Final Exam - Networking

HIPAA

(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) Protect medical records security and privacy

SNMPv3

(SNMP) most secure version of the protocol

SNMPv1

(SNMP) original version; rarely used today

SNMPv2

(SNMP) still widely used

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

- Application layer signaling and control protocol for multiservice, packet-based networks. - Signalling protocol to set up an IP communication session

Disadvantages of virtualization

- Compromised performance - Increased complexity - Increased licensing costs - Single point of failure

Advantages of virtualization

- Efficient use of resources - Cost and energy savings - Fault and threat isolation - Simple backups, recovery, and replication

When first VM's NIC is selected

- Hypervisor creates a connection between that VM and the host - This connection might be called a bridge or switch

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) - Operates in which layer?

- Operates in Data Link layer - Prevents traffic loops

Softphones

A computer programmed to act like an IP phone

LWAPP (Lightweight Access Point Protocol)

Direct all wireless frames to the controller by adding extra headers to the frames

Segmentation

Dividing a network into multiple smaller networks

Greatest advantage to packet switching

Does not waste bandwidth by holding a connection open until a message reaches its destination

....are commonly used on multiservice networks that support a number of media gateways

MGCP and Megaco

Switch Dependent Mode

MIC teaming accomplished with a single switch (intelligent).

VMware

Makes the most widely implemented virtualization software

DiffServ (Differentiated Service)

Modifies actual IP datagram (header and data) and Accounts for all network traffic

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)

Modifies data streams at Network Layer. Replaces IP datagram header with label. fast forwarding.

Performance management

Monitor links and devices' ability to keep up with demand

Web caching

Most common caching type, highly customizable.

IPv4 address is divided into two parts:

Network ID and host ID

ISP cache engine

Network device devoted to storage, frequently requested file delivery. Lowers WAN traffic.

VLAN hopping attack

Occurs when an attacker generates transmission that appear to belong to a protected VLAN

RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)

Operates at Application layer. Provides end-to-end delivery services for delay-sensitive data, such as voice and video.

Unmanaged switch

Provides plug-and-play simplicity with minimal configuration

CoS (Class of Service)

Refers to techniques performed at Layer 2 on Ethernet frames.

Baseline

Report of network's current operation state

Unicast transmissions

Single node issues data stream to one other node

Network Management agent

Software routine that collects information about device's operation. Provides info to NMS

Hypervisor

Software that allows you to define and manage virtual machines (aka virtual machine manager)

Syslog function

Standard for generating, storing, and processing messages about events on Linux or UNIX. Data written to system log.

Transport Layer protocols

TCP and UDP

Unicast transmission

a single node issues a stream of data to one other node

Virtual switch

a switch that is created within a NAS or a server that has VMS. It lets you extend the amount of VMs. - Operates at Data Link layer - Passes frames between nodes

Numbers of 1s in the subnet mask determines the number of.... in the IP address belong to the network ID

bits

Trunk port

capable of managing traffic among multiple VLANs

Hot spare

component already installed in a device that can assume control at failure

Cold spare

component, not installed, but can be in the the event of failure

TCP

connection oriented protocol. Delivery guaranteed

UDP

connectionless protocol. Packet loss tolerable, preferred for real-time applications.

Managed switch

Can be configured via a command-line interface and are usually assigned an IP address

Network Management System

Central collection point

Public Switched Telephone Technologies

Circuit-switched model, carries telephone calls/faxes

Supernetting

Combine contiguous networks that all use the same CIDR block into one supernet (aka classless routing or IP address segmentation)

CALEA

Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act) Telecommunications carriers, equipment manufacturers must provide for surveillance capabilities

MGC (media gateway controller)

Computer managing multiple media gateways. Facilitates exchange of call signalling information. aka softswitch. Good for large VoIP networks

WAN link

Connection between one WAN site and another site

Circuit-switched networks

Connection is established between two network nodes before transmitting data

Management Information Base

Contains managed devices definition, data

MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)

Converts analog signals into VoIP format. Translates between different signaling protocols.

Virtual network

Created to consist solely of virtual machines on a physical server

EF (Expedited Forwarding)

Data stream assigned minimum departure rate. Circumvents delays

AF (Assured Forwarding)

Data streams assigned different router resource levels. No guarantee of on time, in sequence packet arrival

Fault management

Detection and signaling of device, link, component faults

Switching

Determines how connections are created between nodes

Thin AP

simple devices that must be configured from the wireless controller's console

Interfaces that share a network prefix belong to the same....

subnet

Each VLAN is assigned its own....

subnet of IP addresses

CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)

- Provides additional ways of arranging network and host information in an IP address. - Takes the network ID or a host's IP address and follows it with a forward slash (/), followed by the number of bits used for the network ID

SDN (Software Defined Networking)

- The virtualization of network services - integrates all of the network's virtual and physical devices into one cohesive system -Control plane (protocols handle process of making decisions) - Data plane (make actual contact with data transmissions)

Host-only Mode

- VMs on one host can exchange data with each other and the host - Cannot communicate with nodes beyond the host - never receive or transmit data with host's physical NIC

NAT Mode

- vNIC relies on host to act as NAT (Network Address Translation) device - Obtains IP addressing information from host

3 benefits of subnetting in IPv6

1.) Simpler than IPv4, 2.) Classes not used, 3.) Subnet masks not used

CIDR Block

192.168.89.127/24 24 represents the number of 1s in the subnet mask and the number of bits in the network ID

192.168.89.127/24 The 24 (CIDR block) represents the number of .... in the subnet mask and the number of .... in the network ID

1s .... network ID

Trunk

A single physical connection between switches through which many logical VLANs can transmit and receive data

Network connection types

Bridged, NAT, and Host-only

IP telephony (VoIP)

Any network carrying voice signals using TCP/IP

Load balancing

Automatic traffic distribution over multiple components or links

Packet-switched networks

Break data into packets before they are transported

DiffServ has two forwarding types

EF (Expedited Forwarding) and AF (Assured Forwarding)

Virtualization

Emulation of a computer, OS, environment, or application. Running one OS on top of another. Allows IT to be more efficient.

Most common examples of packet-switched networks

Ethernet networks and the Internet

VLAN (virtual local area network)

Groups ports on a switch so that some of that local traffic on the switch is forced to go through a router

Subnetting in.... is simpler than subnetting in....

IPv6....IPv4

H.23

ITU standard describing architecture, protocols. Establishing, managing packet-switched network multimedia sessions

WAN site

Individual geographical locations connected by WAN

Signaling

Information exchange between network components or system. Establish, monitor, and release connections.

Caching

Local storage of frequently needed files. Allows quick access.

PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard)

To protect credit card data and transactions

Interface monitor

Tool that can monitor traffic at a specific interface between a server or client and the network

Network monitor

Tool that continually monitors network traffic

IP telephones

Transmit and receive only digital signals

VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)

Used to assign a virtual IP address to a group of routers

Simple Network Management Protocol

Used to communicate managed device information. part of TCP/IP suite

Virtualization purpose

makes computer act and perform like multiple computers

A VLAN can include ports from....

more than one switch

First four blocks in subnetting normally identify the...

network

WANS connect...

networks

LANS connect...

nodes

on a VoIP, logical channels are identified as ..... at each IP address

port numbers

UDP is preferred over TCP for .....

real-time services (e.g. telephone conversations and video conferences)

Link aggregation

seamless combination of multiple network interfaces or ports to act as one logical interface

Thick AP

self-contained without relying on a higher level management device

Signaling protocol

set up and manage sessions between clients

One way to consider availability is by measuring a system or network's....

uptime

Access port

used for connecting a single node

Subnet mask

used so devices can determine which part of an IP address is network ID and which part is the host ID

Bridged Mode

vNIC (virtual Network Interface Controller) accesses physical network using host machine's NIC - Obtains own IP address, default gateway, and netmask from DHCP server on physical LAN

Hypervisor controls...

virtual switches