Final Exam Psych 1

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?

The age of possibilities

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage?

They center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame.

Which of the following hormones regulates the menstrual cycle in women?

a. Estrogen

Which of the following is true of crystallized intelligence?

a. It is shown more generally by vocabulary.

__________is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.

a. Rooting

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?

a. Social relationships

Which of the following statements is true of the hearing capability of newborns?

a. They can hear well when they are born.

According to Ainsworth, infants who show__________are least distressed by their mother's departure, play by themselves without fuss, and ignore their mothers when they return.

a. avoidant attachment

According to Piaget, the__________is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

a. preoperational stage

Skinner believed that the effects of__________on behavior should be emphasized.

a. reinforcement

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the__________as the center of experience.

a. self

According to a research by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.

a. the consequences of behavior

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?

b. A teenager keeps his room clean because his parents appreciate it.

__________is best described as the process of responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.

b. Assimilation

According to Ainsworth's strange situation method, upon reunion with their mothers after separation, infants with resistant attachment:

b. alternately cling to and push their mother away.

Judy, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Judy's math teacher, shares with Judy a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.

b. cognitive scaffolding

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:

b. human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.

Some animals become attached to the first moving object they encounter. The formation of an attachment in this manner is therefore called__________.

b. imprinting

Observational learning is one of the foundations of__________.

b. social cognitive theory

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

c. Accommodation

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

c. Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.

In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running?

c. Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence.

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

c. The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality

Which of the following is true of humanistic-existential theories?

c. They do not predict the sorts of traits and interests we will develop.

__________are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

c. Traits

The Electra complex involves:

c. a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.

According to Kohlberg, postconventional reasoning usually emerges in _____.

c. adolescence

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a__________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

c. critical period

In the context of the perceptual development of infants,__________is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.

c. fixation time

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

d. Establishment of close relationships

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

d. It begins to develop during the first year of life.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

d. It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following is a characteristic of objective tests?

d. They present respondents with a standardized group of test items.

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.

d. Western cultural prejudice

In the context of cognitive development,__________is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world.

d. accommodation

In the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, a strong need for order is a(n) _____.

d. anal-retentive trait

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development.

d. phallic stage

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the__________.

postconventional level

Newborns use the__________to avoid painful stimuli.

withdrawal reflex