in the U.S. transition to college after high school? a. Around 70% b. More than 65% c. Just over 50% d. Fewer than 50%

b. More than 65%

Based on studies of young adults' partner selections, which of the following patterns is most common? a. Avoidant partner pairs with avoidant partner b. Secure adult pairs with secure partner c. Anxious partner pairs with anxious partner d. Secure adult pairs with avoidant partner

b. Secure adult pairs with secure partner

Among the following cognitive abilities or processes, which one is maintained (while the others decline) as we age? a. Working memory b. Semantic memory c. Processing speed

b. Semantic memory

What type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development? a. Short-term memory b. Sensory memory c. Working memory d. Procedural memory

b. Sensory memory

How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual? a. Until birth b. Through infancy c. Throughout life d. Until nutrition is balanced

b. Through infancy

Coded sections of DNA that help cells construct the proteins that influence physical and psychological characteristics are called a. chromosomes. b. genes. c. histones. d. zygotes.

b. genes.

Researchers do not agree on the question of what emotions are. However, they seem to agree that emotions serve functions in all of the following areas EXCEPT: a. survival. b. intelligence quotient. c. motivation of behavior. d. communication.

b. intelligence quotient.

Children who suffer severe protein and calorie shortages at any age may experience stunted growth, a protuberant belly, and extreme apathy. This severe starvation syndrome is called a. lowest observable effect. b. kwashiorkor. c. Huntington's disease. d. proximo-distal development.

b. kwashiorkor.

Piaget's research with babies helped him theorize about infant cognition by focusing primarily on their: a. babbling patterns with other children. b.motor interactions with the environment. c.eating habits and intake quantities. d.DNA, blood type, and hereditary markers.

b. motor interactions with the environment.

One important lesson helping professionals can take from Piaget's and Vygotsky's work is that a. children must be expected to make independent progress, and not to be supported by adults in every task. b. understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings. c. stages of cognitive development proceed regularly, and are not altered by individual experiences. d. language learning is not necessary for children to make progress in problem solving.

b. understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings.

When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her a.area of representational thought. b.zone of proximal development. c.preoperational stage. d.zone of scaffolding.

b. zone of proximal development.

Data on peer affiliation show the power and influence of adolescent crowd membership. The percentage of high school students in the U.S. who belong to crowds characterized by high academic achievement is approximately which of the following? a. 15% b. 10% c. 5% d. 2%

c. 5%

Research indicates that peer influence is greatest for which of the following age groups? a. 4thgrade b. 6thgrade c. 9thgrade d. Influence of peers does not change from 4ththrough 9thgrades.

c. 9thgrade

Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is a. A time when good mental health is at its peak, with the lowest rates of depression or other major mental health problems. b. The time of highest prevalence rate for depression across the life span. c. A time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression, but when clients may face many transitions. d. A time when most learning processes slow down significantly.

c. A time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression, but when clients may face many transitions.

During what period of physical development do all of the body's biological systems reach their peak potential? a. Age 18-21 b. Age 22-25 c. Age 18-30 d. Age 25-40

c. Age 18-30

In a study of relationship satisfaction and stability over a 3-year period, which of the following types of partnerships was most vulnerable to break up? a. Anxious man with secure woman b. Avoidant man with secure woman c. Anxious man with avoidant woman d. Avoidant man with anxious woman

c. Anxious man with avoidant woman

Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem. Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection? a. Child who is highly successful academically b. Child with high self-esteem c. Child with low self-esteem d. Child who is highly successful athletically

c. Child with low self-esteem

Based on Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages, what is the positive outcome of the industry versus inferioritystage that typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12? a. Fidelity b. Willpower c. Competence d. Purpose

c. Competence

In what ways do personality traits correlate with measures of subjective well-being (SWB)? a. Extroversion correlates negatively b. Introversion correlates positively c. Conscientiousness correlates positively d. Neuroticism correlates positively

c. Conscientiousness correlates positively

Which of the following does the body release to help put an end to the stress response? a. Epinephrine (adrenaline) b. Cytokines c. Cortisol d. Dopamine

c. Cortisol

Mrs. Harmon, the mother of 18-month-old Bryce, is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well. He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants. Based on her reading of several child development books, Mrs. Harmon believes that Bryce should have progressed further in language learning. Mrs. Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally. Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages, what would be your best advice? a. Don't pay attention to developmental milestones and treat each child as an individual. b. Since Bryce appears developmentally delayed, he should be referred immediately for a speech and language evaluation. c. Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages. d. Mrs. Harmon should use exercises such as flashcards with Bryce to increase his knowledge of vocabulary.

c. Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages.

What attachment style includes individuals who are able to come to terms with their difficult past, realistically reflect on the insecure attachments associated with early adversity, and, yet, nurture secure attachments with their own children? a. Dismissing b. Consistently secure c. Earned secure d. Unresolved

c. Earned secure

Globalization appears to be largely responsible for spreading which of the following aspects of emerging adulthood? a. Career stability b. Early identification of a career path c. Extended self-exploration d. Early attainment of financial autonomy

c. Extended self-exploration

What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures? a. Midbrain b. Hindbrain c. Forebrain d. Cerebellum

c. Forebrain

Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender. What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership? a. Gender stability b. Gender allegiance c. Gender constancy d. Gender roles

c. Gender constancy

Metacognitive skills advance during adolescence. Which of the following illustrates a negative side of improved metacognitive skill? a. Less introspection b. Focus on others c. Imaginary audience d. More objectivity in evaluating beliefs

c. Imaginary audience

Social learning theorists suggest that the differential treatment of boys and girls (by parents and other adults) influences children's sex-type behaviors. What does the evidence show? a. Parents interact more with their sons than with their daughters. b. Parents provide more encouragement for sons to achieve than daughters. c. In many ways, boys and girls don't appear to be treated differently. d. Parents show more warmth and responsiveness to their daughters.

c. In many ways, boys and girls don't appear to be treated differently.

Among cognitive changes that benefit memory during a child's development, which one plays the big part in making it easier for children to learn more depth in a domain of knowledge? a. Increase in the child's processing speed b. Increase in the child's logical thinking skills c. Increase in the child's knowledge base d. Increase in the child's language skills

c. Increase in the child's knowledge base

Theoretical models that portray development as a continuous process emphasize which of the following? a. Stages of change b. Steps on a ladder of change c. Incremental change d. Periods of stability

c. Incremental change

From a developmental perspective, what does it take to be happy and well-adjusted in young adulthood? a. Intimacy and parenthood b. Wealth and relationships c. Intimacy and generativity d. Confidence and financial stability

c. Intimacy and generativity

Based on Harter's view of the domains of self-concept, when does scholastic or academic competence emerge as a domain or dimension of self-concept? a. Adolescence b. College years c. Middle to late childhood d. Early childhood

c. Middle to late childhood

Among our contemporary ideas about children's development, which of the following seems to be directly influenced by Vygotskian theory? a. Our practices should be based on stages of development. b.Our views on the topic focus on heredity and genetic influences. c.Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture. d.Our research on the topic emphasizes preoperational

c. Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture.

During which period of prenatal development do most of the body's structures and organ systems form? a. Period of the fetus b. Period of the zygote c. Period of the embryo d. Period of 4 weeks prior to full term

c. Period of the embryo

Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason and Keith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite foods, and letting them watch their favorite TV shows. She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children. Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette's parenting? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Permissive d. Neglecting-uninvolved

c. Permissive

According to many studies, which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood? a. Peer acceptance b. Athletic competence c. Physical appearance d. Physical competence

c. Physical appearance

The attachment system between an infant and caregiver serves three purposes including which of the following? a. Cognitive stimulation b. Behavior control c. Protection d. Social adjustment

c. Protection

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky investigated children's cognitive growth. What was the emphasis of his central theory of cognitive development? a. Progression of stages of development b.Level of education and economic status of a child's parents c.Role of culture and society d.Rate of development of a child's language skills

c. Role of culture and society

According to research on adult partner selection, secure individuals tend to select ____________ individuals as partners. a. Avoidant b. Anxious c. Secure d. Insecure

c. Secure

Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions? a. Negative affect system b. Positive affect system c. Still-face paradigm d. Baseline episode

c. Still-face paradigm

Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? a. An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been resolved successfully and completely. b. Successful progression through the stages of development depends upon effective resolution of the Oedipal crisis. c. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. d. Highly intelligent individuals can skip specific stages and make progress at a faster rate than other people.

c. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.

Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic theory about three aspects of adult personality. According to Freud, which of these aspects is the last to emerge during development? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Autonomy

c. Superego

Donna runs a day care center. After many years of hard work, the business has grown and provides a steady income. Donna's daughter, Elaine, has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own. In order to provide this loan, Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center, including reducing staff by at least two employees. Based on what you know about Donna, what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? a. The fifth stage of cognitive development. b. The executive stage c. The achieving stage d. The acquisition stage

c. The achieving stage

After birth, neurons reproduce at a rapid rate. When does the brain stop producing new neurons? a. The brain stops producing neurons during adolescence. b. The brain stops producing neurons after infancy. c. The brain produces neurons throughout the lifespan. d. The brain stops producing neurons in early adulthood.

c. The brain produces neurons throughout the lifespan.

One traditional role of counselors is to help people make decisions. Young adult clients who are still dualistic thinkers may have which of the following problems in this process? a. They may believe there are too many solutions to consider. b. They may believe that problems have no solution. c. They may become anxious if there is uncertainty about the best solution. d. They may come to a foreclosed decision before exploring options.

c. They may become anxious if there is uncertainty about the best solution.

Which of the following statements applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time? a. They spend most of their time in mixed-gender interactions. b. They spend three times more time with same-sex peers. c. They spend 11 times more time with same-sex peers. d. They are indifferent about gender of peers with whom they interact.

c. They spend 11 times more time with same-sex peers.

In comparing leadership styles of men and women in leadership roles, what difference do researchers find? a. Women likely to be more interpersonal b. Men likely to be more task-oriented c. Women more likely to be democratic d. Men more likely to be compromising

c. Women more likely to be democratic

When Jeanine, a successful surgeon, began to suffer from arthritis in her hands, she stopped doing surgery, continuing only the consulting portion of her medical practice, and accepted a position as Dean of the medical school at the university hospital where she had her practice. Narrowing her medical practice to consulting work represents an example of a. selection. b. optimization. c. compensation. d. giving up.

c. compensation.

Jason experienced the death of a close relative due to an act of violence. He comes to counseling to get help dealing with the grief and pain of this experience. After some time, Jason adjusts, and he demonstrates improvements in psychological functioning that exceed his level of adjustment prior to this traumatic event. This is an example of a. posttraumatic stress disorder. b. recovered wellness. c. post-traumatic growth. d. post-traumatic reversal of function.

c. post-traumatic growth.

An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general population is called a. tertiary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. primary prevention. d. mediation.

c. primary prevention.

Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. a. quantitative b. incremental c. qualitative d. cumulative

c. qualitative

. Anna is a 44-year-old divorced mother of two teenagers. Anna's father, who lives alone in a nearby suburb, has recently been diagnosed with lung cancer. Anna needs to take her father to and from medical appointments while she tries to manage the demands of her own full-time job. She goes to the employee assistance counselor at work for help in coping with the demands of her situation. The counselor understands that the demands on Anna are too great given her available resources, a phenomenon called a. role buffering. b. role confusion. c. role strain. d. role multiplicity.

c. role strain.

In the United States, what portion of the current population lives beyond the age of 65? a. 58% b. 64% c. 73% d. 80%

d. 80%

Colin is applying for the pre-med major. Colin worked in the health science area for several years before returning to college. He is very serious about doing well in school. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which placement would you assign to Colin with regard to his vocational identity? a. Diffusion b. Moratorium c. Foreclosed d. Achieved

d. Achieved

Much research has focused on children who are rejected by peers. What type of social behavior is most predictive of rejection by peers? a. Inactivity or lethargy b. Apathy c. Lack of interaction d. Aggression

d. Aggression

The "Big Five" personality traits are a. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, aggressiveness, neuroticism and introversion. b. Warmth, neuroticism, conscientiousness, introversion and extroversion. c. Sociability, openness, neuroticism, agreeableness and aggressiveness. d. Agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion and conscientiousness.

d. Agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion and conscientiousness.

Dementia affects millions of adults worldwide, with 60% of those cases experiencing which type of dementia? a. Frontotemporal dementia b. Vascular dementia c. Dementia with protein build-up (Lewy bodies) d. Alzheimer's disease

d. Alzheimer's disease

Mary, age 82, keeps insisting that someone has been sneaking into her apartment and turning on her stove when she isn't looking. Her family has noticed that Mary has been more and more forgetful lately, and now she has begun rambling in her speech and using many word substitutions, like "horse" for "dog." Mary is likely suffering from a. osteoarthritis. b. negative stereotyping. c. diabetes. d. Alzheimer's disease.

d. Alzheimer's disease.

How do sociologists classify actions like entry into marriage and becoming a parent? a. As social constructions b. As dualistic decisions c. As adult rituals d. As marker events

d. As marker events

What four main attachment styles are identified for classifying the quality of adult attachments? a. Active, passive, indifferent, withdrawn b. Secure, insecure, incomplete, passive c. Attached, detached, indifferent, insecure d. Autonomous, dismissive, preoccupied, unresolved

d. Autonomous, dismissive, preoccupied, unresolved

Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters. Her kindergarten teacher, frustrated by failed attempts to teach her, says to Becky, "All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names." The teacher believes she is motivating the child to work harder by comparing Becky to the others. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of self-development? a. Becky will develop a sense of agency because she is more motivated to compete with her peers. b. Becky will not develop a sense of agency because she is not given adequate support. c. Becky will work harder to develop her sense of self-esteem. d. Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self.

d. Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self.

Which of the following is true about strategies children use to help them solve math problems? a. Children always abandon less efficient strategies when they discover more efficient strategies. b. Only children who have formal schooling learn to use strategies. c. Flawed strategies, or "bugs," are typical only of children who lack formal schooling. d. Children occasionally use less efficient strategies after learning more efficient strategies.

d. Children occasionally use less efficient strategies after learning more efficient strategies.

Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not. Which of the following gender stereotypes is NOTsupported by most research studies? a. Males tend to be more physically aggressive than females. b. Sex differences are usually small, with lots of overlap between the sexes. c. Males tend to exhibit more dominance seeking than females. d. Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males.

d. Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males.

2. In addition to overall life satisfaction, what other factors are commonly incorporated in measurements of SWB (subjective well-being)? a. Rating of generative achievement and of rank among peers b. Level of adequacy and of comfort in one's physical environment c. Breadth and depth of social interactions and work satisfaction d. Frequency of positive and of negative affective experiences

d. Frequency of positive and of negative affective experiences

What is the correlation between work (generativity) and well-being? a. Studies show no correlation between work or generativity and well-being. b. Generativity in work settings has a negative effect on well-being. c. Generativity in nonwork settings has a negative effect on well- being. d. Generativity in work and nonwork settings correlates with well- being.

d. Generativity in work and nonwork settings correlates with well- being.

In comparing the group play of boys and girls during elementary school years, what characterizes the group play of girls more than the group play of boys. a. Activities that show narrower interests b. Competitive group play c. Clearly structured hierarchical group play d. Group size of two or three

d. Group size of two or three

In relationships, what attachment style is more controlling and more likely to be characterized by mistrust in the relationship? a. Highly independent b. Highly secure c. Highly avoidant d. Highly anxious

d. Highly anxious

During emerging adulthood, African Americans in particular are likely to experience (in college and the workplace) which of the following? a. Decrease in incidence of discrimination b. Early identity achievement status c. Decrease in ethnic diversity of their environment d. Increase in identity issues

d. Increase in identity issues

Jacinta, the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy, is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development? a. Jacinta's sister, who believes the baby has been spoiled by too much attention and now has difficulty separating. b. Jacinta's mother, who believes the baby must have a physical problem that is causing him to be clingy. c. Manuel, the baby's father, who believes the boy must not like his babysitter. d. Jacinta's neighbor, who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment.

d. Jacinta's neighbor, who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment.

Based on Selman's work, what term is used to identify a child whose interpersonal orientation is manifested in aggressive or manipulative behaviors toward a friend? a. Reorienting b. Disorienting c. Self-transforming d. Other-transforming

d. Other-transforming

Based on the model of the structure of self-concept by Marsh and Shavelson, the non-academic self is divided into three areas: social, emotional, and a. Relational b. Spiritual c. Intellectual d. Physical

d. Physical

If a mother responds promptly to her baby's crying and baby's other signals, shows sensitivity and consistency, and holds the baby often, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop between mother and baby? a. Avoidant b. Anxious c. Disoriented d. Secure

d. Secure

An infant encounters a new situation and turns to her mom to get emotional information from her mom's facial expressions or vocal expressions. The infant uses this emotional information from Mom to shape her actions or response to the new situation. This is an example of what? a. Self-directed coping behavior b. Attachment c. Emotion schemas d. Social referencing

d. Social referencing

Adjusting to retirement occurs in stages, according to Atchley. Which of the stages of retirement involves finding a functional path that achieves selective optimization with compensation? a. Stage 1, honeymoon b. Stage 2, Disenchantment c. Stage 3, reorientation d. Stage 4, stability

d. Stage 4, stability

. Which of the following is most likely to have a negative effect on one's self-efficacy in the workplace? a. Acceptance of challenges b. Mastery orientation c. Incremental view of intelligence d. Stereotype threat

d. Stereotype threat

Tim is doing poorly in math. Although he knows he's not a very good math student, it does not concern him greatly. He spends most of his time after school playing hockey, a sport at which he excels. Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring, but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice. Furthermore, he reasons, two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does. Which process seems to enhance or protect Tim's self-esteem? a. Tim's self-criticism b. Tim's self-monitoring of his performance c. Tim's perspective-taking skills d. Tim's downward social comparison

d. Tim's downward social comparison

Developmentalists' definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT: a. Multifaceted b. Hierarchical structure c. Dynamic and changing d. Unidimensional

d. Unidimensional

Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation? a. Around the age of three b. Around the age of two c. Around one year of age d. Young infancy

d. Young infancy

The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of a. self-concept. b. attachment. c. intelligence. d. conscience.

d. conscience.

Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called a. scaffolding. b. operational thought. c. tools and signs. d. mediated learning.

d. mediated learning.

The set of cognitive processes involved in intentionally controlling our own behavior, determining what we pay attention to, setting goals, and choosing our responses to stimuli is called what? a.Representational thought b.Adaptations c.Assimilations d.Executive functions

d.Executive functions

Vygotsky believed that parents and other more advanced thinkers of a culture promoted cognitive development of children or novice learners. What term is used to define this type of help that promotes learning? a.Elaborating b.Orienting c.Duplicating d.Scaffolding

d.Scaffolding