Final exam Physiology

Goblet cells Paneth cells Where are these found and what do they secrete?

Goblet cells found in villi, secrete mucus panted cells found in villi, secrete antibacterial molecules that target pathogens(bacteria)

What does insulin measure? What is the function of this measurement?

Helps measure kidney function by

Functional unit of the liver is?

liver lobules

Which hormone triggers ovulation?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Kupffer cells are?

macrophages in the liver, that are the first innate cell to protect against bacteria

Give the 3-5 functions of the liver talked in lecture?

~stores vitamins ~stores glucose as glycagon ~detoxifies poison ~converts ammonia into urea ~destroys old red blood cells and helps store iron

"Microbiota" describes what?

Community of bacteria within the colon

What does the stomach do?

-food absorption -It produces pepsin break down proteins -It produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH for pepsin to work -feeding nutrients into the small intestine

How many eggs are normally ovulated per menstrual cycle?

1 egg per month

What three anatomical adaptation increase the surface area of the small intestine ?

1. Plica Circulars 2. Folded into villi 3. Cells that line these villi have folded plasma membrane which from microvili

CH.17 Kidneys What are the five functions of the urinary system/kidneys?

1. Removes wastes and extra fluid, kidney is like a filtration system and urinary system is what exerts the waste out through peeing. 2. Help control blood pressure 3. Makes red blood cells 4. Helps the concentration of electrolytes 5. Helps control PH levels

What are the two regions of the kidneys?

1. Renal Cortex putter layer(reddish in color due to the capillaries present) 2.Renal Medulla inner layer( has pyramids which drain into the minor and major calyces which spill into the renal _pelvis_which narrows forming the ureter)

Within normal circumstances what two molecules are reabsorbed by the kidney?

1. bicarbornate 2. glucose

Avergage ejaculation contain how many sperm cells?

150-200 million

Calculate daily GFR is the inulin clearance rate 57ml/min

57X60min=3,420 3,420X24hr=82,080ml= 82 liters daily

What hormone promotes salt reabsorption and why would this be necessary?

Aldosterone which is an anti diuretic hormone, water follows salt so it helps with water retention

Label the functions of the following within the pancreatic juice

Amylase-digest carbohydrates ex. starch Lipase-break down fat Bicarbonate-buffer Trypsin-digest proteins and activates other enzymes

Where are the folic stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone produce?

Anterior pituitary gland

Are ion concentrations regulated by reabsorption or secretion or both?

Both ? works in both ways to secrete it and reabsorption

Carbonic reversible chemical reaction?

CO2 + H2O--->H2CO3--->HCO2-+H+

What are the monomers of the major nutrient molecules that are digested and absorbed by the digestive system?

Complex carbohydrates: glucose Protein: Amino Acids Lipids (triglycerides): glycerol and fatty acids

Chief cells Parietal cells Neck cells they are found where and secrete what ?

Chief cells, produced in stomach, secrete pepsin, that ingest protein Parietal cells, produced in stomach, secrete HCl Neck cells, found in stomach, secrete mucus which protects the inner lining of the stomach walls from acid

Stimulus above leads to a release of what hormone ?

Cholecystokinin

the primary molecular component of gallstones is?

Cholesterol

The term used to describe the partially digested contents of the stomach is ?

Chyme

Where are most of the internal microbes of the human body located?

Colon

What smooth muscle makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?

Detrusor muscle

Why are women more prone to urinary tract infections than men?

Due to the uretha being shorter in women at 2in, than the men at 8inches, bacteria and pathogens can enter the bladder in a quicker way.

What doe the bile do?

Emulsify fat globules down to smaller fat molecules to be used an nutrients and energy

what is the normal sex chromosome compliment of males and females?

Female contain 2 X chromosomes and males have 1 X and 1 Y

Tubal ligation?"tubes tied and cut"

Incision made in woman's belly where both oviducts are tied and a section is removed, can have a rapid decline is estrogen levels.

Define Glycosuria

Is the presence of glucose in the urine.

These cells produce testosterone in the male?

Leydig cells

Accessory to digestive system ?

Liver: produces bile Gallbladder: stores gallbladder Pancreas: Makes and delivers digestive enzymes to small intestine

What is meiosis?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes in the male testes and females ovaries with half the normal amount of chromosomes (23) ~meisois result in 4 daughter cells that are genetically different

what type of receptor alerts the brain of a full bladder?

Micturation

3 functional roles of the placenta ?

Nutrient uptake waste elimination gas exchange

Condom prevents?

Pregnancy

Chorionic gonadotropin hormone prevent?

Prevent menstruation (period)

what are the 4 cell divisions process?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How is water drawn out of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate and Cl- follows passively by electrical attraction so water follows salt

Male vasectomy? Testosterone levels effected?

Surgically cutting and tying off the vas deferens to prevent pregnancy Causes him to be sterile ~no affect on testosterone levels or sex drive

How does ADH secretion result in an increase in water reabsorption?

The ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable to water

What system within the human body can someone live with out ?

The reproductive system

Which activates which in the questions above?

Trypsin acts as an enzyme converting zymogens into their active forms

What is a metabolic waste product resulting from protein metabolism?

Urea

What is a sex chromosome?

a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. female/male

What is bilirubin?

a orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile

What is the Chylomicron?

a particle of lipids and proteins secreted by intestinal epithelial cells into lymph and transported by lymphatic system to the blood

What is the cause of acid reflux?

back flow or splashing of stomach acid into the esophagus

Hepatic portal circulation describes?

blood flow from a capillary bed to a vein to another capillary then to another vein

Prolactin during milk production?

causes production of milk during suckling process

How doe simple sugars enter the blood stream?

cells move sugar through the extracellular fluid to be absorbed by the blood stream

cholera bacteria cause what disease in humans?

diarrhea, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

What is secretion?

elimination of waste products into the urine occurs in the urea

Fertilization occurs in the ?

fallopian tubes

What are the two gonadotropic hormones?

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

components of semen

frutose, alkaline fluid, lubricating mucus from bulborethal gland

What function may the appendix perform?

immune function, has lymphatic nodules and houses beneficial bacteria

Oxytocin during milk production ?

increase contraction for milk production and ejection

What does oxytocin do during delivery?

increase the frequency and strength of uterine contraction

What role does the luteinizing hormone have?(male)

increases testosterone release by leydig cells of the testes

What are the opposing roles of insulin and glucagon?

insulin decreases blood sugar levels and glucagon increase blood sugar levels and destroys the fat where sugar is stored

CH.18 Digestive system General anatomy of the digestive system

mouth: teeth hew food while mixing with saliva Esophagus: transports food to stomach Stomach: breaks down food with HCl acid and pepsin Small intestine: absorption of nutrients large intestine: transportation of waste formed

What's the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron, which works through a two step process the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes through your urine

What is autosomes?

non-sex chromosomes

oral contraceptives

pills that prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation or by changing conditions in the uterus ex.birth control pill

What is the purpose of the countercurrent system?

reabsorption of water

Transdermal patch

release of hormones into the skin to prevent a pregnancy

vasectomy

removal of a segment of the vas deferens which cuts off sperm to the semen male birth control

What is reabsorption ?

reuptake of nurtrients such as glucose back into the blood stream and appears in the proximal tubule

What role does the follicle stimulating hormone have? (male)

stimulates sperm cell production

What stimulus promotes secretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine?

stimulus is the arrival of food from a meal

Gallbladder does what?

stores and concentrates bile and delivers as well

What is inulin?

sugar produced by plants which measure the glomerular filtration rate

How do amino acids enter the blood stream?

the amino acids are transported from the intestinal lumen through the intestinal cells to the blood. This movement of individual amino acids requires special transport proteins and the cellular energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

What does the "Brush Border" describe?

the appearance of microvilli under high magnification

Which organ regenerates itself?

the liver

What is Excretion?

the process of removing waste from the body, so peeing it out

What is filtration?

the process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

Oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

What is amniocentesis?

the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus. ex. chromosomes

Menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines ~ 12 months since last menstruation

There are two sphincters what muscle composes them?

upper sphincter muscle, smooth involuntary muscle part of the automatic nervous system ANS (internal urethral) lower sphincter muscle, voluntary skeletal muscle controlled by somatic nervous system SNS (external urethral)

What is peristalsis?

wave-like involuntary smooth muscle contractions

Jaundice is?

yellow skin and white of eye coloring, caused by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood

Ovulation + menstruation cycle

~In each cycle, rising levels of the hormone oestrogen cause the ovary to develop and release an egg (ovulation). The womb lining also starts to thicken. ~In the second half of the cycle, the hormone progesterone helps the womb to prepare for implantation of a developing embryo. ~The egg travels down the fallopian tubes.