Final Exam Study Guide

Ciliary muscles are considered voluntary, skeletal muscle.

False

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally independent of each other and lack any functional overlap.

False

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the ANS have the same effect on most body organ systems.

False

Secretary cells of adenohypophysis release all of the following except

OXT

Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS?

a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.

absolute refractory period

Rootlets arise on the spinal cord, enter the skull through the foramen magnum and exit the skull through the jugular foramen.

accessory

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

afferent nerves

Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response?

antagonistic effects

A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission?

axon terminal

Growth hormone does all of the following except

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

Olfactory receptors are examples of

chemoreceptors

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes

A mixed nerve

contains both affarent (sensory) & efferent (motor) nerves bundled together

Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm for contraction. This activity is best explained by

convergent neuronal pools

The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the

cornea

As light travels through the eye, it passes through several structures or chambers before reaching the retina. Which list below gives those structures in the correct order?

cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, posterior segment

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _________.

cortisol

Turns the eyeball laterally.

Abducens

Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus' strength is transmitted to the central nervous system from sensory nerves?

Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases.

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

ganglia

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

What kind of stimuli can the internal ear sense?

gravity and acceleration, rotation, or sound

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________.

has no blood supply

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

hormones

norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but _______ when released at synapses.

hormones and neurotransmitters

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

hypophyseal portal system

Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ

hypothalamus

The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ___________.

inferior oblique

Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is responsible for the eye looking down?

inferior rectus

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

loss of the ability to speak

Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?

medial rectus

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.

microvilli

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.

negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

If someone spills very hot coffee (200 0F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?

nociceptors

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

oligodendrocytes

Nociceptors are sensitive to

pain

Bell's palsy is characterized by

paralysis of facial muscles

Active after you have eaten a meal

parasympathetic

decreases heart rate

parasympathetic

maintenance functions

parasympathetic

stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye, which makes the lens bulge for close vision

parasympathetic

Which of the following is NOT one of the six primary taste sensations?

peppery

Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

peppery hot

The conscious awareness of a sensation is called

perception

What kind of sensory receptors are rods and cones classified as?

photoreceptors

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

pituitary gland

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) _______ neuron.

preganglionic

Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called

proprioceptors

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is ________.

sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

stimulates production of an action potential

Choose the correct word from each pairing: The lacrimal gland is located (inferior, superior) and (lateral, medial) to the eye.

superior and lateral

Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers

sympathetic

increases blood pressure

sympathetic

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.

sympathetic nervous system

Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all of the following papillae except

filiform

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

frequency of action potentials

All of the following is true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

Function independently of the endocrine system

Head inquiries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

The blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain.

Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials?

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

acetylcholine

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.

action potential

Produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response.

adrenal glands

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the ______.

adrenal glands

White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ____________.

cerebral cortex

You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the

cerebral hemispheres

Define emmetropia

normal vision

What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A)

optic disc

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty

ovaries

Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n) ___________.

paracrine

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

parasympathetic division

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

provides ATP for impulse transmission

Oxytocin __________.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.

repolarization

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers

When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?

semicircular canal

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "it's ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

What is your reflexive response to hearing a loud noise, such as a firecracker?

turn your head and eyes toward the source of the noise

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.

vagus (X) nerves

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.

vagus nerve

Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

vagus nerves

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.

visceral arcs involve two motor neurons

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

visual association area

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the

visual cortex

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

Vestibulocochlear

Serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium.

Vestibulocochlear

A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced.

10 days

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

11 thoracic spinal nerves

The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation

2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential.

3, 1, 2, 4

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse?

4,1,3,2

Define hormone receptor

A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?

A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes _____

ADH

Which cranial nerves are involved with eye, head, and eye movement?

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XI

What bone do the olfactory neurons pass through to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?

Ethmoid

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the _________.

Hippocampus

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

The cranial nerves whose primary function is special sensory are

I, II, VIII

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, VI

Thyroid hormone contains the element _____

Iodine

A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve?

Olfactory

Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?

Olfactory

Receptors located in epithelium of the nasal cavity.

Olfactory

Which muscle is NOT an extrinsic eye muscle?

Posterior oblique

Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B)

Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color.

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.

Schwann cells

Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

Schwann cells

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damage to the oculomotor nerve.

True

Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.

True

The cranialosacral division is another name for parasympathetic division.

True

The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva.

True

The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.

True

The optic disc is forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.

True

The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.

True

Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.

True

The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.

Trye

Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves _____

VII, IX, X

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.

Vagus

Helps to regulate blood pressure and digestion

Vagus

The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

depolarization

The parasympathetic tone _________.

determines normal activity of the urinary tract

The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region?

diencephalon

Steroid hormones exert their action by ____________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.

eye

Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?

face

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.

false

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.

involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

iris

Saltatory conduction ______

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ______________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called

referred pain

An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response.

relative refractory period

Which of the following is part of the inner layer of the wall of the eye?

retina

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):

roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics

testes

Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic because ________.

the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here

The blind spot of the eye is caused by _______.

there are no photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Dermatone maps are useful to clinicians because

they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury

General sensory receptors respond to many stimuli, including

touch

Which taste receptors offer a survival advantage when tasting something for the first time?

bitter and sour receptors

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted

Gustatory receptors are not located ______

inferior surface of the tongue

During continuous conduction,

local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane

Cranial nerve II the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

sensory (afferent) division

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

sensory (afferent) division

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

somatic nervous system

The testes produce

testosterone

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis