Final Exam NURS 700

Define theory and define conceptual model

"Conceptual models" refer to the very abstract and general work from which theories are derived. -A theory is composed of concepts and propositions about a phenomenon: -Concept: A word or phrase that captures the essence of something -Proposition: A statement about one or more concepts -Nursing theories usually focus on the experiences of health conditions and health-related events, and the condition or event of interest provides context for the theory. -TYPES of theories: There are three types of distinguishable theories: -Descriptive: Theories that describe a phenomenon -Explanatory: Theories that provide explanations about a phenomenon by specifying how concepts are related to each other -Predictive: Theories that specify how one concept affects one or more other concepts -Most theory concepts are not directly observable and must be connected to a real-world proxy known as an "empirical indicator." -Assessment tools and "intervention protocols" (procedure explanations) are two popular empirical indicators. -Simple assessment tools are particularly effective because they do not place undue burden on the patient or nurse. -Conceptual models are frames of reference for nursing practice that are made up of concepts and propositions that are more abstract and general than those of a theory. -Tend to lead to the observation of provocative facts that are converted into new ideas about the discipline.

Giger and Davidhizar's Transcultural Assessment Model

Focuses on the assessment and intervention from a transcultural nursing perspective Used in education, practice, administration and research The six areas explored in the model are communication, space, social orientation, time, environmental control and biological variations

Know the list of attributes of culturally competent organizations

Organizational cultural competence: -Individual cultural competence is not enough; the organization in which the care is delivered must also be culturally competent -When one considers the cultures of the patient, the APN, the profession and a diverse workforce, cultural competency becomes exceedingly complex -Culturally competent care is not a luxury for APNs, it is a necessity

Why are empirical indicators used to test theory concepts and propositions?

-A Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical (C-T-E) structure (used for theory development) is made up of three components: 1-A conceptual model 2-A theory 3-Empirical indicators and other empirical methods -Theory development is the product of research, which is a systematic process of inquiry. -C-T-E structures provide a framework for logical reasoning for a study.

Know the assumptions of care within Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory and Model

-Care (caring) is essential to curing and healing, for there can be no curing without caring -Every human culture has generic, folk, or indigenous care knowledge and practices and usually some professional care knowledge and practices that vary transculturally. -Culture care values, beliefs, and practices are influenced by and tend to be embedded in the worldview, language, philosophy, religion and spirituality, kinship, social, political, legal, educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental contexts of cultures. - A client who experiences nursing care that fails to be reasonably congruent with his or her beliefs, values, and caring lifeways will show signs of cultural conflict, noncompliance, stress, and ethical or moral concern. -Within a cultural care diversity and universality framework, nurses may take any or all of three culturally congruent action modes: (1) cultural preservation/maintenance, (2) cultural care accommodation/negotiation, and (3) cultural care repatterning/restructuring.

Know the Level 3 under Clinical Judgement characteristic of nurses in the AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care

-Collects and interprets complex patient data -makes clinical judgments based on an immediate grasp of the whole picture for common or routine patient populations -recognizing patterns and trends that may predict the direction of illness -recognize limits and seeks appropriate help, focuses on key elements of case while sorting out extraneous details

Describe comforting intervention

-Comfort Incorporates the caring focus of nursing and a comforting action or task -Comforting Is a process that occurs with repeated interactions and within a developing relationship. Continues until it is no longer needed or demanded by the patient. -Responding to suffering by making the patient comfortable is the goal of nursing. -The comforting interaction comprises: 1.the patient cue 2.the cure or signal observed by the nurse 3.the nurse's assessment of the patient and provision of a comfort strategy -The comforting interaction is patient led. -In a trauma situation, comfort includes touching, talking, posturing, and being available to the patient. -The comfort level is a dynamic continuum, and patients fall between complete relinquishment and forced relinquishment. The patient does not immediately move to complete relinquishment, unless the patient's needs are great and life threatening. Nursing is just beginning to develop a solid theoretical base for providing comfort. Strategies Comforting strategies available to nursing are numerous. Some strategies are present in everyday action as we console or commiserate. Some strategies are standardized as a part of excellent nursing care, such as a back rub, position change, or bed bath. Other strategies are used thoughtfully and with care, such as administering an analgesic. Summary: The praxis theory of suffering links a myriad of patients' emotional states with comforting strategies. This model is patient led and can be used in any setting. More research is needed on the different states of enduring.

The 3 principles of rogers theory: Principles describe unpredictably changing mutual patterning of fields.

-Continuous change within the human-environmental field is homeodynamics, which relies on three principles 1.Resonancy: Continuous change from lower to higher frequency wave patterns 2Helicy: Continuous, unpredictable, increasing diversity of field patterns 3Integrality: Continuous mutual human and environmental field process

Rogerian Science

-Emphasis on human rights, client decision making, and noncompliance -Noncompliance: Clients know themselves best and have the right to make informed decisions -Assumption of increasing diversity calls for the greater individualized care.

Know the criteria in evaluating a theory (5 steps) What is the criteria for a theory to be an empirically adequate? What is your conclusion of a theory if the evaluation of research has flaw?

-Evaluating C-T-E structures for theory generation and theory testing is a five-step process that requires thinking critically and making judgments about the extent to which information about each C-T-E component satisfies a certain set of criteria. Theory evaluation -Step 1: Evaluation of the C-T-E: Step 1 focuses on the conceptual model component and utilizes two criteria: Specification adequacy: The amount of information about the conceptual model used to construct the C-T-E structure Linkage adequacy: The clarity of connections between the conceptual model, the theory, and the empirical indicators Theory evaluation -Step 2: Evaluation of theory: Step 2 focuses on the theory component and utilizes four criteria: Significance of the theory: The extent to which the theory is socially and theoretically important Internal consistency of the theory: The extent to which the concepts of the theory are comprehensible Parsimony of the theory: The extent to which content of the theory is stated concisely Testability of the theory: The extent to which the theory can be empirically tested Theory evaluation -Step 3: Evaluation of empirical methods Step 3 focuses on the operational adequacy of the empirical indicators. "Operational adequacy" is the appropriateness of the empirical indicators as measures of the theory concepts. To be operationally adequate, indicators should yield dependable and credible qualitative data or reliable and valid quantitative data. -Theory Evaluation step 4: Evaluation of findings (Within this step lies the answer to question 6: 6. What is the criteria for a theory to be an empirically adequate?) Step 4 focuses on the empirical adequacy of the theory component. "Empirical adequacy" is the extent to which data from a study testing a theory agree with the concepts and propositions of that theory. To be empirically adequate, data must be completely congruent with theory concepts and propositions. Theory Evaluation -Step 5: Model Utility and Soundness (Within this step lies the answer to question 7: 7.What is your conclusion of a theory if the evaluation of research has flaw?) Step 5 focuses on the legitimacy of the conceptual model. "Legitimacy" is the extent to which research findings support the usefulness of the conceptual model as a guide for C-T-E structure construction and the soundness of its content. To be legitimate, findings must reveal no major flaws in the conceptual model.

Which of the Cultural models focuses on areas of communication

-Giger and Davidhizar's Transcultural Assessment Model -Purnell model

According to King's hypothesis, why is the Theory of goal attainment important for nurses?

-Goals become the criteria for measuring effectiveness of nursing care -Interactions lead to the critical transactions that result in goal attainment -Derived from the conceptual framework, King's Theory focuses on holism and describes nursing as an interactional process. -King's theory led to a seven-part hypothesis: 1.Perceptual accuracy in nurse-client interactions increases mutual goal setting 2.Communication also increases mutual goal setting and leads to satisfaction 3.Satisfaction increase likelihood of goal attainment 4.Goal attainment decreases stress and anxiety 5.Goal attainment increases client coping ability 6.Role conflict decreases transactions 7.Congruence in role expectations increases transactions

Know the assumptions of Purnell Model. (google if time)

-Grand theory, holographic and complex cultural competence theory The model is based on 20 assumptions, including the following: -One culture is not better than another -Core similarities are shared by all cultures -Cultures change slowly over time -Individuals and families belong to several subcultures -Cultural awareness improves the caregiver's self-awareness -Every client encounter is a cultural encounter

Understand the notions of Dorothy Johnson' model (Goals of her Management)--Behavior System Model

-Johnson nursing should maintain or restore balance to seven behavioral subsystems. -Each subsystem has functional requirements that must be met, sometimes with assistance. -Assessment focuses on information related to the structure and function of the seven behavioral subsystems and environmental factors. -Management focuses on restoration or maintenance of subsystem balance to achieve -Johnson's work contributes the following to the four metaparadigms: 1. Person: A behavioral system with seven behavioral subsystems 2. Environment: Forces that can disturb system balance 3. Health: The interaction of psychological, social, biological, and physiological factors 4. Nursing: An external regulatory force that acts to preserve patient behavior at an optimal level -The primary relationships in Johnson's model exist between the person and the environment, according to three notions: -The system manages its relationship with the environment -Balance is essential for effective and efficient functions -Nursing is an external regulatory force that acts to restore balance -Johnson's model is based on inductive reasoning and is detailed in its description of systems. -Has nearly unlimited applications with ill persons -Concepts are clearly and consistently defined and provide comprehensive direction for nursing research and practice.

Know the definition of Health according to King.

-King's view of health is "a process of human growth and development and relates to the way individuals deal with stress of growth and development while functioning within the cultural pattern in which they were born and which they attempt to conform. Proposed that the environment is holistic and transformative and that health is a process of growth and development -Described the focus of nursing as the human being and human acts. King's view of health is "a process of human growth and development and relates to the way individuals deal with stress of growth and development while functioning within the cultural pattern in which they were born and to which they attempt to conform" Individuals undergo constant dynamic change in their state of health; they require continuous adjustment to stress to achieve physiological stability. King (1981a) did not identify health and illness on a linear continuum because she chose not to address certain abstract, and required, concepts, particularly wellness; rather, King saw illness as an imbalance in the person's physiological or psychological makeup, constituting a disturbance in the dynamic state of the person in her view.

What is the purpose of outcome identification and planning according to Neuman's model?

-Neuman's model emphasizes three steps in the nursing process: 1.Nursing diagnosis 2.Nursing goals 3.Nursing outcomes -Nursing practice should focus on promoting system stability by guiding the client in energy conservation, by synthesizing data into goal-based interventions, and by evaluating intervention outcomes. -Neuman's model encourages students to use logic, deduction, and induction in developing nursing plans. -It promotes the use of practical clinical tools to guide holistic assessment in practice. -It contributes to the understanding of the influence of prevention on the relationship between stressors and system stability in research.

Know the levels of prevention based on Neuman's model.

-Primary prevention is the point of entry into the health care system and strengthens clients to help them deal with stressors. -Secondary prevention occurs after clients have reacted to stressors and focuses on protecting the basic structures of the system. -Tertiary prevention occurs after the client has been treated and helps the system equalize energy and become reconstituted.

Know the components of the Praxis Theory of Suffering

-The praxis theory is a state theory: Suffering is an emotional experience; emotion is reflected in, and evidenced in, the suffering person's behavior. -Suffering is a basic human response to a threat to one's physical or psychosocial integrity. The goal of the response is to protect one's self.

What is the Praxis Theory of Suffering?

-The praxis theory of suffering provides a way to conceptualize emotional responses to illness and death. -The praxis part of the praxis theory of suffering refers to pragmatic interventions—the nursing strategies that ease and relieve the suffering. -What the patient and family feel is evident in their behavior. -Nurses can learn how to read cues from the patient and family and respond appropriately with pragmatic interventions. -The theory has been developed from a synthesis of three decades of qualitative studies. -States that there are two primary behavioral states in suffering: -Enduring (emotions are suppressed) -Enduring is defined as a response to the actual or threatened loss that causes feelings of chaos. -The chaotic event(s) is unavoidable, incomprehensible, and, if anticipated, dreaded. -In response to the chaos, the person shuts down, allowing the person to last through the threat to self. -Attributes of enduring include: 1.Maintaining control of self 2.Living in the present moment 3.Removing oneself from the situation 4.Being aware of the danger or consequences of emotional disintegration -When assessed using Ekman's EMFACS, the suppressed emotion gives the face a blank appearance. -When enduring, people use escapes which are strategies or actions that occupy them so they do not have to think about the situation. -Enduring does not lead to an out-of-control state. Degrees of enduring include: 1.Scared: Patients are quiet 2.Anxious: Patients are hyperverbal 3.Frightened: Patients complain, beg, and ask questions in a rapid manner or make repeated requests 4.Terrified: Patients use short sentences and phrases 5.Out of control: Patients are hysterical and not coherent -Emotional (emotions are released) Emotional suffering occurs when an individual acknowledges the actuality of the loss. -During emotional suffering, the emotional resources cannot be controlled and become despair, grief, and sorrow. -Escapes such as watching TV or sleeping are used to dull the pain of emotional suffering. -Emotional suffering is often recognized on an individual's face. -Individuals can move from enduring to suffering, and back to enduring. -Once the sufferer has been able to accept what has happened and envision a new future, hope seeps in. States that a suffering individual exits the suffering state as the reformulated self, with a new perspective on life

Understand the Adaptive Modes of Roy's Model. (Which mode describes behavior related to relationships)

Coping processes lead to four interrelated modes of adaptive behavior: Self-concept/group mode: Personal or group aspects related to behavior

What are the primary ways in which theory generation and theory testing differ from one another?

-Theory generation is theory development from inductive reasoning based on specific observations. C-T-E structure for theory generation proceeds from the conceptual model to the empirical indicators to the new theory. -Theory testing is theory development from deduction based on general concepts. C-T-E structure for theory testing proceeds from the conceptual model to the theory to the empirical indicators.

Parse's: What do humans do to avoid confronting external reality

-¨health is becoming, or a way of living and a synthesis of personal values. Three principles form the basis of humanbecoming: Three principles 1-Rather than confronting external reality, humans construct their own reality by giving significance to situations 2-Creating patterns of relating requires humans to engage in paradoxical rhythms 3-Becoming requires humans to move beyond what is to what could be while resisting new ways of viewing both the familiar and the new

Know the trait of competency of a leader according to the RBC Model.

All five trait are listed but she wants us to focus on the competency trait. Clarity Competency: know expectations and have support to acquire the skills needed to meet those expectations Confidence Collaboration Commitment

Purnell's assumption: extra

1. All healthcare professions need similar information about cultural diversity. 2. All healthcare professions share the metaparadigm concepts of global society, family, person, and health. 3. One culture is not better than another culture; they are just different. 4. There are core similarities shared by all cultures. 5. There are differences within, between, and among cultures. 6. Cultures change slowly over time. 7. The primary and secondary characteristics of culture determine the degree to which one varies from the dominant culture. 8. If clients are coparticipants in their care and have a choice in healthrelated goals, plans, and interventions, their compliance and health outcomes will be improved. 9. Culture has a powerful influence on an individual's interpretation of and responses to health care. 10. Individuals and families belong to several subcultures. 11. Each individual has the right to be respected for his or her uniqueness and cultural heritage. 12. APNs need both cultural-general and cultural-specific information to provide culturally sensitive and culturally competent care. 13. Caregivers who can assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate in a culturally competent manner will improve the care of clients for whom they care. 14. Learning culture is an ongoing process that develops in a variety of ways, but primarily through cultural encounters (Campinha-Bacote, 2008). 15. Prejudices and biases can be minimized with cultural understanding. 16. To be effective, health care must reflect the unique understanding of the values, beliefs, attitudes, lifeways, and worldview of diverse populations and individual acculturation patterns. 17. Differences in race and culture often require adaptations to standard interventions. 18. Cultural awareness improves the caregiver's self-awareness. 19. Professions, organizations, and associations have their own culture, which can be analyzed using a grand theory of culture. 20. Every client encounter is a cultural encounter.

Understand the 14 Components of basic nursing care by Virginia Henderson (5)

1. Perform bodily functions adequetely 2. Moving and resting appropriately 3. Grooming and dressing to maintain comfort 4. Avoiding danger and enjoying life 5. Expressing emotions and faithfulness

Understand the 7 Assumptions of Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model

1. Persons seek to express their unique potential 2. Persons are capable of reflective self-awareness 3. Persons value growth in positive directions 4. Persons seek to actively regulate their behavior 5. Persons transform and are transformed by the environment 6. Health professionals are part of the environment 7. Self-initiated pattern reconfiguration leads to behavior change

How does clinical caritas differ from the theory of human caring?

10 carative factors → 10 carita processes "Caritas" - to cherish The caritas field is a conscious healing presence founded on caring and love that profoundly changes the relationship experience for nurses and patients The evolved factor highlights the connections between caring, spirituality and human love Human caring science has been integrated into professional practice in Patient care delivery systems Healing spaces for nurses time-outs Centering practices in the nursing workflow Caring-based rounds Curricular planning, teaching-learning strategies and course content

Know the steps of the process for translating nursing theories into evidenced-based tools.

7-step Process for Translation Read PPT

Know the steps of the process for translating nursing theories into evidenced-based tools.

7-step Process for Translation Theories into Practical Actions Identifying a practice problem Requires awareness of the problem Awareness may be catalyzed by a number of things Patient experiences Journal articles Workshop presentations Position statements Requires the possibility of a new way of assessing it or intervening to help people overcome it Asking questions about the problem (PICOT) Best done through the PICOT format of asking a question, which considers five things Patient population (P) Intervention/area of interest/assessment (I) Group comparisons (C) Desired outcome (O) Time (T) the average level of function status Searching for literature about the problem Searching published literature is done through scoping review in order to determine the amount of literature available on the subject Review focuses on the theory component of the C-T-E structure Search terms can be drawn from the conceptual model, PICOT format, type of article being searched, practice guidelines, review summaries, and best practices Critically evaluating the literature Critically evaluating the literature requires a realist review combining research and an explanatory focus Realist review unpacks how certain tools work in particular contexts and involves appraisal and integration of theory-generating and theory-testing research A worksheet may be used to record the research retrieved and its quality FAMEE (Feasibility, Appropriateness, Meaningfulness, Effectiveness, and Economic) is used to rate the overall level of evidence in an integrated review Integrating the literature with elements of evidence-based tools Integrating the literature with patient needs, situational contexts, clinical judgements, and patient preferences requires practical action guided by the criterion of pragmatic adequacy Pragmatic adequacy is the extent to which a theory serves as evidence for practical actions Pragmatically adequate theories address five things Social meaningfulness: The extent to which translation of the theory into a tool yields desired outcomes consistent with patient needs Compatibility: The extent to which the context of the research situation in which the tool was developed is compatible with a particular practice specialty, health condition, or patient group Feasibility: The complexity of implementing the new tool into practice Consistency: The extent to which the new tool is consistent with patient preferences for and expectations of treatment Legality: The extent to which the new tool or protocol is within the legal scope of advanced nursing practice Evaluating the action of the theory in practice Evaluating the theory after implementation is often done through research projects or quality assurance programs Both methods are useful for determining whether application of the theory yields the innovative results expected Disseminating evaluation results Disseminating results of evaluation requires public presentation of findings about the innovative action on an applied theory Also includes publication of findings in appropriate journals These are the final components needed to translate a theory into practical actions of evidence-based practice

2.When does the caring occasion occurs according to Watson's framework?

A "caring occasion" is said to occur whenever a nurse and another person come together with their unique subjective realities and seek to connect in the present At that time, if certain "carative factors" are present, a transpersonal relationship develops, and the nurse and other person are unified in body, mind and spirit Through this transpersonal relationship, both individuals grow, learn, and develop - each in his or her own way

What is the purpose of a scoping review of the nursing literature?

A scoping review of literature is recommended to determine the amount of literature available about a topic "Scoping reviews aim to map rapidly the key concepts underpinning a research area and the main sources and types of evidence available" "Scoping reviews involve the synthesis and analysis of a wide range of research and non-research materials to provide a greater [theoretical] clarity about a specific topic or field of evidence." "Scoping revises aim to provide a map of what evidence has been produced from disparate or heterogeneous sources as opposed to seeking only the best evidence to answer a particular question related to policy or practice"

Know the Koloroutis four elements for transforming the patient care delivery environment in the context of Relationship-Based Care (RBC) Model.

According to this model, four elements are key to strong relationships and transformation of the patient care environment: 1.Inspiration: Promotes organizational progress 2.Infrastructure: Provides the practices, systems, and processes that allow change to occur 3.Education: Promotes competence, confidence, and personal commitment 4.Evidence: Indicates that change has happened

Why does theory-practice gap in nursing exists?

Because theories are typically thought of as formulations that are not relevant to practice Accordingly, "no gap" based on EBP definition= "Evidence-based nursing practice is the deliberate and critical use of theories about human beings' health-related experiences to guide [nursing] actions." However, not all practical actions are based on theory (can be based on individuals, procedure manuals, common sense, etc.)

1.Know the characteristics of expert nurses according to Benner's model.

Expert nurse; Has intuitive grasp of the situation and zeros in on the accurate region of the problem. Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: 1.The helping role 2.The teaching-coaching function 3.The diagnostic and patient-monitoring function 4.Effective management of changing situations 5.Administering and monitoring interventions 6.Monitoring the quality of health care practices 7.Organizational and work-role competencies

Racism

Feelings of prejudice against persons of another race or group of people

According to Newman's theory, how does illness help patients expand their consciousness?

Foundational concepts include: 1. Movement , 2.time, 3. space, 4. expanding consciousness Proposes the person is a pattern of the evolving whole, continually transforming through unpredictable processes Expanding consciousness is a form of transformation that results from disruptive patterns. These patterns change client perceptions of time and space in a dynamic way. This dynamic situation offers the client opportunity to reflect on evolving new patterns of relating because the old patterns no longer work. A move toward compassionate consciousness reflecting wholeness (health), caring, evolving pattern, mutual process, and transformation Theory can be synthesized in three basic assumptions: -Health is an evolving unitary pattern of the whole, including patterns of disease -Consciousness is the informational capacity of the whole and is revealed in the evolving pattern -Pattern identifies the human-environmental process and is characterized by meaning Theory necessitates a paradigm shift in which order is revealed through emerging relationships. nShift encompasses important conceptual movements: ¨Finding patterns rather than treating symptoms ¨Viewing pain as an important source of pattern information ¨Treating disease as a process rather than an entity ¨Viewing the body as a dynamic energy field

Know the definition of health metaparadigm according to Florence Nightingale.

Health: Being well and using talents well

Cultural imposition

Intrusively applies the majority cultural view to individuals and families Eg) prescribing a special diet without regard to a person's culture and limiting visitors to immediate family border on cultural imposition

Johnson's human becoming

Meaning, Rhythmicity, Cotranscendence

Applications: Health as Expanding Consciousness

Newman's ideas are applied by nurses who are fully present in the nurse-client relationship and function as a transforming presence in the client's life. Ongoing reflection is necessary if the nurse is to continue growing and changing, using insights that emerge to make informed choices. The fully present nurse guides clients through phases of self-awareness, deepening awareness, appreciating meaning, and transformation in a mutual partnership that facilitates personal healing.

What is the lived experience between a patient and a nurse that affects a person's personhood according to Boykin and Schoenhoefer's theory?

Nursing as Caring Theory Considered a grand theory → revolves around four major concepts Personhood: a process of living grounded in caring and enhanced in nurturing relationships Nursing situation: the unique, dynamic experience between a patient and nurse that affects each party's personhood Calls for nursing: specific forms of caring that the patient requests from the nurse within the context of the nursing situation Nursing as caring: the idea that caring is the body of knowledge from which professional nursing uniquely responds to its social duty According to this theory, nursing is "coming to know persons as caring" and creating caring responses that advance personhood When the nurses delivers such responses, patient outcomes are improved and both the patient and the nurse experience personal growth

Understand the major concepts of nursing by Virginia Henderson (persons)

Person: Inseparable biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual components

What inspired Joanne Duffy to create the quality-caring model?

Primary purposes Narrow the gap between nursing's professional values and the reality of its professional practice Support the connections between nursing caring and quality health outcomes Major concepts Participants: all individuals involved in healthcare experience, each of whom is a unique being with their own subjective reality Caring relationships: human interactions grounded in caring factors; nurses implement these relationships autonomously and are solely accountable for their success or failure Feeling care for: a consequence of caring relationships that is associated with contentment, met needs, acceptance and validation Health: a multidimensional, dynamic, holistic state of well-being that is closely related to quality When patients feel cared for in the context of a caring relationship, positive outcomes - and better health- are likely to result

Parse's 3 ontology

Research focuses on understanding the meaning of lived experiences as described by the people experiencing them through four steps: -Participant description of experiences -Data gathering through dialogue -Synthesis of information to identify study focus Linkage of findings back to theory -The three processes are: 1-dialogical engagement 2-extraction-synthesis 3-heuristic interpretation -Parse perceived the nurse's role as being truly present with people to enhance their quality of life. -Methodology involves three principles: 1-Explicating 2-Dwelling with 3-Moving beyond -Practice involves the nurse and client in discussion, which opens the door for reflection on health pattern choices.

Know the application of Rogerian science in Advanced Practice nursing.

Rogerian ideas can be applied through therapeutic touch, relaxation techniques, imagery exercises, affirmations, and storytelling that comfort and rejuvenate patients when administered in conjunction with standard therapies. These practices center on understanding and applying the unique aspects of nursing in addition to the science of nursing.

When searching for the published literature for information about a theoretical problem, which approach is the best place to draw search terms?

The concepts and propositions of the conceptual model should be used to guide the search for and classification of the empirical and nonempircal literature to be reviewed. Ex: The Roy Adaptation Model could be used as a search term

Understand Parse's three principles of ontology.

She explicitly identified four postulates that had been embedded in the ontology of her theory and that permeate the three principles: illimitability, paradox, freedom, and mystery. She refined the wording of the principles while keeping the original intent: Structuring meaning is the imaging and valuing of languaging . . . Configuring rhythmical patterns of relating is the revealing-concealing and enabling-limiting of connecting- separating . . . Cotranscending with possibles is the powering and originating of transforming. (Emphasis in the original) (Parse, 2007, p. 309) Humans structure personal meanings, configure rhythmical patterns of relating, and cotranscend with the possibles in "cocreating reality illimitably with paradoxical rhythms" and with "inherent freedom in the impenetrable mystery of being human" (p. 309). Parse's vision for 2050

Stereotype

Simplified and standardized conception, opinion or belief about a person or group

Theory of caring and healing by Swanson's middle-range theory assure clients that reality is appreciated

The Theory of Caring and Healing - Kristen Swanson; middle range theory "A nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility." Five caring processes (1)Being with: demonstrating emotional presence, and conveying to others that they matter and that their reality is appreciated

Know the postulates of Rogers Theory. The concept of openness

The four postulates are energy fields, openness, pattern, and pandimensionality •Rogers proposed the science of unitary human beings based on four postulates: -Energy fields: Infinite, continuously flowing energy that is fundamental to all life -Openness: No division exists between energy fields, allowing energy to flow unbroken -Pattern: Energy flow is subject to field patterning -Pandimensionality: Phenomena are manifestations of changing field patterns

When do we say theories are judged to be pragmatically adequate?

Theories that are judged to be pragmatically adequate are: -Socially meaningful -Evaluating the social meaningfulness of a theory requires consideration of the extent to which translation of the theory into a new assessment tool or intervention protocol would yield desired outcomes -Compatible with a particular practice setting -Feasible in the real world of practice -Consistent with patients' preferences for and expectations about care -Lead to actions that are within the legal scope of nursing practice

When do we say theories are judged to be pragmatically adequate?

Theories that are judged to be pragmatically adequate are: Socially meaningful Evaluating the social meaningfulness of a theory requires consideration of the extent to which translation of the theory into a new assessment tool or intervention protocol would yield desired outcomes Compatible with a particular practice setting Feasible in the real world of practice Consistent with patients' preferences for and expectations about care Lead to actions that are within the legal scope of nursing practice

What Describes the relationship between theory and evidence in advanced practice nursing.

Theory and evidence/EBP are equivalent A theory does not lead to evidence, rather a theory IS the evidence When we discuss evidence-based practice, we are actually discussing theory-based practice Translational research helps transform research findings into practical actions These concepts are especially relevant to Essential I (Scientific Underpinnings for Practice, Essential III (Clinical Scholarship and Analytical Methods of Evidence-Based Practice), and Essential VIII (Advanced Nursing Practice) of the DNP essentials

Know the three approaches in selecting conceptual model linking an existing nursing theory

Three approaches to linking a conceptual model with a theory have been identified: Selection of a conceptual model and direct derivation of a theory from it Selection of a conceptual model and linkage of an existing nursing theory to it Selection of a conceptual model and linkage of an existing theory from another discipline to it

4. What is descriptive theories translated into? /5. Know the types of theory and the equivalent types of research design.

Three primary types of empirical theories and research designs are 1.Descriptive theories -Research design: tested by descriptive research -Practice tool: translated into patient assessment tools 2.Explanatory theories -Research design: tested by --correlation research -Practice tool: translated into comprehensive assessment tools 3.Predictive theories -Research design: tested by experimental research Practice tool: translated into intervention protocols -Practice tools can be developed when research findings for each type of theory are translated for practice Few researches/clinicians understand that descriptive and explanatory theories also have practical use/value when translated into assessment tools

What is descriptive theories translated into? /5. Know the types of theory and the equivalent types of research design.

Three primary types of empirical theories and research designs are Descriptive theories Research design: tested by descriptive research Practice tool: translated into patient assessment tools Explanatory theories Research design: tested by correlation research Practice tool: translated into comprehensive assessment tools Predictive theories Research design: tested by experimental research Practice tool: translated into intervention protocols Practice tools can be developed when research findings for each type of theory are translated for practice Few researches/clinicians understand that descriptive and explanatory theories also have practical use/value when translated into assessment tools

Know the three principles of Parse's Theory.

Three principles form the basis of humanbecoming: 1.Rather than confronting external reality, humans construct their own reality by giving significance to situations 2.Creating patterns of relating requires humans to engage in paradoxical rhythms 3. Becoming requires humans to move beyond what is to what could be while resisting new ways of viewing both the familiar and the new

What is the reason for an increased interest in translational research in recent years?

Translational research= the process used to determine which conditions, costs, and resources are required to progress theory into evidence-based practice In other words, to translate research findings into practical actions Goal= decreasing the time required for theories to be translated into tools and protocols that improve quality of life Reasons for increased interest in recent years: To ensure that the discoveries that advance into human trials have the highest possible chance of success in terms of both safety and efficacy Weeding out failures earlier in the process can significantly decrease overall costs/time Recent need is based on the premise that much research in the life sciences has failed to advance human health, and it offers itself up as a solution to tackle intractable health problems

Understand the Levels of Vulnerability according to AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care

Vulnerability: Susceptibility to actual or potential stressors that may adversely affect patient outcomes. Levels: High: susceptible; unprotected, fragile Moderate: somewhat susceptible; somewhat protected minimal : safe; out of the woods; protect fragile others