Final exam review
focus group
A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues.
proposal
a formal plan that outlines your objectives for conducting a research project, specifies the methods you intend to use, and describes the implications of your work.
logos
appeals to reason
Peer review
articles in scholarly journals that get carefully evaluated by the author's peers
fallacy of the middle ground
assumes that the middle position between two extreme positions must be correct
Either/or Fallacy
at times, an author will take two extreme positions to force readers to make a choice between two seemingly contradictory positions
Logical Fallacies
flaws in the chain of reasoning that lead to a conclusion that does not necessarily follow from the premises, or evidence
the straw man argument
makes a generalization about what a group believes without actually citing a specific writer or work
Appeal to fear
makes an appeal to readers' irrational fears and prejudices, preventing them from dealing squarely with a given issue
ad hominem
focuses on the person making a claim instead of on the claim itself
Popular source
written for a general audience
fallacy of division
a fallacy of division suggests that what is true of the whole must also be true of its parts
Primary source
a firsthand, or eyewitness, account
annotated bibliography
a list of sources (arranged alphabetically by author) that you plan to consult and use in your research paper.
index
an alphabetical list of the important and recurring concepts in a book, and the page numbers on which they appear.
Secondary source
an analysis of information reported in a primary source
deductive argument
an argument in which the premises support (or appear to support) the conclusion.
inductive argument
an argument in which the premises support (or appear to support) the conclusion.
Premise
an assumption that you expect your readers to agree with.
Erroneous Appeal to Authority
an author who claims to be an authority but is not, or someone an author cites as an authority who is not
context
the process of establishing a background for understanding an issue
Pathos
Appeal to emotion
false analogy
Authors (and others) often try to persuade us that something is true by using a comparison
Ethos
appeals from character
shifting the issue
occurs when an author draws attention away from the issue instead of offering evidece
sarcasm
the use of heavy-handed irony to ridicule or attack someone or something.
irony
the use of language to say one thing while meaning quite another.
Original research
the use of primary resources of evidence you gather yourself
begging the question
this fallacy entails advancing a circular argument that asks readers to accept a premise that is also the conclusion readers are expected to draw
Modifying what others have said model
this model assumes that mutual understanding is possible
Hypothesis testing model
this model begins with the assumption that writers may have good reasons for supporting their arguments, but that there are also a number of legitimate reasons that explain why something is, or is not, the case.
Correcting-Misinterpretations Model
this model is used to correct writers whose arguments you believe have misconstrued one or more important aspects of an issue.
Filling the gap model
this model points to what other writers may have overlooked or ignored in discussing a given issue
idea sheet
used to help you explore not just what you might want to learn by conducting research but why you are interested in a particular topic, issue, or problem.
rhetorical triangle
visually represents the interrelationship among ethos, pathos, and lagos.
hasty generalization
when a person draws a conclusion about a group based on a sample too small to representatives
sweeping generalization
when an author attempts to draw a conclusion without providing sufficient evidence to support the conclusion or examining possible counterarguments
Bandwagon
when an author urges readers to accept an idea because a significant number of people support it
Scholarly sources
written for experts in a particular field
Working thesis
your first attempt at an assertion of your position
