Final exam review

Extinction occurs when the ________ no longer produces the ________. CS; UCS CS; CR UCS; CR UCS; UCR

CS; CR

Which of the following is an explanation for the clinician's illusion? Clinicians recognize that because people tend not to think clearly and objectively about their own stressors, they assume that most people are not able to deal effectively with their own stressors. Clinicians are used to dealing with other clinicians, and thus they assume that most people are well-balanced, resilient, and perfectly able to handle their own stressors. Clinicians realize that their "fees" are usually going to be paid for by insurance companies, and thus assume that their clients will be highly motivated to improve as rapidly as possible so that they don't "run out" of benefits. Clinicians tend to see only those who react emotionally to stress, so they overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience.

Clinicians tend to see only those who react emotionally to stress, so they overestimate people's fragility and underestimate their resilience.

Which of the following best illustrates retroactive interference? Susie struggles to learn how to play the violin, after playing the guitar for many years. Chet struggles to learn the names of the new players he added to his fantasy baseball roster. Professor Jones struggles to learn the names of his new students after teaching for many years prior. Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players.

Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players.

What is the main difference between an experiment and a correlational study?

Experimental study manipulate the independent variable.

Some researchers examining the validity of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) have suggested that an absence of correlation between the IAT and measures of explicit prejudice actually supports the IAT's validity. This is because the IAT is believed to measure unconscious, or implicit, prejudice. The result is that the validity of the IAT can be supported whether correlations with other measure of prejudice are low or high. This is a problem for which of the six principles of critical thinking? Correlation versus causation Replicability Falsifiability Extraordinary claims

Falsifiability

Alex and Nicole just got married. They move into their new apartment and realize they need a coffee table. Alex takes four stacks of old textbooks and forms the legs of the table. He then takes an old piece of cardboard and lays it across the four "legs." Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered? Mental set Functional fixedness Creative inhibition Availability heuristic

Functional fixedness

___________ ___________ occurs when we have difficulty conceptualizing an object being used for something other than its standard use.

Functional fixedness

Twin studies tell us that IQ is influenced by both _________ and ________ factors.

Genetic and environmental

What problem-solving strategies are essentially mental shortcuts? Heuristics Algorithms Mnemonic devices Cognitive biases

Heuristics

Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true? IQ scores in infancy are negatively correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. IQ scores in infancy are strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. IQ scores obtained in infancy are relatively stable over time.

IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood.

Which of the following is true concerning "twin study" research findings? Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations. Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins. Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins. Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart.

Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins.

Not being able to remember things that happened before an accident.

Retrograde amnesia

As we sleep during the night, we spend the majority of our time in ________ sleep. REM Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 4

Stage 2

A child playing peek a boo who believes that their dad has disappeared when he hides behind the door lacks this?______________ ________________

Object Permanence

A key characteristic of a good scientific theory is that it is simple explanatory device. This key characteristic is explained as the critical thinking principle of___________ ________?

Occam's Razor

Residents of a small town on the gulf coast of Florida reported numerous UFO sightings. Military personnel eventually disclosed that they had been running tests on a new missile over open waters, which would account for the strange lights the local people were witnessing. Which critical thinking principle does this example best demonstrate?

Occam's Razor

Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning? One's course of genetically fixed and cannot be significantly influenced by social factors. One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding. All children pass through the same cognitive developmental stages at similar points in time. To prevent frustration, children should be presented with tasks that they can fully complete unaided.

One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding.

Using OCEAN, the traits in this group are ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ___________

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

A frequently prescribed drug therapy for managing one's depression is Adderall. Lithium. Prozac. Thorazine.

Prozac

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconsciousmotivations? Behavioral Humanism Psychoanalytic Trait

Psychoanalytic

In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties? Behavioral Cognitive-behavioral Humanistic Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

The general public is often misled by discussions of research in the media because?

Reporters are often not educated in how to interpret or accurately communicate research.

__________ is the process of reactivating or reconstructing information from your memory store. Remembering Recall Retrieval Recognition

Retrieval

1. Selective attention allows us to pay attention to important stimuli and ignore others. T/F

True

2. The inner ear plays a key role in our ability to keep our balance. T/F

True

3. To control for experimenter expectancy effects, only participants need to be blind to who's in the experiment and control groups. T/F

True

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant T/F

True

Assuming someone plays basketball because they're tall is an example of a heuristic. T/F

True

Children achieve motor milestones in the same order even if age varies. T/F

True

Chunking permits us to increase the number of digits or letters we hold in our STM.

True

Cortisol increases in responses to stress T/F

True

Deindividuation makes people more likely to engage in pro-social and anti-social behavior. T / F

True

Depression is associated in schizophrenia are visual. T/F

True

Effects of stressors can be cumulative. T/F

True

GAD is the core anxiety disorder out of which other develop. T/F

True

In general, recall is more difficult than recognition.

True

Long term potentiation plays a key role in learning.

True

Memory is more reconstructive than reproductive.

True

Most psychologists adopt a biopsychosocial perspective which proposes that most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological. T/F

True

Neurotransmitters send messages between neurons T/F

True

Nonstandard dialects follow syntactic rules that differ but are just as valid as the rules in standard english. T/F

True

People's first reaction to extreme stress involves activation of autonomic nervous system. T/F

True

Research on observational learning shows that children learn aggression by watching aggressive role models. T/F

True

Scientific theories are general explanations and hypotheses are specific predictions. T/F

True

Stroop task demonstrates that reading is automatic. T/F

True

Studies suggest that parenting style may not be crucial to child development T/F

True

T/F Identical twins reared together tend to be about as similar in personality as identical twins reared apart.

True

Taste aversions are acquired from a single trial T/F

True

The amygdala plays a key role in fear T/F

True

The fact that two things are related doesn't mean one directly influences the other T/F

True

The fundamental attribution error says we tend to attribute others' behavior to their personality traits. T / F

True

Psychologists are most frequently found working in_______________?

at universities and 4-year colleges

Which of the following terms was coined to indicate the presence of positive, or adaptive, stress in a person's life? distress counterstress prostress eustress

eustress

An external goal or motivation that has the capacity to affect behavior is referred to as extrinsic. an expectancy. intrinsic. homeostasis.

extrinsic

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are unique to each culture. identical in every culture. fairly consistent across many cultures. useless for cultural evaluation.

fairly consistent across many cultures.

Scar was weak, thin, and rather lanky. Mufasa was strong and muscular, and had a very dominant presence. His qualities will likely give him a better chance at survival. Mufasa is said to have a higher level of_______________?

fitness

Peoples genetic makeup is their_______________?

genotype

A three-month old baby named Bryan smiles even when he is alone. Scientific research has suggested that his smile should be attributed to ________. effective training by his mom his motivation to learn something new the reinforcements from his immediate surroundings his innate motor programs from birth

his innate motor programs from birth

"Like cures like" is the foundation of alternative medicine. homeopathy. complementary medicine. traditional medicine.

homeopathy.

The color of light is what psychologists call ___________.

hue

An exercise in suggestion. You can resist it if you want.

hypnosis

At its most basic level, __________ is an exercise in suggestion. hypnosis meditation dreaming lucidity

hypnosis

Eating, drinking, sexual motivation, and body temperature control are most strongly influenced by the ______.

hypothalamus

The ________ regulates and maintains constant internal bodily states.

hypothalamus

What is best described as an educated guess?

hypothesis

According to the __________, repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus. facial feedback hypothesis mere exposure effect James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory

mere exposure effect

A child's ability to understand that others' perspectives can differ from theirs is called theory of __________. schema disintegration mind egocentrism

mind

The term cognitive ________ is used to reflect the fact that human beings seek to reduce their mental effort as much as possible, while still being able to make accurate decisions. miser parsimony heuristic frugality

miser

5. This is the most frequent score in a data set

mode

Phineas Gage tragically had a tamping iron propelled through his head. Both left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex were severely damaged. As a result of the accident, Phineas Gage______________________?

personality changed

Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ________ reinforcers. secondary primary negative neutral

secondary

An attachment style where a child is playing with mom in a room and when mom leaves he cries. When their mom comes back he stops. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

The case of Genie and her failure to acquire meaningful language ability best supports the nativist approach. the limitations of bilingualism. metalinguistic deficiency. the critical period theory.

the critical period theory.

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by the external stimuli. the facial blood vessels. our bodily movement. the face shape.

the facial blood vessels

The rates of autism have sharply decline recently.

False

Ken received a score of 125 on the WAIS and is taking it again in three weeks. What should we expect about Ken's upcoming test score? Ken should score nearly the same on the second administration of the test. Ken should score slightly higher on the second administration due to item familiarity. Ken should score lower on the second administration because it is hard to replicate such a high score. Ken should score slightly higher on the second administration due to increased motivation.

Ken should score nearly the same on the second administration of the test.

Kevan used to study diligently for exams in all of his high school classes and begin working on writing projects immediately after they were assigned. However, no matter what he did, he could never score higher than C or C+. What prediction would the behavioral model make about Kevan's behavior today as a college student? Kevan's behavior cannot be adequately predicted from his past experiences. Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts. Kevan will eventually drop-out of college because of his poor performance. Kevan will continue to study diligently and work hard in his classes.

Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts.

This memory system has nearly unlimited storage.

Long-term memory

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration? Flashbulb memory Long-term memory Sensory memory Short-term memory

Long-term memory

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep? REM sleep Non-REM sleep REMN sleep Paradoxical sleep

Non-REM sleep

The bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing is the ________________.

cochlea

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. social cognitive psychosocial identity

cognitive

Which type of receptor cell is associated with seeing colors?

cones

__________ is consistency of measurement.

reliability

Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________. valid normed reliable standardized

reliable

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and therefore __________the probability of a response. removed; increases removed; decreases presented; increases presented; decreases

removed; increases

The ________ effect refers to the sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was first acquired. rebound recovery renewal bounceback

renewal

When Anne Treisman (1960) repeated the research of Donald Broadbent in an attempt to clarify his theory that attentional processes act as a filter through which certain stimuli pass, she was able to verify his findings and extended his theory in different ways. This demonstrates the incredible value of________________?

replication

Our visual sensory receptor cells are located in the _______________.

retina

This is the process of reactivating or reconstructing information from your memory store.

retrieval

Following a car accident, Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia. Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Joan suffers from __________ amnesia and Jane from __________ amnesia. anterograde; retrograde retrograde; anterograde proactive; retroactive retroactive; proactive

retrograde; anterograde

According to the myths surrounding being right-brained or left-brained, __________ are supposed to be artistic, creative, and emotional.

right

2. A positive correlation means that s one variable changes, the other one goes in the (same/different) direction.

same

A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ___________. schizophrenia bipolar disorder a dissociative disorder passive-aggressive personality

schizophrenia

Proponents of empirically supported treatments believe that clinicians should make treatment decisions without regard to scientific evidence. only cognitive-behavioral techniques should be used to treat psychological problems. too little research has been done to appropriately inform clinicians about the best treatments for specific disorders. science should inform a clinician's decision making about the most appropriate therapeutic practices.

science should inform a clinician's decision making about the most appropriate therapeutic practices.

Being open minded but conservative about accepting claims without evidence is

scientific skepticism

Dr. Wolpe designs an experiment test of his theory of aggression against a competing theory. After conducting the appropriate statistical tests, he finds that the data are better explained by the competing theory. His willingness to accept the evidence that another theory is superior is a characteristic of______________?

scientific skepticism

The white part of the eye is called the _____________?

sclera

The chronological age of student with an IQ score of 120 and a mental age of 12

10

While driving her children, Adriana's car broke down. She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself, most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next __________ or she will forget the number. 2 seconds 15 seconds 45 seconds minute

15 seconds

Systematic desensitization was developed in ______ and gradually exposes clients to _____________ situations through the use of imagined scenes. 1948; anxiety-producing 1948; depression-provoking 1958; anxiety-producing 1958; depression-provoking

1958; anxiety-producing

How many stages of sleep are there in human beings? 3 4 5 6

5

An IQ score below ________ may lead to a classification of mental retardation. 100 90 80 70

70

William Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient was mental age/chronological age × 100. What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 9? 75 85 125 135

75

How many more morphemes are in this sentence? "I play basketball on the weekend." (These are syllables)

9

"Look, Mom, she is not really happy; you can see it in her eyes!" cries Amelia's little sister. What might this sharp little 4-year-old have spotted? A masked reaction A Duchenne smile A Pan Am smile A forced smile

A Pan Am smile

What is meant by the term "egocentrism?" A child is unable to see the world from others' point of view. A child is extremely arrogant and feels that he or she is better than others. A child is very selfish and refuses to share his or her possessions with others. A child lacks the motivation do things for him- or herself and expects them to be done by others.

A child is unable to see the world from others' point of view.

Research into the post-event reactions of those who were living in New York City many months after the attacks on September 11, 2001 found which of the following to be true? A majority of those polled demonstrated remarkable resilience to the potential effects of the trauma of 9/11. A majority of those living in New York City at that time had moved to the city since the attacks, indicating that most of those who lived in the city when the attack occurred had left the area. A majority of those polled were suffering significant levels of PTSD symptoms. A majority of those polled were willing to discuss mundane details of their lives, but were very resistant to discussing anything related to the 9/11 attacks.

A majority of those polled demonstrated remarkable resilience to the potential effects of the trauma of 9/11.

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A student is sent to detention for fighting A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness

A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework

____________________ practitioners teach clients that negative thoughts such as "I'm worthless" are merely thoughts, not facts, while encouraging them to accept and tolerate the full range of their feelings, and act in keeping with their goals and values. Avoidance and commitment therapy Acceptance and commitment therapy Dissonance and commitment therapy Dialectical and behavioral therapy

Acceptance and commitment therapy

The __________ theory focuses entirely on the biological underpinnings of dreams.

Activation-Synthesis

1. ________ forecasting refers to a person's ability to predict both their own as well as others' happiness. Hedonic Affective Socioemotional Schizoaffective

Affective

Which of the following drugs is categorized as a depressant? Cocaine LSD Alcohol Marijuana

Alcohol

In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped? A young woman is being mugged while people are watching from their bedroom windows. An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street. An angry mob watches while an old man is attacked by a dog. A woman collapses on the sidewalk of a crowded street.

An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street.

Which of the following is the best example of chunking? Cedric is able to remember all of the names of the kids in his class. Caroline uses the first letter of each of her vocabulary words and spells out the word, "butterfly" to help her remember. Katie writes down an example for each of her vocabulary words. Andrea creates a sentence using all of her vocabulary words.

Andrea creates a sentence using all of her vocabulary words.

According to drive reduction theory, who is likely to be the most motivated? Joanna, who is hungry Tony, who wants to kiss Joanna Arnold, who is thirsty Hillary, who needs an "A" in psychology to graduate

Arnold, who is thirst

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression? Billy, who was raised in North Dakota Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing, China Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo, Japan

Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

What kind of statement is consistent with "prescription for humility"

But I might be wrong

Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behavior? Behavior that is statistically rare Behavior that is consistent with the norms of society Behavior that does not create distress Behavior that is adaptive

Behavior that is statistically rare

Who is engaged in abstract thinking? Susie, who says that most apples are colored red Benito, who says the sun might explode one day Gene, who argues that the Red Sox are better than the Yankees this year Marlita, who says her favorite television show is Hannah Montana

Benito, who says the sun might explode one day

Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link? Antisocial personality disorder Bipolar disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage?

Broca's area

Which of the following brain areas is primarily involved in speech production? Corpus's area Wernicke's area Broca's area Munchausen's area

Broca's area

According to the ________, seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion fear and running away at the same time. However, the ________ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; somatic marker theory of emotion two-factor theory of emotion; Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion two-factor theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion

Who probably scored the highest on the conscientiousness scale? Garrett, who is about to go bungee jumping Marlene, who is captain of the cheerleading squad Cathy, who is the oldest of three children and has cared for her younger siblings Mable, who is very quiet around strangers

Cathy, who is the oldest of three children and has cared for her younger siblings

What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some core qualities? Classes Attributes Patterns Concepts

Concepts

Our experience of ourselves and the world around us.

Consciousness

__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences. Sectional Cross-sequential Sequential Cross-sectional

Cross-sectional

__________ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives. Framing Problem solving Decision making Anchoring

Decision making

__________ psychology is the study of how behavior changes over the lifespan. Evolutionary Cognitive Social Developmental

Developmental

________ is the act of treating members from out-groups differently from members of one's own group. Prejudice Adaptive conservatism In-group bias Discrimination

Discrimination

Studying a little bit every night is called instead of studying everything at once?

Distributive practice

If you're thinking outside the box, you'd probably score high on the test that measure ________ thinking.

Divergent

Concept of intelligence related to creativity is called? ______________ ____________

Divergent thinking

Kira is jogging down the street listening to her portable music player. Abruptly, her batteries die and the music stops. Which of the following accounts for her ability to still "hear" the last part of the song that was playing? Short-term memory Eidetic imagery Iconic memory Echoic memory

Echoic memory

________ rational emotive behavior therapy emphasizes changing how we think, but it also focuses on changing how we behave. Beck's Rogers's Ellis's Wolpe's

Ellis's

__________ is the first process of getting information into memory. Acquisition Memorization Elaboration Encoding

Encoding

T/F Personality traits predict behavior in a single situation with high levels of accuracy.

False

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? Alarm collapse Exhaustion Resistance

Exhaustion

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" study? Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children. Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in nursery school children. Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in nursery school children. Exposure to nonaggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in nursery school children.

Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children.

What happens when the conditioned stimulus no longer produces the conditioned response?

Extinction

3. In top-down processing, we construct a whole from its parts T/F

False

4. All statistically significant findings are important and large in size T/F

False

Almost all deinstituinalized patients return successfully to their families and communities. T/F

False

Although IQ scores predict school achievement they're almost useless for predicting occupational success. T/F

False

By definition, stereotypes are inaccurate. T / F

False

Gene expression is predetermined at birth and doesn't change in response to the environment. T/F

False

High self-esteem is essential for mental health. T/F

False

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) initially yields an automatic response T/F

False

Intelligence is unrelated to reaction time. T/F

False

Most hallucinations in schizophrenia are visual. T/F

False

Most people work hard in groups. T / F

False

Negative reinforcement and punishment are superficially different but they produce the same short-term effects on behavior. T/F

False

People who've had a great deal of experience with liars are better at detecting lies than other people. T/F

False

People's average IQ has remained unchanged over time. T/F

False

Repeatedly asking a child if they were abused leads to more accurate answers than asking once.

False

T/F One strength of Freudian theory is many of its predictions are hard to disprove.

False

T/F People move through stages 1-4 in sleep and then move slowly through REM the rest of the night.

False

Who is engaging in distributed practice? Geoff, who has been studying an hour a night over the last three weeks for his anatomy final Angela, who just read through her notes on the way to take her algebra final Kris, who made flash cards last night for his psychology final today Alan, who pulled an "all-nighter" to get ready for his biology final

Geoff, who has been studying an hour a night over the last three weeks for his anatomy final

Which of the following losses might serve as a starting point for one's experience of major depressive disorder? A fellow student from your high school class moves away Getting fired from one's job and having difficulty getting a new job Losing $1.25 in a vending machine and not getting it refunded The loss of a grandparent who had been sick for many years

Getting fired from one's job and having difficulty getting a new job

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? Giving a child candy for completing their homework Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework Allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

Giving a child candy for completing their homework

Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic? Changes in vocal tone Growth of the breasts Growth of the genitals Growth of facial hair

Growth of the genitals

Monkeys prefer soft surrogate mothers

Harlow's contact comfort study.

Billy has just returned home from visiting his grandparents. His grandfather always had a jar of jelly beans on the table, and his mother asked Billy about the jar. "Sure," says Billy, "it was right there where it always was." Billy's mother knew that the jar was gone. The grandfather had recently been diagnosed with diabetes and had cut down on his sugar intake. Why did Billy remember seeing the jar of jelly beans? He probably has a damaged hippocampus. He was using the representativeness heuristic. Too much time had passed between the visit and the conversation with his mother. He reconstructed his memory using new and old information.

He reconstructed his memory using new and old information.

As you walk into your dorm room, you notice that your roommate is crying. Why is it difficult to know if she is happy or sad? Her facial expressions are likely to be similar. Her physiological reactions are likely to be similar. Her nonverbal cues are likely to be similar. Because it is impossible to pick up on the physiological responses that distinguish happiness from sadness.

Her physiological reactions are likely to be similar.

________ refers to suggestive techniques for altering a person's perceptions, thoughts, feelings, memories, or behaviors. Déjà vu Hypnosis Meditation Perceptual sets

Hypnosis

When asked if there are more ice cream cones sold in November or July, Mary answers July immediately. She is surprised to find out that there is little to no difference between the two months in terms of ice cream cone sales. Mary's error is most clearly an example of

Illusionary

1. To make important points during lectures, instructors tend to use a lot of __________, a form of nonverbal expressions.

Illustrators

"Look at those two, they can't keep their hands off of each other! They've only been on 2 dates, and they barely know each other!" What type of love is being depicted? Companionate Infatuation Committed Intimate

Infatuation

Which of the following is a common factor across the many forms of effective treatments? Critical thinking Challenging irrational thought patterns Instilling hope Therapist directives for change

Instilling hope

Concerning intelligence and memory, which statement is true? Intelligence test scores tend to be positively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. Intelligence test scores tend to be negatively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. Intelligence test scores tend to be unrelated to scores on short-term memory tests. Intelligence test scores tend to be inversely correlated with scores on short-term memory tests.

Intelligence test scores tend to be positively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests.

Sabrina has a psychology midterm tomorrow afternoon. Before taking her test, she has to go to her sociology class in the morning. Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why Sabrina might struggle on her psychology exam? Decay Limited capacity of long-term memory Interference Retrieval inhibition

Interference

What do your authors mean when they suggest that the DSM encourages us to "think organic?" It means that we should remember that many symptoms that appear psychiatric in nature can be caused by physical events, and we should be cautious about overdiagnosing mental disorders. It means that the research has found conclusive evidence that herbal supplements are superior to chemical psychotropic medications in the treatment of mental disorders. It means that the APA (the American Psychological Association) has agreed to stop printing the DSM in paper form in future editions and will go to a strictly electronic format, to be more "eco-friendly." It means that research has found that virtually every mental illness can be traced to malfunctions of a specific organ in the body, and thus a return to the purely medical model is the best chance for those with these illnesses to recover.

It means that we should remember that many symptoms that appear psychiatric in nature can be caused by physical events, and we should be cautious about overdiagnosing mental disorders.

What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups. It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life.

It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.

His work with dogs in classical conditioning has helped to explain the nature of discrimination and generalization in learning.

Ivan Pavlov

________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs. John Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Albert Bandura

Ivan Pavlov

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative? Cross-sectional designs Longitudinal designs Correlational research designs Cohort research designs

Longitudinal designs

__________ dreaming is a phenomenon in which a person achieves an awareness of a dream as a dream while dreaming. Wakeful Sentient Lucid Self-aware

Lucid

In general, which of the following is the least related with happiness? Marriage Money Flow Political affiliation

Money

Your friend Kate is a new mom. She is constantly worried that she is going to ruin her child by doing or saying the wrong thing. What advice might you give her? Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality. Although she can afford to make a few mistakes, if she isn't careful her child may have lifelong problems. Often children's personalities are shaped initially by genetics, but environmental influences take over in adolescence, so she has plenty of time. As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine.

Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality.

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behavior. People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behavior. Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment.

Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior.

__________ behaviors are defined as bodily motions that are self-initiated and move bones and muscles. Motor Muscular Physical Physiological

Motor

People who have ________________ fall asleep suddenly and at inappropriate times.

Narcolepsy

What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain? Depressants and sedative-hypnotics Narcotics Psychedelics Stimulants

Narcotics

When a stimulus is taken away to increase the behavior.

Negative reinforcement

According to Aaron Beck's cognitive model of depression, people with this condition focus on the negative cognitive triad which sustains the depression. This triad includes all but WHICH of the following? Negative views of one's past Negative views of one's self Negative views of one's future Negative views of one's world

Negative views of one's past

A therapist wishes to show that his new therapy is a marked improvement over the current best available therapy. To do so he examines the number of participants who improved with each. A total of 125 participants received his treatment (and 100 of them improved). A total of 80 participants received the alternative treatment (and 64 of them improved). What should the therapist conclude?

No better, the percentages are the same.

Regarding IQ similarities between parents and adopted children, which findings are most common? Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents. Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents than their biological parents. Adoptive parents do not tend to have much influence on their children's IQs. Biological parents do not tend to have much influence on their children's IQs.

Over time, the IQ's of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.

Which of the following is one of the major differences between someone who is dieting and someone who suffers from anorexia? People with anorexia have poorer academic performance. People with anorexia are less likely to be interested in food or food preparation. People with anorexia are more likely to experience behavior problems. People with anorexia have more unrealistic perceptions of their body size.

People with anorexia have more unrealistic perceptions of their body size.

Name the four levels of analysis that must be coordinated to create language.

Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and extralinguistic information

Ability to take action to reduce impact of a stressful situational is an example of _______________.

Proactive coping

When old information interferes with your ability to remember new information.

Proactive interference

What is one reason that many critics argue that psychologists should not be given the right to directly prescribe medications to their psychotherapy clients? Psychiatrists already have that privilege and therefore to give these privileges to psychologists would be redundant. Psychologists' training does not provide the knowledge for appropriately understanding the drug's potential effects. Psychopharmacotherapy has not proven to be as effective as the various psychotherapies. Drug companies will provide free samples that will get into the hands of drug addicts if we allow psychologists to prescribe directly.

Psychologists' training does not provide the knowledge for appropriately understanding the drug's potential effects.

What does REM stand for? Random Excitatory Memory Rapid Eye Movement Repletion of Extra Melatonin Rigorous Energetic Motion

Rapid Eye Movement

Eila is a 16-year-old girl. Her mom just got remarried to Brick, a strikingly handsome and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even tells her mom that she can't stand him. What defense mechanism is she exhibiting? Rationalization Regression Reaction-formation Projection

Reaction-formation

Which of the following would NOT be useful to help promote a healthy lifestyle? Stop smoking Curb alcohol consumption Lose weight Reduce unnecessary exercise

Reduce unnecessary exercise

You took an IQ test and got a 110 on the first half and a 140 on the second half. This IQ test lacks?

Reliability

A frequently prescribed medication for managing one's attention problems is Lithium. Prozac. Ritalin. Thorazine.

Ritalin.

________ nondirective, person-centered therapy centers on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems. Rogers's Freud's Perls's Ellis's

Rogers's

The fact that hassles can be used to predict psychological adjustment even when major life events are removed from the equation demonstrates which of the following concepts in this chapter? Correlation vs. causation Replicability Ruling out rival hypotheses Occam's Razor

Ruling out rival hypotheses

According to research, who is at the highest risk for experiencing stressful events? Sean, a young unmarried man Jon, a wealthy African American man Mike, an Asian American man Saida, a married mother of two children

Sean, a young unmarried man

Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba frequently goes to the toys in the room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child, Pemba goes back to the task of building with the toys. When Pemba's mother leaves the room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother? Loving Secure Interdependent Developmental

Secure

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform? Pretend they were prison guards Selecting line sizes Plunge their hands into buckets of water that were either ice cold or scalding hot Deliver electric shocks to helpless victims

Selecting line sizes

________ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors. Self-perception Cognitive dissonance Impression management Implicit egotism

Self-perception

What are Piaget's 4 stages of development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, formal operations

____________ is a value that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain. Leptin Set point Contrast effect Physiological need

Set point

__________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which actions are reinforced as they get closer and closer to a particular target behavior. Shaping Spontaneous recovery Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination

Shaping

Which of the following represents the best summary of the relationship between one's environment and the development of their personality traits? Shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality. Personality is almost entirely genetic, despite the fact that many would prefer to believe otherwise. Nonshared environmental factors are exclusively responsible for personality differences between family members. Shared environment plays a strong role in adult personality, but only in siblings who were raised in different homes.

Shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality.

1. Which of the following cannot be used to detect lies? The polygraph test The Controlled Question Test The guilty knowledge test Shifty eyes

Shifty eyes

__________ is a disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep. Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Insomnia Sleepwalking

Sleep apnea

We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness? Dreaming Under the influence of drugs Out-of-body experiences Sleeping

Sleeping

Experiment where subjects were asked to select line sizes in order to study conformity was conducted by him.

Solomon Asch

Which of the following is a disorder that takes the form of a bodily ailment that has no physical cause? Anxiety Somatoform Dissociative Psychophysiological

Somatoform

Often called paradoxical sleep because our brains look like they are awake in this stage.

Stage 5 or REM

________ consist(s) of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively. Stress Anxiety Trauma Stimuli

Stress

Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates an enormous sense of discomfort for Maria. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality? Statistical rarity Subjective distress Societal disapproval Cultural relativity

Subjective distress

Masha has been asked to participate in a research study where she is presented with words on a screen. The words include the names of colors, such as "BLACK," "WHITE", and "GREEN." The words are printed in different colors, however. For example, the word "BLACK" appears in blue type, and the word "GREEN" appears in yellow type. What task is Masha performing? The Stroop task The Luscher test The Rorschach test The Beck inventory

The Stroop task

Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter? The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in diagnostic practices. There is an autism epidemic and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase. The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of over-diagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic.

The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in diagnostic practices.

________ is the mental shortcut we use to judge the likelihood of an event and the ease with which it comes to mind. The representativeness heuristic The availability heuristic The automatic process Rumination

The availability heuristic

Regarding the effects of coaching on standardized test scores, which of the following statements is most representative of current research? Coaching can lead to 100-point gains if the quality of coaching is high. Coaching is not likely to lead to 100-point gains if student motivation is high. The best predictor of increased test scores could be "number of times tested" and not "coaching." The best predictor of increased test scores could be "coaching quality" and not "student motivation."

The best predictor of increased test scores could be "number of times tested" and not "coaching."

When calling for directory assistance, operators used to tell their customers to "Have a nice day" after providing them with a phone number. As a consequence, many people forgot the number they were just given. What is the most likely explanation? The customers were not paying attention to the number they were given. The customers were prevented from engaging in immediate rehearsal. The customers failed to engage in elaborative rehearsal. The phone number exceeded the capacity of their short-term memory.

The customers were prevented from engaging in immediate rehearsal.

Which of the following statements regarding conditioned taste aversions is true? Repeated pairings between the CS and UCS are needed in order to establish a conditioned taste aversion. Conditioned taste aversions can be induced in human beings, but not in lower animals. The delay between the CS and UCS in a conditioned tasted aversion can be as long as 6 or even 8 hours. Conditioned taste aversions tend to be remarkably general, where an entire type of food will be found distasteful even after only one specific food causes an illness.

The delay between the CS and UCS in conditioned tasted aversion can be as long as 6 or even 8 hours.

________ suggests that we start with a small request before asking for a bigger one. The foot-in-the-door technique The door-in-the-face technique The low-ball technique The bait-and-switch technique

The foot-in-the-door technique

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts? The sensorimotor stage The formal operational stage The concrete operational stage The preoperational stage

The formal operational stage

Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between brain size and intelligence? The higher the brain volume is, the higher the intelligence test scores. Higher brain volume causes higher intelligence test scores. The higher the brain volume is, the lower the intelligence test scores. Higher brain volume is unrelated to intelligence test scores.

The higher the brain volume is, the higher the intelligence test scores.

There is a negative correlation between wearing one's seat belt and the severity of injuries received during an accident. Which statement correctly illustrates this correlation?

The more seat belts worn the less injuries.

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest degree of relation between two variables?

The one closest to absolute 1.

In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is a child most likely to lack the skill of object permanence? The preoperational stage The formal operational stage The sensorimotor stage The concrete operational stage

The sensorimotor stage

As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam? The actual self The ego The id The superego

The superego

Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem? A lack of "customers" caused by the massive drop in mental illness The use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era. Too many physicians trying to implement their own views on the best ways to provide treatment No religious guidance to help the patients find a spiritual center.

The use of barbaric treatments that were little better than those of the demonic era.

Which of the following is true of sign language? There is one universal form of sign language. Most deaf babies are born to deaf parents. There are complex syntax structures. It lacks generativity.

There are complex syntax structures.

Which of the following represents a shared environmental influence? Todd and Vie both receive 5 dollars for each "A" they earn on their report cards. Taryn has chores to do around the house. June goes to ballet, while Mitch is at football. Eli gets to go to sleepaway camp while Jonah gets to stay home for camp.

Todd and Vie both receive 5 dollars for each "A" they earn on their report cards.

________ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage. Physical withdrawal Psychological withdrawal Satiety Tolerance

Tolerance

Two-factor theory proposes that arousal is necessary for emotion. T/F

True

________ allows psychotherapists to place persons in situations to confront and eliminate their fears that would either be infeasible or difficult to do in real life. Exposure therapy Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Implosive therapy Virtual reality exposure therapy

Virtual reality exposure therapy

Gambling is the best example of????

Variable ratio

Which of the partial schedules produces the highest rates of responding? Fixed interval Fixed ratio Variable interval Variable ratio

Variable ratio

The critical thinking concept of replicability is best demonstrated by which of the following examples? Answers: Research has found that there is a relationship between the amount of pain a person can tolerate and the color of their hair, suggesting that having red hair actually causes a decrease in pain tolerance. Von Helmholtz repeated and extended the research into the trichromatic theory of color vision he proposed with Thomas Young by examining the colors that color-blind individuals could see. There is evidence that color vision allowed animals to easily pick ripe fruit out of a green background, and more recent fossil evidence suggests that trichromatic vision may have enabled primates to find young, reddish, tender leaves that were nutritionally superior. People who suffer from synesthesia are unable to successfully complete the Ganzfield task because their cross-modal perception makes the selection of specific shapes impossible.

Von Helmholtz repeated and extended the research into the trichromatic theory of color vision he proposed with Thomas Young by examining the colors that color-blind individuals could see.

Which of the following brain areas is primarily involved in speech comprehension? Corpus's area Wernicke's area Broca's area Munchausen's area

Wernicke's area

Two variables are said to be correlated when scores on one variable

When the other seems to be affected in some way from the other.

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life may indicate the presence of ___________. a mental disorder humors stress syndrome adaptive behavior

a mental disorder

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble ______. a phobic disorder a panic attack post-traumatic stress a compulsion

a panic attack

A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that_______________________?

a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variable

Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. panic disorder. a phobia. post-traumatic stress disorder.

a phobia.

Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on__________________?

a well supported scientific theory

The lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change half the time is called the _________ ___________.

absolute threshold

_______ play(s) a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract.

acetylcholine

Studies that revealed the higher percentage of shared genes the higher correlation of IQ scores is called? ___________ ____________

adoption studies

Ability to predict someone else's or your own happiness.

affective forecasting

The intent to harm another, either physically or verbally, is referred to as scapegoating. prejudice. aggression. discrimination.

aggression

If Sylvia is described as being very sociable and easy to get along with, then she probably is fairly high on the Big Five superfactor known as ________. extraversion neuroticism openness agreeableness

agreeableness

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? resistance, alarm, exhaustion exhaustion, resistance, alarm alarm, exhaustion, resistance alarm, resistance, exhaustion

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

A step-by-step learned procedure for solving a problem is called a(n) schema cognitive map heuristic algorithm

algorithm

Nodding the head during conversation is one example of ________. an emblem a manipulator an illustrator nonverbal leakage

an emblem

Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has an external locus of control. self-delusions. an internal locus of control. an inferiority complex.

an internal locus of control.

What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence? global, intuitive, and special general, global, and specific mathematical, reasoning, and verbal analytical, creative, and practical

analytical, creative, and practical

Drugs that decrease a neuron's receptor site activity are called____________________?

antagonist

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to minimize feelings of denial. anxiety. repression. regression.

anxiety

If you were conducting a study designed to determine which type of psychotherapy is most effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, what type of research would you employ.

applied

The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ______. schemas archetypes prototypes instincts

archetypes

A(n) __________ is a claim about the cause of a person's behavior. explanation inference attribution assumption

attribution

Our sense of hearing is called ____________?

audition

Parenting style with the most favorable outcomes are called? ___________________(even though any parenting style is good enough)

authoritative

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary organs and glands is called the _________ nervous system.

autonomic

As these therapies may involve unpleasant techniques, the decision to implement _________________ should be made only after carefully weighing the costs and benefits relative to alternative approaches. token therapies aversion therapies assertion therapies modeling therapies

aversion therapies

Babies engage in intentional vocalizations that sound meaningful, but are not. This is referred to as babbling. telegraphic speech. holographic speech. two-word utterances.

babbling

___________ research examines how the mind works, then______________ research examines how we can use the former to solve real world problems.

basic; applied

The field of psychology that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice and science of medicine is known as ________. It is also called health psychology. behavioral integration. psychology integration. behavioral medicine. psychology medicine.

behavioral medicine.

Psychotherapy is an intervention designed to help people to deal with and manage legal problems. financial problems. interpersonal problems only. behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems.

behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems.

B.F Skinner is most associated with which perspective?

behaviorism

You are listening in on a discussion among a group of psychology majors. One major says the field will move forward only if we use objective methods for understanding the principles that guide human actions. This statement is most consistent with__________________?

behaviorism

A(n) ________ is a conclusion regarding factual evidence, while a(n) ________ is a belief that includes an emotional component. belief; prejudice belief; attitude attitude; thought thought; attitude

belief; attitude

Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called __________.

binocular cues

For traditional behaviorists, the human mind is a _____ _____, we know what goes in and comes out but we don't need to worry about the in between.

black box

In __________ processing, we construct a whole stimulus from its parts.

bottom up

One criticism of the DSM noted by your authors is that it adheres to a _________ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder. dimensional categorical diathesis sociological

categorical

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

central

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to evaluate the merits of the persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. This is known as the central route. peripheral route. afferent route. efferent route.

central route.

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is roughly 24 hours long is called a(n) __________rhythm. infradian circadian diurnal ultradian

circadian

Conditioning that applies to involuntary behavior.

classical conditioning

When Mr. Goetz writes on the chalkboard, he often leaves letters like a, e, or o incomplete. However, his students are able to fill in the missing visual information thanks to the Gestalt principle of __________.

closure

The most powerful natural stimulant is cocaine. LSD. marijuana. tobacco.

cocaine

A(n) __________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period. cohort constituency peer group age cluster

cohort

Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of latent memories from people's ancestral past. conscious collective unconscious personal unconscious locus of control

collective unconscious

Your recognition of canaries, robins, blue-jays, and hawks as being birds is an example if a? _____________

concept

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a gong with a steel hammer. After several pairings, the child came to fear the white rat. The white rat served as the __________ in his study. discriminative stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditional stimulus

conditioned stimulus

According to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviors are called self-actualization. conditions of worth. locus of control. openness to experience.

conditions of worth.

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is called obedience. attribution. conformity. social comparison.

conformity

Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as consciousness. motivation. perception. sensation.

consciousness

The ________ heuristic can be summarized by the statement, "if most people believe that something works than it must work." consensus ad hominum ex post facto scarcity

consensus

Psychoactive drugs are drugs that __________. speed up activity in the central nervous system contain chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains slow down activity in the central nervous system are derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and produce euphoria

contain chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains

Dr. James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam, your score will improve. He is basing this advice on state-dependent learning recognition specificity. context-dependent learning. familiarity schemas.

context-dependent learning

In an experiment, the __________ group receives no manipulation.

control

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. mental illness coronary heart disease cancer respiratory illnesses

coronary heart disease

The number one cause of death in the United States is coronary heart disease cancer motor vehicle accidents suicide

coronary heart disease

According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems analytical intelligence creative intelligence practical intelligence general intelligence

creative intelligence

The hallmark of scientific skepticism is____________?

critical thinking

In extreme forms, groupthink can lead to __________. new clubs anger loyalty cults

cults

According to Freud, the ego is the moral component. decision maker. primitive instinct. collective unconscious.

decision maker.

The fact that certain psychological effects appear to shrink over time is called the _________ effect?

decline

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of conformity. obedience. influence. deindividuation.

deindividualism

It is not unreasonable to assume that in the Middle Ages, signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by __________. an imbalance of body fluids demons improper diet social forces

demons

Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal

1The most frequently diagnosed psychological disorder is alcohol abuse. depression. schizophrenia. social phobia.

depression

A person from one part of the United States might ask you for a glass of "soda," while a person from a different region might ask for a glass of "pop." Still a third person might ask for a "Coke," while a fourth would request a glass of "tonic." All of these individuals want the same thing, but the variation in how they request it demonstrates a dialect colloquialism semantic error phonemic shift

dialect

If the heritability of a particular trait is found to be 60 percent, then by definition the other 40 percent is due to

differences in the individual's environment

The core concepts of humanistic therapy, such as meaning and self-actualization, are well correlated in the literature. difficult to measure and falsify. more effective than no treatment. less effective than psychoanalysis.

difficult to measure and falsify.

Shyteria is a toll-booth operator. At least once every hour she typically has an encounter with a motorist who berates and belittles her because they are upset about traffic, they don't have enough change, or they are just unhappy that day. As a result, when she gets home Shyteria often yells at her roommates and slams cabinet doors closed when she can't find what she wants. She is displaying classic symptoms of displacement. projection. regression. sublimation.

displacement.

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a(n) ________ is made. situational attribution dispositional attribution attribution error external attribution

dispositional attribution

The best way to avoid groupthink is to encourage ______________ within an organization. passive agreement dissent active agreement apathetic presence

dissent

A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as ______. dissociative identity disorder depersonalization disorder dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue

dissociative amnesia

Research exploring infantile temperament has found that there are generally three different temperaments. They are anxious, responsive, and relaxed sensorimotor, preoperational, and operational. secure, insecure, and disorganized. easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

easy, difficult, and slow- to- warm- up.

When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of distributed practice. encoding specificity. parsimony. priming.

encoding specificity.

This applies Darwins theory of natural selection.

evolutionary psychology

________ __________ applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior.

evolutionary psychology

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. alarm resistance exhaustion collapse

exhaustion

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions differ significantly across cultures. are independent of physiological responses at all. exist to serve evolutionary functions. are found only in civilized cultures.

exist to serve evolutionary functions.

When a psychologist mentions the term scientific theory, he or she is referring to something that__________?

explains a wide range of observations

In science, a scientific theory is defined as a _____________________________?

explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Vincent is designing a research study as part of his Master's thesis. He wants to do a laboratory study where he can control as many variables as possible, but he is concerned that his findings will not generalize very well from the laboratory setting to the real world. In technical terms, Vincent is concerned about the ________ of his study.

external validity

A(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behavior on the situation; a(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behavior to his or her personality or other personal characteristics. external; situational internal; external external; internal dispositional; situational

external; internal

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion __________ physiological arousal. follows precedes coincides with causes

follows

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCS was food. noise. salivation. joy.

food.

How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"? three four six five

four

Changing the way you present a question or information influences the responses you will get? _______________

framing

People with cancer tend to be more optimistic if their doctor says "You are 90% certain to survive" as opposed to "There is a 1 in 10 chance you will die." This is an example of __________ poor bedside manners. a heuristic. framing information. developing a healthful concept.

framing information.

Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of active confrontation. transference. free association. systematic desensitization.

free association.

Ms. Bouvier is a first grade teacher. She has just given Chelsea her screening test in the area of reading. Chelsea scored very high in word recognition, so Ms. Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is clear that Ms. Bouvier believes in the ____________ factor of intelligence g s a r

g

According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between vocabulary, spatial ability, and verbal reasoning tests. general emotional crystallized fluid

general

The correct order of the stages of prenatal development is fetal stage, embryonic stage, zygotic stage germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage. zygotic stage, fetal stage, germinal stage zygotic stage, embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement after a varied amount of time has elapsed. giving reinforcement after a specific amount of time has elapsed giving reinforcement after a specific number of responses has occurred. giving reinforcement after a varied number of responses has occurred.

giving reinforcement after a specific number of responses has occurred.

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience. less; less less; greater greater; less greater; greater

greater; less

Our sense of taste is called _________________?

gustation

Newspaper headlines, such as "Two Convicts Evade Noose, Jury Hung," may strike us as funny. From the perspective of language, this is because the phrase or headline is impossible to interpret. has ambiguous meaning has no literal interpretation. lacks subject-verb agreement.

has ambiguous meaning

Minor annoyances or nuisances that bother us and our ability to cope are called __________.

hassles

Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show an abundance of K-complexes. excessive sleep spindles. brain waves similar to beta activity. heightened brain activity.

heightened brain activity.

The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to _____. help psychologists assess only normal behavior keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders describe the causes of common physiological disorders

help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

Overmier and Seligman have described the phenomenon of learned _________ as the tendency to feel powerless in the face of events that we can't control. They have also argued that it provides an explanation for many cases of major depressive disorder. helplessness impotence ineptitude incredulity

helplessness

1. A __________ is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb

heuristic

A mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world is called a___________________?

heuristic

People who are more likely to attempt and stick with new challenges usually have ________ self-esteem high low moderate no

high

As we age, it becomes more difficult for us to hear ________ sounds.

high frequency

The original purpose of the first intelligence test was to identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children. identify which children were likely to do well in school. identify which children were likely to benefit from vocational education. identify which students were in need of accelerated instruction.

identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children.

Humanistic psychotherapists stress the importance of assuming responsibility for decisions. importance of the past over the present. importance of the client-therapist relationship. importance of neutral self-fulfillment in guiding one's behavior and thoughts

importance of assuming responsibility for decisions.

Researcher Konrad Lorenz explored the concept of __________ by being the first moving thing a clutch of newly hatched goslings saw. The result, as he predicted, was that the young animals followed him around religiously, clearly demonstrating their belief that he was their mother. imprinting sensory primacy neonatality the higher species-lower species schism.

imprinting

The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with high IQs. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with low IQs. improve a population's genetic stock by way of providing those with low IQ increased access to higher education.

improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.

A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit a charming, self-centered, and manipulative interpersonal style. impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others. intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behavior patterns. a strong need to be the center of attention in all social situations.

impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others.

Dr. Navid has been riding the elevator with his client Jill for over an hour in the hopes that this _____________ will dissipate Jill's anxiety. in vivo wishing in vivo imagery in vivo flooding in vivo riding

in vivo flooding

The __________ variable is what the experimenter "manipulates" or varies.

independant

A researcher wishes to generalize his findings beyond the people at the organization he is studying in Florida. He wants to attempt to show that the findings apply to all people who work in a similar type of organization throughout the United States. He should use ________ to analyze his data.

inferential statistics

A stomach ulcer is an inflamed lung that can cause difficulty breathing. inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. enlarged esophagus due to excessive eating. enlarged small intestines due to eating hot foods.

inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite.

The most common sleep disorder that causes sleeplessness

insomnia

The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is insomnia. narcolepsy. night terrors. sleep apnea.

insomnia

Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning vicarious learning observational learning voluntary conditioning

instrumental conditioning

When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred. interference long-term blocking misinformation transience

interference

The extent to which it is possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from a given research project describes the study's ________ validity.

internal

Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory involves no deliberate attention or effort. keeps track of important events from our lives. refers to our factual knowledge. requires conscious awareness.

involves no deliberate attention or effort.

according to the authors, much of the knowledge from popular psychology sources______________

is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated

Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because it is more effective at producing lasting changes than the individual treatments. it allows participants to practice new skills in a safe environment. they interact less with each individual patient. they can make more money.

it allows participants to practice new skills in a safe environment.

1. E-mail can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because it lacks extralinguistic information. people misspell more often with e-mail than with pen-and-paper writing. of decreasing literacy levels. most people read e-mail more rapidly than other written forms.

it lacks extralinguistic information.

One evening, when he couldn't sleep Mr. Bradley turned the television on and saw and informercial for a new sleep aid. As a critical thinker, Mr. Bradley should be most cautious about this new product if?

it makers claim it has been "proven" to induce sleep in 80% of test participants.

A soldier stationed at a base in northern Alaska is dressed in his all-white camouflage. He wants to know the exact distance another person can distinguish him from the snowbank in which he is hiding. The soldier is concerned with the ___________ __________ _____________.

just noticeable difference

Sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious during the __________ stage. genital latency phallic anal

latency

The behavioral theories tend to focus on unconscious desires. learning. genetics. self-actualization.

learning

This __________ refers to a change in an organism's behavior or thinking that is a direct result of experience. Learning Adaptation Memory Accommodation

learning

Our memories from childhood often involve not only visual information but olfactory information as well. This is because the olfactory cortex is located near the ____________ ______________.

limbic system

The part of the brain dedicated to emotion is the ____________ ___________?

limbic system

The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the dynamic hypothesis. language reaction hypothesis. cognitive linguistic hypothesis. linguistic relativity hypothesis.

linguistic relativity hypothesis

The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control refers to humanism. locus of control. self-actualization. archetypes.

locus of control.

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage system is working memory. depth memory. motivated memory. long-term memory.

long-term memory

Liv has just seen a commercial advertising a fancy kind of make-up that she would like to buy. She does not have a pen or a piece of paper to write down the telephone number, so she repeats to herself over and over again while she runs into the kitchen to find the telephone. Liv is currently using the process of ________ rehearsal to keep the telephone number active in her short-term memory. distributed elaborative maintenance semantic

maintenance

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterize agoraphobia. major depressive disorder. schizophrenia. social anxiety.

major depressive disorder.

The pituitary gland is known as the _______ gland because it controls the other glands in the body.

master

What are the measures of central tendency?

mean, median and mode

A test that is classified as a "valid" measure is one that measures what it is intended to measure. produces repeatable scores over time. allows for comparison across groups of people. produces both repeatable scores and measures what it is intended to measure.

measures what it is intended to measure.

Michelle is gently stroking Trey's arm as they are watching television. This very light, fluttery touch will be most likely to activate the ________ corpuscles on Trey's skin.

meissner's

After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of amnesia. déjà vu. memory illusion. permastore.

memory illusion

According to Donald Broadbent's research, selective attention acts as a __________ ___________.

mental filter

Approaching a math problem and trying to use a problem solving strategy that worked in the past is called a ? ____________ ________

mental set

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ______. This barrier to problem-solving can inhibit one's ability to generate alternative solutions. means-end analysis functional fixedness prototypical idealization mental set

mental set

When a psychologist is discussing a heuristic, he or she is referring to

mental shortcut

Cognitive control is the ability to cognitively suppress and express emotions and thoughts. reduce the impact of stressful circumstances by actively doing something. choose between alternative choices for action. mentally restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

mentally restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

Kayla and Layla are twins who were separated at birth. A researcher interested in studying heredity tracks them down and speaks to their different families about the benefits that can be achieved by studying the two young girls. The girls and their different sets of parents agree to participate, and studies begin assessing various areas of the girls' lives. In order for this type of twin study to be most effective, what kind of twins should Kayla and Layla be?

monozygotic

The basic meaningful units of any language are called ______. phonemes morphemes semantics sound bytes

morphemes

The ________ speeds up the passage of electrical messages by acting as an insulator of the neuronal signal.

myelin sheath

Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has often fallen asleep for a few minutes while in business meetings, while driving, and talking on the phone. He is most likely to diagnosed as suffering from narcolepsy. REM behavior disorder. sleep apnea. sleeptalking and sleepwalking.

narcolepsy.

Opiates like heroin are often called ____________ because they relieve pain and induce sleep.

narcotics

Watching behavior in real-world settings is known as?

naturalistic observation

According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the need-for-friends theory. need-for-intimacy theory. need-for-interpersonal-interactions theory. need-to-belong theory.

need-to-belong theory.

As the average daily temperature in Des Moines, Iowa, decreases the number of persons who are observed wearing sweaters in the workplace increases. This is an example of a ________ correlation.

negative

Which of the following theories of dreaming emphasizes the dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about? neodissociationist theory neurocognitive theory meta-linguistic theory dream-protection theory

neurocognitive theory

Growing up, Eric was always favored of his sister by his parents. If this unequal treatment leads to differences in the children's personalities, it would be an example of a(n) epigenetic influence. genetic influence. nonshared environmental factor. shared environmental factor.

nonshared environmental factor.

Types of gestures and movements that can display our emotions are called facial feedback. nonverbal leakage. mere exposure. primary emotions.

nonverbal leakage.

The term statistical significance implies that the results are

not likely due to chance

In the 1920's in the nature vs. nurture debate the important of ___________ was emphasized. Now a days we emphasize ____________________.

nurture; the interaction of nurture and nature

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of __________. centration egocentrism object permanence conservation

object permanence

When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed object permanence. equilibration. conservation. assimilation.

object permanence.

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n) compulsion. delusion. hallucination. obsession.

obsession

Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain?

occipital lobe

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to stand up and attempt to walk when placed on its knees. open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. cry when approached by unfamiliar people. close the eyes when startled by loud noises.

open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________. operant conditioning classical conditioning effective based learning discovery learning

operant conditioning

The idea of rewarding people with stars or stickers that can be later used for a tangible reward is based on _______________________. operant conditioning principles classical conditioning principles avoidant conditioning principles indifferent conditioning principles

operant conditioning principles

A(n) ________ definition in an experiment refers to a working description of what the researcher is measuring or observing in the study.

operational

The ________ carries sensory information from the retina to the brain areas where visual perception will occur.

optic nerve

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" pessimist; optimist realist; pessimist optimist; realist optimist; pessimist

optimist; pessimist

Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions based on the type of behavior involved. the type of bodily reaction. our interpretation of the situation. the emotional expression of others.

our interpretation of the situation.

Ralph has been disruptive and misbehaving in 5th grade for the last 3 months. His therapist understands that this behavior stems from repeated teasing that Ralph has been subjected to. Ralph's therapist demonstrates how Ralph can cope with the teasing, and then he guides him through the steps of the situation until Ralph can cope unassisted. This is known as therapist rehearsing. therapist modeling. participant rehearsing. participant modeling.

participant modeling.

The term __________ refers to the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena.

paternicity

A person's ________ is their typical way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. temperament personality attribution psyche

personality

A person's set of observable traits is her/his __________.

phenotype

Our____________ is the set of observable traits, and our genetic make up is our?

phenotype

Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her depression. dissociative identity disorder. phobia. psychopathic personality.

phobia.

Language is based on basic sound units called ______. morphemes semantics registers phonemes

phonemes

Rodney wanted to "have the bumps on his head examined" to determine certain aspects of his personality. To do this he had to go to a________________?

phrenologist

Franz Joseph Gall measured head bumps to measure brain function in a technique called_____________

phrenology

The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is an indication of __________. a craving tolerance psychological dependence physical dependence

physical dependence

According to Maslow, ________ are the most fundamental and must get satisfied first. safety needs physiological needs esteem needs belonging needs

physiological needs

According to the James-Lange theory, people use __________ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to the two-factor theory, people look to __________ cues to differentiate and label their emotions. physiological; situational situational; physiological situational; situational physiological; physiological

physiological; situational

Dr. Wilkins randomly assigns subjects to one of three groups. He is interested in the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. He gives subjects in the first group an extra two cups of coffee a day for six months. The second group receives an extra two cups of decaffeinated coffee a day for the same time period, while the control group is not given either regular or decaffeinated coffee. By providing one group with decaffeinated coffee, Dr. Wilkins is trying to account for which potential element of the experiment?

placebo

Lisa, a college student, had a great time at the party last night. She danced, sang karaoke, and even played the "rock band" video game-all behaviors that she had never exhibited in public before. She had been drinking the "punch" all night long, which she was told contained high levels of alcohol. Lisa was quite surprised to find out the next morning that the punch did NOT contain any alcohol. What concept may explain Lisa's behavior?

placebo

A key disadvantage to self-report measures is that

potential dishonesty, narcism

Frank doesn't necessarily have a high IQ as measured on standardized intelligence tests, but he is well aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He chooses jobs that suit his strengths and is particularly skilled at adapting to any changes in his environment. Frank likely has high ________ intelligence as defined in the triarchic theory. creative analytical experiential practical

practical

According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, "street smarts" is to _______ intelligence, as "book smarts" is to _________ intelligence. creative; analytical creative; practical practical; analytical fluid; crystallized

practical; analytical

A test that can forecast future performance has high? ______________ ____________

predictive validity

Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence is known as prejudice. adaptive conservatism. discrimination. in-group bias.

prejudice

Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a ___________. primary appraisal secondary appraisal stress-related decision hassle-related decision

primary appraisal

When Bobby is hungry, tired, and thirsty, he resolves this by getting food, water, and sleep. These are examples of __________ primary reinforcement secondary reinforcement intermittent reinforcement partial reinforcement

primary reinforcement

Occam's Razor is another name for what critical thinking principle?

principle of parsimony

Darci wants to go to medical school. She has a 4.0 in her undergraduate coursework, but she is stressed with having to take the MCAT. To reduce this stress, she is taking steps to minimize this stress by signing up for MCAT prep classes. Darci is engaging in proactive coping. reactive coping. academic coping. problem-focused coping.

proactive coping

Working a second job to pay off your credit card bills is an example of __________. problem-focused coping emotion-focused coping distraction reappraisal

problem-focused coping

The name given to the sense of our body position is ______________ ______________.

proprioception

The zone of __________ development from the theory of Lev Vygotsky refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do together with a more competent person. proximal assistive supplemented distal

proximal

Sigmund Frued was a leading figure in which perspective of psychology?

psychoanalysis

People can develop _____________ ______________ when continued drug use is motivated by cravings.

psychological dependence

The simplest measure of variability is the_________________?

range

Just before taking your French I exam, you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the primacy effect. recency effect. serial position effect. von Restorff effect.

recency

The tendency to remember the items that came at the end of a presented list is called the ________ effect. recency primacy locus semantic

recency

The shortcut that helps a person to make typically accurate snap decisions is called a(n) belief. attitude. recognition heuristic. self-monitor.

recognition heuristic.

introspection requires

reflection on the self

One particular confound for the use of an adoption study of heritability is the phenomenon of _________ placement, in which a child is placed in a home that is similar to the home of the biological parents.

selective

Becoming what one ought to be" is one way to define _______. peak experience self-actualization achievement potential self-concept

self-actualization

According to the humanists, a core motive in human personality development was achieving desired behavioral contingencies. conditional acceptance. self-actualization. resolving internal motivational conflict.

self-actualization.

__________ involves the detection of energy by sense organs, whereas __________ involves interpreting sensory inputs.

sensation; perception

A _________ period is a time during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire knowledge more easily. critical sensitive receptive potentiated

sensitive

Mary put her hand on a hot stove. Which neuron is responsible for sending a pain message up her spinal column, where it would then enter into the main area of the cord?

sensory

The brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory is called ________ memory. flashbulb long-term sensory working

sensory

Zach and David decide to go exploring the forest behind their farm on a cold December day. The fact that they felt much colder when they initially got outdoors than they do five minutes later, despite having not done anything to warm themselves, is known as ________________ ________________.

sensory adaption

Ekman's research proposed that there are __________ distinct emotions across cultures. three four seven nine

seven

Susan would like for her child to learn a second language. If she wants the child to be fluent in the second language, research suggests that she should begin instruction no later than age three. five. seven. ten.

seven.

The fact that you can easily recognize a picture of Mickey Mouse or Bart Simpson as that character, no matter what angle they are presented in during a cartoon, is an example of ___________ ______________.

shape constancy

After you finish reading this sentence, the information will remain in your ________ as you consider each of the answers below. long-term memory photographic memory sensory memory short-term memory

short-term memory

The system of memory that can hold approximately 7 "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called long-term memory. permastore memory. sensory memory. short-term memory.

short-term memory

Gianna was coming home from work and could not help but notice the young woman who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. She immediately wondered if the girl was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made a(n) internal attribution. dispositional attribution. situational attribution. impression attribution.

situational attribution

Eric had a sleep-related experience where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or examine much of his surroundings. This inability to move that occurs just after falling asleep or just before waking up is called dissociation. hypnosis. an out-of-body experience. sleep paralysis.

sleep paralysis

People who have ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. agoraphobia social anxiety disorder a specific phobia an interactive phobia

social anxiety disorder

Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of deviant behavior. sociology. social mores. social influence

social influence

Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing almost none of the work while the others complete the project. Amanda ends up getting the same grade as the other group members. This is an example of the bystander effect. social loafing. pluralistic ignorance. diffusion of responsibility.

social loafing

Jayci lost her husband, daughter, and home in a widespread wildfire in California. To overcome this ordeal, she turns to old friends and support groups set up in the community for emotional comfort, information, companionship, advice, and financial assistance. This relationship is known as coping. camaraderie. networking. social support.

social support.

In several of his movies, actor Adam Sandler has achieved fame by playing buffoons whose __________ ages were clearly far behind their __________ ages. social; chronological adolescent; adult mental; social chronological; mental

social; chronological

Kenneth is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Kenneth's skills reflect ________ intelligence. spatial linguistic logic-mathematical naturalistic

spatial

In addition to general intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that intelligence scores also reflected __________. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors. fluid intelligence, or f factors. crystallized intelligence, or c factors genetic abilities.

specific intellectual abilities, or s factors.

Sleepwalking occurs most often during ________ sleep. REM stage 1 stage 2 stage 4

stage 4

Nicotine is classified as a sedative narcotic hallucinogen stimulant

stimulant

Julio served in the war in Iraq and was severely traumatized when a rocket-propelled grenade exploded next to his Humvee. Recently, Julio was studying in the library and a large book fell off a high shelf and banged on the floor. The noise brought Julio instantly to his feet. In terms of classical conditioning, his response can best be explained by __________ spontaneous recovery negative reflex reinforcement stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

The idea that clinicians think everyone is bad at coping with stress because they only see people who are.

the clinicians illusion

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver. separation-reunification separation strange situation attachment schema

strange situation

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior. motivates; stimulates weakens; strengthens inhibits; motivates strengthens; weakens

strengthens; weakens

Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. strict; quick lenient; slow strict; slow lenient; quick

strict; quick

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses.

surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

The flight-or-fight response is mobilized by the____________________ nervous system.

sympathetic

The autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions: __________ and __________.

sympathetic and parasympathetic

A ________ is a fluid-filled space between two neurons through which neurotransmitters travel. It is in this area where messages are transmitted chemically.

synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitters are found in the___________________?

synaptic vesicles

Sarah is a pianist who reports that she sees musical tones as colors. This is one example of ___________________.

synesthesia

The area of the country where men are most likely to engage in physical aggression.

the South

This theory of emotion posits that emotions are derived from our interpretations of the arousal.

the Two-Factor Theory (AKA Schacter-Singer)?

In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand how a person's psychological disorder creates stress for those who love him or her. how family members can help someone with a psychological disorder live a productive life. the family context out of which problems presumably arise. why some families seem to experience more problems than others.

the family context out of which problems presumably arise.

The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that IQ scores have stayed the same over the last decade. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over the last decade. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels.

the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade.

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________. insight the formation of a cognitive map unconscious trial-and-error imagery higher-order conditioning

the formation of a cognitive map

A major issue that many people have with Freud's theory is that our awareness of the causes for our behaviors is quite good. he overemphasized the importance of the conscious mind. the generalization of his ideas from an unrepresentative sample. he underemphasized the importance of shared environmental influences in personality development.

the generalization of his ideas from an unrepresentative sample.

Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______. the intelligence of people coming from inside the culture in which the test was devised cultural background the effects of culture on people's intellectual and creative skills the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised

the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised

Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear was a learned behavior. The UCS in this case was probably the dentist's beard. sweet toothpaste. the pain associated with teeth cleaning. the sound of the music in the dentist's waiting room.

the pain associated with teeth cleaning

Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of false memories. iconic memory. meta-memory. the paradox of memory.

the paradox of memory

One reason that nearly any type of credible treatment may produce strong beneficial effects, is that people hope it will and want it to work. This idea is referred to as the placebo effect. regression to the mean. the self-serving bias. spontaneous remission.

the placebo effect

A behavioral therapist is most likely to focus on the past and broad traits. the past and specific behaviors. the present and broad traits. the present and specific behaviors.

the present and specific behaviors.

The conditioned stimulus is defined as the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the conditioned response.

the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.

The abbreviation UCS stands for __________. unconditional statement uniform conditioned subject unconditioned sensation unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

Honeybees communicate through the waggle dance. the release of pheromones. changing pitch of buzzing. touching antennae.

the waggles dance

Vygotsky coined this term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with a a little help.

the zone of proximal development

The broaden and build theory suggests that happier people tend to ________. be more successful think more openly be more generous be more sociable

think more openly

Generally speaking, _______ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding. psychophysics. decision-making thinking consciousness

thinking

Schizophrenia is a disorder that results from disturbances in ________ that spill into other areas of the person's life. affect identity personality thought

thought

George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called free association. resistance. transference. working through.

transference.

The abbreviation UCR stands for __________. unconditional reinforcement uniform conditioned rule unconditioned response unconventional response

unconditioned response

Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. As a result, she is most likely to improve her understanding of their unconscious motivations. desire for personal growth. patterns of thinking and behaving. different personality traits.

unconscious motivations.

__________ is the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure.

validity

Our sense of equilibrium is called ________________?

vestibular sense

Optimism is linked with vigorous immune functioning. higher mortality rate. genetic inheritance. racial and ethnic background.

vigorous immune functioning.

As a result of crash dieting, Julie will lose 20 pounds in two weeks. But, unfortunately, as soon as she goes off the diet, she gains 20 to 25 pounds. Julie is experiencing the ________ effect. disequilibrium equilibrium yo-yo butterfly

yo-yo