Final Exam Study-Biology 1108
Pharyngeal Slits
Allow water to enter the body without passing through the digestive tract.
Hypothesis for the origin and evolution of homosapians?
Arose in Africa at least 160,000 yrs ago. Spread to Europe and Asia, possibly driving neanderthals to extinction. Human genome :FOXP2, essential for human language
How many heart chambers are found in an amphibian?
3 Chambers, 2 atrium and 1 ventricle
How many heart chambers are found in reptiles?
3 chambers, 2 atrium and 1 partially separated ventricle
How many heart chambers are found in birds??
4 chambers, 2 atrium and 2 ventricle
How many heart chambers are found in mammals?
4 chambers, 2 atrium and 2 ventricles
How do animals such as amphibians carry out gas exchange?
Body Surface
How do animals such as earthworms carry out gas exchange?
Body Surface
Sclerieds
A short irregular scherechyma cells in nutshells and seed coats.
What is a hypha?
All the hyphae in a fungus which are the main mode of vegetative growth
Osteichthyes
Bony fish but also all tetra-pods
Is a diatom autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Both
What direction does sugary sap (phloem) flow?
Both ways- from leaves to the roots and vice versa.
Structures that increase surface area:
Circular folds Villi Microvilli
3 basis components of the circulatory system:
Circulatory fluid Interconnected vessels Heart.
What class and order do Homo sapiens belong to?
Class Mammalia order primates
What tissue category does blood fit into??
Connective tissue
What tissue category does bone fit into?
Connective tissue
What is a parasite?
Derives some or all of its nutrients from another living plant
What is the major roles of white blood cells?
Fighting infection
Annual
Flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season
Perennial
Flowering plants that live for more than two years
Is a Cycad an angiosperm or gymnosperm?
Gymnosperm
Is a Ginkgo an angiosperm or gymnosperm?
Gymnosperm
Is a pine an angiosperm or gymnosperm?
Gymnosperm
which plant group lacks flowers and has "naked" seeds?
Gymnosperm
What is the main pathway of blood through an organism
Heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - back to the heart
How do Animals get Heart worms? Phylum?
Heartworms are transmitted by mosquitoes and are apart of the phylum Nemotoda
Motor Neurons
Neurons that extend out of the processing centers trigger output in the form of muscle or gland activity.
Medusa
Is a flattened mouth down version of the polyp
Adipose tissue
Is a specialized connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix. Pads and insulates the body and stores fuel as fat molecules.
Fibrous connective tissue
Is dense with collagenous fibers. The fibers form parallel bundles which maximize non elastic strength. Found in both tendons and ligaments.
Where is protein digested?
Protein digestion begins in the stomach and moves to the small intestines
Where does protein digestion take place??
Protein digestion begins in the stomach with the enzyme pepsin
Skeletal Muscle
Is responsible for voluntary movement in the body. Consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers. Sacremeres along the length of the fibers give the muscle it striated look.
Conduction
Is the direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.
Radiation
Is the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
Myelin sheath
Is the insulation around a nerve that speeds up the impulses.
Evaporation
Is the removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. Provides a cooling effect
Convection
Is the transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface.
name of group containing prokaryotic autotrophs plus "everyday" bacteria
Proteobacteria
Simple squamous Epithelium
Is thin and leaky, functions in the exchange of material by diffusion. lines blood vessels and the air sacs in the lungs where diffusion of gases and nutrients are critical.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Is unique to chordates Develops into the brain and spinal cord
What do sac fungi have in common with each other?
saclike structures
Ventricle
the chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart.
Atrium
the chambers that receive blood entering the heart (atria-plural)
What are leaf scars?
the mark left on a stem after a leaf falls.
what kind of nutritional habits are observed in:Euglena
water troves when sunlight is available or header trims when sunlight is not available also feed on other small- smaller protists
What are the events of double fertilization?
when an egg is still fertilized by one sperm (diploid zygote), another sperm goes to the two polar nuclei of the female gametophyte, which produces the triploid cell
what part of a bacterial cell is different in "gram positive" vs. "gram negative" organisms
Structure of the cell wall: positive has thicker peptidoglycan layer, negative has thinner layer
What major digestive process takes place in the Large intestines?
Water absorption
what kind of structure is used for movement in: Paramecium
cilia
What are the roles and the structures of a corolla?
collective term for "petals" colored
What are the roles and the structures of a calyx?
collective term for the sepals, outer circle of floral leaves
what kind of structure is used for movement in: Euglena
flagellum
What are the smallest vessels of the body?
Capillaries
Which plant groups have vascular tissue?
Ferns
Structures that are important for nutrient absorption
Capillaries Lacteals
Examples of Negative feedback
Equilibrium of homeostasis, sweating, insulin and glycogen
What hormone is responsible for making "one bad apple spoil the barrel"?
Ethylene
capillary exchange
Exchange of nutrients and gases at the capillary membrane is by diffusion. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, & hormones.
What is thought to control water entry into these cells?
Guard cells
What happens to stomata when the cells are flaccid?
The stomata close
What happens to stomata when the cells are turgid?
The stomata open
What is the difference between septate and non-septate (coenocytic) hyphae?
- A septate has partitions in hyphae -A non-septate has no partitions in the hyphae and are multinucleate
How do most fungi get their nutrients?
- Fungi are heterotrophs. They digest their food while it is still in the environment by secreting powerful hydrolyric enzymes, called exoenzymes, into their surroundings. Exoenzymes break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their bodies and use.
How do fungi reproduce?
- usually reproduce by making spores. The lightweight spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be carried easily through the air or water to new sites -Asexually and sexually
Action Potential Characteristics
-All or nothing -Stays the same strength throughout the axon
What are the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms (in terms of seeds)?
-Angiosperm-flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots -Gymnosperm-vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scale like leaves
What do B cells do?
-Are responsible for making antibodies in response to invading pathogens. Is a form of hormonal immunity.
Contrast blood pressure/flow in the 3 main vessel types.
-Blood flow is under the highest pressure in the arteries -Blood flow is slower in the capillaries which is important to allow time for exchange between cells -Blood pressure is minimal in the veins and venules but blood flow increases
Postsynaptic Neuron:
-Can release a neurotransmitter that can affect the behavior of its target.
Pareochyma cells structure
-Cells walls are relatively thin and flexible -most lack a secondary wall.
What are the symptoms of a "Rest and Digest" response?
-Decrease heart rate -Digestion is enhanced -Glycogen production increases
how the nuclear envelope may have formed during cell evolution of mitochondria?
-Engulfed oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryote, which evolve into mitochondria.
how the nuclear envelope may have formed during cell evolution of chloroplasts?
-Engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes which evolved into chloroplasts
Parasympathetic Nervous System
-Enhances body activities that gain and conserve energy -Known as the "Rest and Digest" response
What are the symptoms of a "fight or flight" response?
-Faster heart beats -Digestion is inhibited -Epinephrine is excreted
How is heat lost?
-Radiation -Evaporation
What is a seed coat and what is its function?
-Tough layer around seed; airtight -To protect the seed
Sclerenchyma cells structure
-Found in the trunk of trees -Provides rigid support -Contain Sclerieds
What is the general structure of the avian respiratory system?
-GLOTTIS -CHOANAE -LARYNX -TRACHEA -SPRINX -MUSCLES, AIR SACS & VIBRATING MEMBRANES. -BRONCHI -MESOBRANCHI. -VENTROBRONCHI -PARABRONCHI -AIR SACS -CRANIAL THORACIC, CAUDAL THORACIC, CERVICAL, & ABDOMINAL AIR SACS
Sympathetic Nervous System
-Generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action. -Also known as the "fight or flight" response.
Colleochyma cells structure
-Have unevenly thickened walls -Provide flexible support
What are the roles and the structures of a ovule?
-In seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces the gamete - egg
Lifestyles of organisms in Archea:
-Live in extreme environments; cell wall not made of peptidoglycan, membrane made of branched fatty acids, stereoisomer of glycerol found in bacteria & other linkages between glycerol and fatty acids
What are the differences between a monocot and dicot structure in terms of :stems, leaves, and flowers
-Monocots are anatomically simple compared to dicots; -Dicots are multi-layered; each layer has its own function
What is the difference between a nonspecific and specific defense?
-Nonspecific defense includes those defense that defend against everything -Specific defense involves a memory and defenses against a specific bacteria, or invader.
what organisms produce antibiotics, and why it can be beneficial for them to do so
-Penicillium, Streptomyces, Bacillus -Because they are used to treat human infection
What are some examples of of fruit (more than just the sweet ones)?
-Pine cone seeds
Anatomy of a Synapse:
-Pre-synaptic neuron -Post-synaptic neuron
Event 1 of the Action Potential
-Presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter from its synaptic terminals - A presynaptic nerve does this when the action potential has moved along the axon and arrived at the synaptic terminal.
Presynaptic Neuron:
-Releases an neurotransmitter from its synaptic terminal -The presynaptic neuron does this when an action potential has moved along the axon and arrived at the synaptic terminal.
What are some examples of nonspecific defenses?
-Skin,,antimicrobial proteins, protective secretions.
Ions involve:
-Sodium -Potassium
Parts of Stems
-Terminal Bud -Bud Scales -Axillary Buds -Internode -Node -Bundle Scars -Girdle -Lenticels
How is the heart beat controlled in terms of internal control
-The SA node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat and causes the atria to contract -This impulse reaches the AV node, also in the right atrium, to send a signal down that causes ventricular contraction. -These impulses travel between gap junctions at intercalated disks
Event 2 of the Action Potential
-The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the cell membrane of the post-synaptic neuron.
What is difference between the environmental needs of Bryophytes, in comparison to other land plants?
-They have life cycles that depend on water for reproduction; lacking vascular tissue, these plants can draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground
What is a Cotyledon and what is its function?
-White ear-shaped part of seed -Contains endosperm; supplies food for embryo
axon and its function
-a thin long process, ranges in length from lml to lm depending on location -carries nerve impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscle and glands
What are some examples of places fungi might grow?
-a warm, moist, environment examples: swamps
Dendrites and its function
-branched, thick extensions, coming directly off of the cell body -to receive a nerve impulse and carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
What are the roles and the structures of a ovary?
-contains ovules After fertilization, the ovary swells to produce fruit
How is heat gained
-convection -conduction
What are the roles and the structures of a pistil?
-female parts of the flower, consisting of the stigma and the style
what kind of nutritional habits are observed in: An amoeba
-heterotrophs -grow and wrap pseudopod around food forming a food vacuole: where food is absorbed and broken down -feeds on bacteria and smaller protists
Lifestyles of organisms in Bacteria:
-live in everyday environment - cell wall made of peptidoglycan
What are the roles and the structures of a stamen(s)?
-male part of the flower, made up of anther and filament
Charges of a ion:
-negative inside -positive outside
What is a "fruiting body" and what is it for?
-produce reproductive cells called spores which are dispersed by wind and can germinate into new organism. -fungi are classified into phyla based on the types of reproductive structures they make during sexual reproduction
periderm
-reduces water loss through evaporation, but allows gaseous exchange through lenticels.
periderm function
-reduces water loss through evaporation, but allows gaseous exchange through lenticels. -following loss of epidermis, periderm becomes bounding tissue and RESTRICTS the entrance of PATHOGENS, insects and microorganisms.
What is a radicle ?
-the embryonic root aka the baby root
What are the roles and the structures of a style?
-the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma, grows pollen tube
What is a hypocotyl ?
-the portion of an embryo or seedling situated between the cotyledons and the radicle
myelin
-white phospholipid covering an axon found only on some neurons
Other forces thought to contribute to movement of Xylem sap:
1) Root Pressure ("push") 2) Cohesion, and 3) Adhesion of water
What cell types are found in Phloem?
1) Sieve Tube Members 2) Companion Cells 3) Parenchyma 4) Fibers
What cell types are found in Xylem?
1) Tracheid 2) Sieve-tube members 3) Companion cells 4) Fibers
What is the process of development of female gametophyte?
1.) megasporocyte :(2n) 2.) one of four megaspores :(1n) 3.) embryo sac :(1n) (gametophyte)
What is the process of development of male gametophyte?
1.) microsporocyte (2n) 2.) four microspores (1n) 3.) four pollen grains (1n) (immature gametophytes)
How many heart chambers are found in a fish?
2 Chambers, 1 atria and 1 ventricle
bacterial cell structure: cell wall
A
circulatory system.
A circulatory fluid (hemolymph or blood), a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump, the heart. Connects the fluid that surrounds cells with the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes.
Blood
A connective tissue that has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma. Contains platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells.
What is an alimentary canal?
A digestive tube running from the mouth all the way to the anus.
Colleochyma cells
A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth
What is a notocord and what is its function?
A longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior - posterior axis of the chordate in the dorsal part of the body. Provides structural support for most of the length of the body. In humans it becomes the discs sandwiched between the vertebrae.
Bone tissue
A mineralized connective tissue that makes up the skeleton.
Positive Feedback
A physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify that change.
What structure sperm nuclei travel in to get from the pollen grain to the ovary?
A pollen tube
Negative feedback
A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
Action Potential
A rapid change in membrane potential and the reverse membrane potential
Pareochyma cells
A relatively unspecialized cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a differential cell type
Sclerenchyma cells
A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast, and possessing thick-secondary walls strengthened by liginen at maturity.
Open circulatory system
A system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluids and interstitial fluids.
Incomplete metamorphosis
A type of development in certain insects, such as a grass hopper in which the young called nymphs resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions. The nymph goes through a series of molts, each looking more like the adult.
What is a cuticle?
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
Incisors
Adapted for cutting through pieces of meat in carnivores
What are the names of roots that help ivy cling to walls and trees?
Adventitious Roots
What are air sacs?
Alveoli
Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids we must get from our food, because we do not make them.
Autonomic Nervous System
An efferent branch of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment; consisting of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.
Contrast and open and closed circulatory system
An open circulatory system has no distinction between the blood and interstitial fluid, this general fluid is called hemolymph, which is not always in a vessel. A closed circulatory system contains blood that is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid.
Is a peach an angiosperm or gymnosperm?
Angiosperm
Is a redwood an angiosperm or gymnosperm?
Angiosperm
Which plant group has flowers and "covered" seeds?
Angiosperm
Biennial
Angiosperms that complete their life cycle in two years
Carnivores
Animals that eat mostly other organisms
Herbivores
Animals that mostly eat plants and algae
Phylum noted for having a worm-like body that is segmented?
Annelids
What are the three categories of plant life spans?
Annual, biennial, and perennial
What are the names of the valves through which blood must pass as it exits the ventricle to enter a blood vessel?
Aoritic (similunar) Valve Pulmonary (similunar) Valve
Class of talented weavers named after a character from classical mythology?
Arachnids
names of the 2 major groups of prokaryotes
Archea & Bacteria.
Polyps
Are cylinder forms that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of their body (the end opposite to the mouth) and extends their tentacles.
Rotifers
Are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, marine and damp soil habitats. Have a alimentary canal Crown of cilia Psudeocoelomates
Types of organisms found it the super class Gnathostomata:
Are vertebrates that have jaws.
Category of relatively large vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
List the order of mammalian blood flow - both pulmonary and systemic.
Arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venule-vein-heart
Phylum containing the extinct organisms called trilobites?
Arthropodia
Phylum noted for hard exoskeletons and jointed appendages?
Arthropodia
Phylum that exhibits metamorphosis?
Arthropods
Is a kelp autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Autotrophic
bacterial cell structure: Cilia
B
What cell type of the White blood cell (leukocyte) includes some cells that secret antibodies that help fight disease?
B-cells
Where is the major part of a fungus usually located (above or below ground?)
Below ground
Derived Characteristics of humans
Bipedal Enlarged brain reduced jaw bone and muscle
Class in the mollusk phylum that has 2 parts to its shell?
Bivalves (clams and oysters)
What is the major role of platelets?
Blood clotting
Example of Positive Feedback
Blood clotting, milk production, contractions
Viviparous
Bringing forth young that have developed inside the body.
What is the asexual method of reproduction used by yeast, but not by other fungi?
Budding
How is blood sugar regulated in the body?
By a negative feed back system in which insulin is released in response to high levels of glucose coming into the body and glucogon is released in response to low levels of glucose in the blood.
How might one get the parasite that causes Trichinosis?
By eating undercooked meat
How might one get the parasite Tapeworm?
By eating undercooked meat that contains the tape worm cysts.
How is body temperature maintained in normal limits?
By use of a negative feedback system Examples: Sweating when hot and shivering when cold
bacterial cell structure: plasma membrane
C
What are the two major gases that are exchanged in the blood?
CO2 and O2
How is CO2 transported in the blood and where is it carried to?
CO2 is mainly carried as bicarbonate (HCO3)- dissolved in the plasma and diffuses from the cells into the capillaries.
What are blood supply in the respiratory system?
Capillaries surround the alveoli like a net on a bunch of grapes.
What makes up most of the dry mass of a plant?
Carbohydrates
What are some examples of a: macronutrients?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
What type of tissue composes the heart?
Cardiac muscle
What is the major role of red blood cells?
Carrying oxygen
Chondrichthyes include:
Cartilaginous fish Sharks Rays Skates Rat-fishes
Neuroglia Cells
Cells of the nervous system that supports, regulates and augment the functions of neurons.
Class with the mollusk phylum that contains shell less carnivores with tenticles around their mouth:
Cephlopods
What is a "plant hormone"?
Chemical substance produced in one or more parts of the plant. Travel to target cells which are capable of responding to hormone.
Names of vertebrate classes belonging to Gnathostomata:
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Tetra pods Amphibian Reptilian Mammalia
Deuterostome development
Cleavage = Radial and indeterminate Coelom: Forms from the mesoderm outpocketing of the archenteron Fate of the Blastophore: The mouth forms from a secondary opening.
Protostome development
Cleavage = Spiral and Determinate Coelom Formation = Forms from splits in the mesoderm Fate of Blastophore = The mouth forms from the blastophore
Which system is more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to the tissues and cells, open or closed?
Closed circulatory system.
Mostly marine phyla whose members may exist as polyps or Medusa?
Cnidaria
Phylum known to contain Medusa?
Cnidaria
Phylum that contains the corals?
Cnidaria
Names of the animal phyla with Radial symmetry:
Cnidaria Ctenophora
Phylum whose members may have nematocysts?
Cnidarians
Detrivores
Consume decaying matter or biological trash
Somatic Nervous System
Controls the sensory system
What is the definition of:"critical night length"?
Critical light period that is controlled by the duration of night
Molars
Crushing and shredding of food like plants in herbivores
3 shapes that lichens may have:
Crusts which are crust-like, foliose -which are hair- like and fruticose
name of group containing prokaryotic autotrophs only
Cyanobacteria
bacterial cell structure: nucleiod region
D
What is the composition of topsoil?
Decomposed rocks, living organisms (bacteria, nematodes, insect larvae), and humus
Cuboidial Epithelium
Dice shaped cells specialized for secretion, makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands.
What is "10-10-10" and what would it mean if it were printed on a bag of fertilizer?
Displays the percentage of nutrients: From left to right; Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium
What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?
Doesn't have to wait for something to come and pollinate it
What is the order of the classifications system?
Domain Kingdom Phylum class order family genus species
name of group containing prokaryotes able to live in extreme habitats
Domain Archaea
Define heartbeat in terms of "systole" and "diastole"
During systole the atria contract together followed by the ventricles contracting together ("lubb") This is followed by diastole, a rest phase, when the chambers relax ("dupp")
bacterial cell structure:flagella (sometimes)
E
Deposit feeders
Eat partly decaying matter as well as substrate
Bulk Feeders
Eat relatively large pieces of food.
Phylum noted for having bumps or spines on their surface and for having hydrolic canals and tube feet?
Echinoderms
What does Gibberellin do to plant stems and fruit?
Elongate Stems Enlarge the Fruit
What does bile do?
Emulsifies fat
Cardiac Muscle
Forms the contractile wall of the heart. it is striated like skeletal muscle. Branches and interconnects via intercalated disks.
Pseudo stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Forms the mucus membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract of many vertebrates.
Methods for studying human evolution:
Fossils Cave drawings DNA
What does the term tetra pod mean?
Four limbs Neck fused pelvic girdle
What are Simple Fruit? What are some examples?
Fruits derived from 1 carpel (ovary) and 1 flower. Example: Pea Fruit
What are Aggregate Fruit? What are some examples?
Fruits derived from 1 flower and more than one carpel (ovary) Example: Raspberry Fruit
What are multiple Fruit? What are some examples?
Fruits derived from many carpels (ovaries) and many flowers Example: Pineapples
What are the name of cells that control water vapor and gas movement into or out of leaf?
Guard cells
What does Giardia lamblia cause?
Giardiasis, or beaver fever
How do animals such as echinoderms carry out gas exchange?
Gills
How do animals such as fish carry out gas exchange?
Gills
How do animals such as molloska carry out gas exchange?
Gills
What digestive organs would be found in birds that would not be found in other mammals?
Gizzards
Depolarization:
Going from zero to negative during contraction
How can one tell whether a bacterium is "gram positive" or "gram negative"?
Gram +=Purple stain Gram -= Reddish/Pink stain after red counter stain
Canines
Grip and tear food
What did Van Helmont demonstrate in the 1600's?
Growth exhibited in his plant was not all from the soil, the soil wasn't very different from the original soil when he started the experiment.
Cartilage
Has an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made up of condroitin. Is strong and flexible and is found in the vertebrae disks of adults.
Psudeocoelomate
Have a body cavity that is lined by tissue derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
Lophophorates
Have a true coelom Alimentary canal sessile life
Coelomate
Have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by tissues derived from the mesoderm
Marsupials
Have complete embryonic development in a pouch on the mothers belly Includes Kangaroos, opossums, and koalas
What do T cells do?
Help other immune cells during an immune response.
Is an amoeba autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic
Is a sporozoan/trypanosome autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Heterotrophs
contains arthropods and insects
Hexopodia
How do people and pets get hook worms and what climates are at greatest risk?
Hookworms penetrate the skin of humans when the walk barefoot on contaminated soil, and they are mostly found in tropic and subtropic environments.
Class containing bees, beetles, and grasshoppers
Hymenaptera
Event 3 of the Action Potential
If the neurotransmitter excites the post-synaptic neuron enough, the post synaptic neuron will generate an action potential.
What are/is the common trigger(s) for germination of seeds?
Imbibition a term in which plant takes in moisture from environment
Dicot Flower:
In anything but multiples of 3
Monocot Flower:
In multiples of 3
Where are nucleic acids digested?
In the small intestines
What are the locations of vascular tissue in plants
In vascular bundles in the veins, stems, roots, and flowers
What is the general structure of the mammalian respiratory system?
Includes air passageways, Air sacs, and a blood supply
Cnidarians
Includes hydras, corals, jellies Has a gastrovascular cavity that functions as both a mouth and anus. Polyps and Medusa forms
How might one get the parasite blood Flukes?
It attaches itself to its host's skin when they enter the water
Types of organisms found in the super class Agnatha:
Jawless fish
Acoelomate
Lacks a body cavity between the digestive cavity and outer body wall
Smooth Muscle
Lacks striations and is found in the walls of the digestive tract, bladder and other internal organs. Responsible for involuntary body activities.
Asymmetry
Lacks symmetry all together
Porifera
Lacks true tissue Has no symmetry Suspension feeders
Names of the three chordate subphyla
Lancelets Tunicates Vertebrates
Monotremes Characteristics
Lay eggs, have no nipples and their young suck milk from the hair of the mother. This includes platypuses and echidnas
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Lines the intestines and secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients.
Reptilian Includes:
Lizards Snakes Turtles birds
The one major anatomical similarity found in all of the following phylas; Brachiopodia, Broyozan, and phoronida?
Lophophore: A crown of ciliated tenticles around their mouth that draws water towards the mouth, the tenticles then trap suspended food particles.
How do animals such as mammals carry out gas exchange?
Lungs
Formed elements:
Made in the bone marrow that is found on the ends of long bone. Are plurpotent stem cells that can specialize.
Homeostasis
Maintaining an organisms internal environment within tolerable limits
How is Hypha related to a mycelium?
Mass of filaments with a tubular cellular structure, compose the body of most fungi. The totality of these filaments is referred to as the mycelium.
Phylum who has one or all of the following: shell, mantle, and radula?
Mollusca
Phylum with many members having a muscular foot:
Mollusca
Mammalia includes:
Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians
What category does a nerve fit into?
Nervous tissue
Which is more common: Positive or negative feedback?
Negative feedback is most common
Phylum containing Hookworms and Roundworms
Nematoda
Phylum noted for having a round, worm-like body that is not segmented?
Nemotodes
Do viruses or virions or prions have a cell wall and plasma membrane?
No - all are types of viruses, which contain a capsid and no plasma membrane.
Do prokaryotes contain a nucleus?
No - instead they contain a nucleoid region (contains all DNA/RNA)
whether antibiotics work against viruses; whether antibiotics work against prokaryotes
No; Yes ---> antibiotic resistance
whether or not a virus is a cellular organism
Non-cellular
Four major Characteristics of Chordates
Notocord Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits or gills Post anal tail
What types of molecules the plant can build using these macronutrients?
Nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients that we must consume because our body can not make them.
Name the digestive organs in order starting from the mouth
Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending Colon
how, according to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts and mitochondria came to be in cells
Originally were free living cells, and were taken in by the cell as endosymbiants.
Fruit is a mature ____________. (Hint: Name a flower part.)?
Ovary
What part of a plant does a fruit come from?
Ovary
How is oxygen carried in the blood and where is it carried to?
Oxygen is carried by the red blood cells in the blood and diffuses from the capillaries to the cells
What is a guard cell
Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
fat digestive enzymes
Pancreatic lipase
Arthopod group noted for having walking legs on its thorax and additional appendages on its abdomen:
Pancrustaceons or Crustaceans
What is the name of an autotrophic protist discussed in class?
Paramecium
Protein digestion enzymes
Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
What are the vascular tissue that transports sugar solution?
Phloem
Acclimatization
Physiological adjustment to a change in the external environment.
Eutherians
Placental mammals
what does the phrase a "short day" plant mean?
Plant that gets most of its nutrients and resources during a shorter day, has longer nights
What is a epiphyte?
Plant that lives on top of or on another plant
What are the two major components of blood?
Plasma and formed elements
What organism causes malaria?
Plasmodium
Phylum whose members have a distinct flattened body?
Platyhelminthes
Names of animal phylums with Bilateral symmetry:
Platyhelminthes Laphophorates Nemotodes Mollusca Rotifera Annelidas
Phylum of animals that lack symmetry:
Porifera
Groups of cells, not organized into tissues, have a spongocoel but lack a gastrovascular cavity:
Porifera (sponges)
Phylum with no tissue specialization and often no symmetry:
Porifera (sponges)
Heart
Powers circulation by using metabolic energy to elevate the circulatory fluids hydrostatic pressure.
Ovoviviparous
Producing eggs that develop within the maternal body and hatch immediately after they are laid
Oviparous
Producing young by the means of laying eggs that hatch after they have been laid
what kind of structure is used for movement in: Amoebas
Pseudopods
what kind of structure is used for movement in: Foraminiferans
Pseudopods
what kind of structure is used for movement in: Radiolarians
Pseudopods
Endothermic
Refers to animals with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a stable body temp. higher than that of the external environment.
Ectothermic
Refers to organisms that are warmed by their external environment.
To what structures does cardio refer to?
Refers to the heart
To what structures does vascular refer to?
Refers to the vessels and muscles involved in caring blood throughout the body.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Regenerates rapidly by cell division near the basal lamina. The cells are pushed outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off. Found on surfaces that are subject to abrasion. Examples: the skin and linings of the anus vagina and esophagus.
Class in which flight first appeared?
Reptilian
What are the importance of root nodules made by Rhizobium?
Rhizobium bacteria is one type of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that take up residence inside the root cells of legume plants. Thus the plant will probably grow faster.
Phylum noted for it crown of cilia that creates a water current to help with feeding?
Rotifers
Amphibian Includes:
Salamanders Frogs Caecilians
Phylum who has metanephridia in each segment?
Sedentarians
Class containing organisms with a segmented body plan, closed circulatory system, no legs and are valued for soil improvement?
Sedentarians (earthworms)
Suspension feeders
Sift small food particles from the water. Clams, oysters
What is the difference between simple fruit and aggregate fruit?
Simple fruit come from one flower, and one ovary, where aggregate fruit come from one flower, and multiple ovaries
What is the difference between simple fruit and multiple fruit?
Simple fruit come from one flower, and one ovary, where multiple fruits come from many flowers, and many ovaries.
Endothelium
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the insides of the vessels
The digestive organ responsible for nutrient absorption
Small intestines
How does these cell types (Xylem) distributed in summer wood
Smaller diameter tracheates
Where you would find topsoil?
Soil that is normally present on the surface.
What is vascular tissue?
Specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant
When touching the surface of ones skin, what tissue would they be touching?
Stratified squamous Epithelium
Radial symmetry
Symmetry that can divide the body by a central plane into mirror imaged halves like a pie.
What cell type of the White blood cell (leukocyte) includes some cells that help other cells of the immune system?
T-cells
What are the 2 basic types of root systems?
Taproot and Fibrous
Premolars
Tearing and grinding
What valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
The Bicuspid valve
What valves separate the right atrium from the right ventricle?
The Tricuspid valve
What major digestive processes take place in the small intestines?
The absorption of nutrients, break down of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fats.
What characteristics are used to compare and contrast muscle?
The appearance of striations or intercalated disks
What characteristic of the blood is monitored to determine whether the breathing rate must increase or decrease?
The blood PH is monitored because it is affected by the C2 content.
Spongocoel
The central cavity of a sponge.
How does a paramecium obtain food?
The cilia lining the oral groove begins to pump and create a current. The water will enter the oral groove go thru the mouth pore down the gullet food then is placed in the food vacuole
What major digestive process takes place in the stomach?
The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin
Synaptic Terminals
The end of each axon that transmit signals
How does the 3N substance develops, and its role in a seed?
The endosperm, which is the tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourishes the developing embryo.
What major digestive processes take place in the mouth?
The enzyme salivary amalayse begins breaking down the starches
What are some examples of circadian rhythm?
The human sleep cycle
Bilateral symmetry
The is separated by a central plane into two equal but opposite halves.
What is a synapse?
The junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical coupling.
cork cambium
The layer of a woody stem that produces new xylem.
What is the name of the heart chamber that receives blood from the lungs?
The left atrium
What is the name of the chamber that pumps blood to the body??
The left ventricle
What are Lacteals?
The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats.
Loose connective tissue
The most wide spread connective tissue in the body. Is collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers in this tissue type bind epithelium to underlining tissues and holds organs in place.
What is a nerve cord?
The nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a pate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notocord. It will eventually develop into the CNS.
What is the definition of systemic circulation?
The part of the cardiovascular system that carried oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the tissues.
What is the definition of pulmonary circulation?
The part of the cardiovascular system that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and into the lungs.
Cell Body
The part of the neuron that houses the nucleus and the other organelles
The Central Nervous System
The portion of the nervous system, where signal integration occurs invertebrates; the spinal cord and brain.
Event 4 of the Action Potential
The post-synaptic neuron can release neurotransmitter that can affect the behavior of its target, which can be another neuron or muscle.
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure the circulating fluid exerts on the vessel walls.
What is the importance of this chemical reaction that is carried out by enzymes (carbonic anhydrase) in red blood cells? CO2 + H20------>H2CO3 ----->H+ + HCO3-
The process by which CO2 is carried as bicarbonate and is dissolved in the plasma
What is the name of the heart chamber that receives blood from the body?
The right atrium
What is the name of the chamber that pumps blood to the lungs?
The right ventricle
The Peripheral Nervous System
The sensory motor neurons that connect to the CNS
Hormones
The signaling molecules that broadcast through the endocrine system.
What is referred to as the pace maker of the heart?
The sinoatrial node, which is also known as the SA node
Complete metamorphosis
The transformation of a larvae into an adult that looks very different, and functions very differently in its environment than its larvae
Inter-neurons
The vast majority o f neurons in the brain that form the local circuits connecting neurons to the brain
What direction does Xylem sap flow?
There is an upward movement.
What are/ is the significance of "critical night length" for poinsettias and Christmas cacti?
These are "short day" plants, therefore enduring longer nights
How does a cows digestive system differ from that of a humans?
They have a rumen to take in the food before it enters the stomach.
What is the definition of: circadian rhythm?
Things that are about 24 hours in length
How does Giardia lamblia obtain food?
Through a host's ingestion of its cysts.
Structure of Air Passageways:
Trachea, bronchi, branchioles
Sensory Neurons
Transmits information about external stimuli such as light, touch, and smell or internal stimuli like blood pressure or muscle tension.
What is the major force involved in movement of xylem sap?
Transpiration Pull
What organism causes: African sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma
Carbohydrate digestion enzymes
Trypsin Procarboxypeptidase Chymotrypsin
whether most protists are unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular
Essential Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids our bodies can not make.
What are the roles of vascular cambium and cork cambium?
Vascular Cambium- solely responsible for production of secondary vascular tissue further inside tree (secondary xylem and phloem) Cork Cambium-maintains ability to divide
Category of large vessels that carry blood to the heart?
Veins
What are 2 examples of carnivorous plants?
Venus fly trap, pitcher plant, sundew
which are always obligate intracellular parasites: bacteria or viruses?
Viruses
What is a palisade mesophyll?
Where most of the photosynthesis in a leaf appears to take place.
Arterioles
Within organs, arteries branch into these small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries.
What is a common term for what is really secondary xylem?
Wood
What are the vascular tissue that transports water and minerals?
Xylem
What are axillary buds?
a bud that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster.
What do club fungi have in common with each other?
a club-shaped structure made of septate Hyphea
What do zygospore (or zygote) fungi have in common with each other?
all live on things. One example is black bread mold. They commonly grow on bread or any bakery goods kept at room temperature, hyphae are non-septate (without cross walls), therefore, the hyphae are multinucleate
What is a monocot?
angiosperms that have only one seed leaf
What is a Dicot?
angiosperms that have two seed leaves
What does auxin do to young plant shoot?
apical dominance, cell elongation, synthetic auxins
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
are vascular, seed-forming plants.
2,4-D is a synthetic version of __________ and kills _____ (monocots or dicots?).
auxin, dicots
Bryophytes
avascular plants (EX: mosses)
terms that describe shapes of bacterial cells and what they mean: bacillus, coccus, spirillum
bacillus (rod shaped), coccus (sphere shaped), spirillium (helix/twisted shaped)
What are the 6 Essential Nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
What physical changes cause air to move into or out of the lungs?
blood oxygen levels
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart to the organs throughout the body
What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
creates variation
What are the adaptations that allow plants to live on land?
cuticle - waxy coating, vascular tissue - makes up veins of leaf; everywhere in plant (if vascular plant); allows for support; contains Xylem, Phloem and other cell types; not all plants have this
Sporophyte is
diploid
Omnivores
eat both plants and other organisms
How do birds breath
eight or nine air sacs keep air flowing through the lungs in only one direction
What is the importance of mycorrhyzae?
enhances plant roots' ability to pick up water and minerals from surrounding soil; increases surface area
synaptic end bulbs
enlarged region at the end of each terminal of a nerve
In what way eukaryotic flagella are different from prokaryotic flagella
eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
explain transpiration stream
evaporation and diffusion leave shortage of water drawn up from xylem, means more drawn up from roots
paramecium
example of phylum Ciliophora -heterotroph -unicellular -live in water -no genetic variation -reproduce by bianary fission
What are the roles and the structures of a sepal
external covering of flower bud
What is the vector for: Malaria?
female mosquitoes
Venules
found at the "downstream" end where capillaries converge into veins.
What are the basic life cycles of plants that produce spores in vascular, spore forming plants:
gamete → gametes produced → sporophyte → spores produced → repeat
cortex
ground tissue
Gametophyte is
haploid
Tap roots
has one main roots, and other roots forming off of the original one
Glial cells
help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons
Polarization:
inside = negative Outside = positive
Enzymatic hydrolysis
involves the use of water to break down food.
What are some examples of a: micronutrient?
iron (fe), (Zn)-zinc, (Cu)-copper
where does phloem transport from and to?
leaves to growing regions and storage organs
How do animals such as frogs carry out gas exchange?
lungs
How do animals such as spiders carry out gas exchange?
lungs
What are the roles of pollen?
male gamete - contains half the genetic information for the production of anew plant
basic life cycles of vascular, seed forming plants
male part - pollen grains, transferred to top of pistil, grows pollen tube, and egg nucleus fertilized
Fibrous Root
many roots of similar size
What, in addition to enzymatic digestion, begins food breakdown in the mouth?
mechanical digestion which includes chewing
Capillaries
microscopic vessels with very thing, porous walls.
What name do we call fungi because of there nutritional mode?
mushrooms
Re polarization:
occurs with relaxation of the cardiac muscle
What is a: macronutrient?
one category of essential nutrients, needed in fairly large amounts
What is a: micronutrient?
one category of essential nutrients, needed in much smaller amounts
What is an epidermis?
outermost single layer of elongated parenchyma like cells and have no intercellular spaces except the stomatal apertures
Why proper soil pH is important for plant nutrition?
pH affects the availability of minerals. The Right pH for a particular plant will allow it to get the nutrients it needs. (5.5-7.0)
What is the definition of: gravitropism?
plants growing in response to gravity
What is the definition of: phototropism?
plants growing in response to light
What is the definition of: thigmotropism?
plants growing in response to touch
What are nodes?
point where 1+ leaves are attached
What do chytrids have in common with each other?
presence of flagella
What are the roles and the structures of an anther?
produces male gametes - pollen
What is the Definition of the term "alternation of generations"?
regular alternation of forms or of mode of reproduction in the life cycle of an organism; in plants, between sporophyte and gametophyte organisms
What are the three main types of fruits?
simple, aggregate, and multiple
What are the roles of the apical meristems?
source of cells; provide upward and downward growth
What adaptations allow fungi to survive in places other organisms couldn't?
spores and their production-Sporangia
Gametophytes produce
spores, which form sporophytes.
Sporophyte forms
spores, which make up gametophytes,
What is a Hymenoptera?
the third largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants
What is an Epicotyl ?
the upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf or leaves
Veins
the vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
How does the 2N thing develops, and its role in a seed?
the zygote, turns into the mature sporophyte, which will then grow into the adult form
How do animals such as insects carry out gas exchange?
trachea
What is the vector for: African sleeping sickness?
tsetse flies
what kind of structure is used for movement in: Dinoflagellates
two flagellum for movement
Ferns
vascular, spore-forming plants
How do mammals breath
ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs
How do amphibians breath
ventilates lungs by positive pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea
How does these cell types (Xylem) distributed in spring wood?
vessel elements
