Final Exam Study Guide
Ciliary muscles are considered voluntary, skeletal muscle.
False
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally independent of each other and lack any functional overlap.
False
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the ANS have the same effect on most body organ systems.
False
Secretary cells of adenohypophysis release all of the following except
OXT
Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS?
a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.
absolute refractory period
Rootlets arise on the spinal cord, enter the skull through the foramen magnum and exit the skull through the jugular foramen.
accessory
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
afferent nerves
Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response?
antagonistic effects
A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission?
axon terminal
Growth hormone does all of the following except
cause fat accumulation within adipocytes
Olfactory receptors are examples of
chemoreceptors
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually
connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes
A mixed nerve
contains both affarent (sensory) & efferent (motor) nerves bundled together
Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm for contraction. This activity is best explained by
convergent neuronal pools
The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the
cornea
As light travels through the eye, it passes through several structures or chambers before reaching the retina. Which list below gives those structures in the correct order?
cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, posterior segment
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _________.
cortisol
Turns the eyeball laterally.
Abducens
Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus' strength is transmitted to the central nervous system from sensory nerves?
Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases.
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
ganglia
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins
What kind of stimuli can the internal ear sense?
gravity and acceleration, rotation, or sound
Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________.
has no blood supply
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
hormones
norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but _______ when released at synapses.
hormones and neurotransmitters
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hypophyseal portal system
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ
hypothalamus
The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ___________.
inferior oblique
Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is responsible for the eye looking down?
inferior rectus
If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?
loss of the ability to speak
Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?
medial rectus
Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.
microvilli
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.
negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
If someone spills very hot coffee (200 0F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?
nociceptors
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
oligodendrocytes
Nociceptors are sensitive to
pain
Bell's palsy is characterized by
paralysis of facial muscles
Active after you have eaten a meal
parasympathetic
decreases heart rate
parasympathetic
maintenance functions
parasympathetic
stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye, which makes the lens bulge for close vision
parasympathetic
Which of the following is NOT one of the six primary taste sensations?
peppery
Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of
peppery hot
The conscious awareness of a sensation is called
perception
What kind of sensory receptors are rods and cones classified as?
photoreceptors
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
pituitary gland
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) _______ neuron.
preganglionic
Sensory receptors that monitor the position of joints are called
proprioceptors
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is ________.
sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
smell his food
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
Choose the correct word from each pairing: The lacrimal gland is located (inferior, superior) and (lateral, medial) to the eye.
superior and lateral
Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers
sympathetic
increases blood pressure
sympathetic
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.
sympathetic nervous system
Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all of the following papillae except
filiform
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?
frequency of action potentials
All of the following is true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
Function independently of the endocrine system
Head inquiries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because
The blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain.
Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials?
They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?
acetylcholine
Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.
action potential
Produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response.
adrenal glands
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the ______.
adrenal glands
White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ____________.
cerebral cortex
You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the
cerebral hemispheres
Define emmetropia
normal vision
What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A)
optic disc
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
ovaries
Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n) ___________.
paracrine
Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
parasympathetic division
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
provides ATP for impulse transmission
Oxytocin __________.
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.
repolarization
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.
second messengers
When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?
semicircular canal
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
The statement "it's ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
What is your reflexive response to hearing a loud noise, such as a firecracker?
turn your head and eyes toward the source of the noise
The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.
vagus (X) nerves
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
vagus nerve
Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
vagus nerves
Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
visual association area
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the
visual cortex
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
Vestibulocochlear
Serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium.
Vestibulocochlear
A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced.
10 days
Which of the following associations is incorrect?
11 thoracic spinal nerves
The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation
2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential.
3, 1, 2, 4
Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse?
4,1,3,2
Define hormone receptor
A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.
An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?
A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
The posterior pituitary gland secretes _____
ADH
Which cranial nerves are involved with eye, head, and eye movement?
Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XI
What bone do the olfactory neurons pass through to enter the central nervous system (CNS)?
Ethmoid
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the _________.
Hippocampus
Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.
Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.
The cranial nerves whose primary function is special sensory are
I, II, VIII
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
III, IV, VI
Thyroid hormone contains the element _____
Iodine
A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve?
Olfactory
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
Olfactory
Receptors located in epithelium of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory
Which muscle is NOT an extrinsic eye muscle?
Posterior oblique
Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B)
Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color.
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
Schwann cells
Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?
Schwann cells
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damage to the oculomotor nerve.
True
Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.
True
The cranialosacral division is another name for parasympathetic division.
True
The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva.
True
The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.
True
The optic disc is forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.
True
The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.
True
Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.
True
The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
Trye
Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves _____
VII, IX, X
Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.
Vagus
Helps to regulate blood pressure and digestion
Vagus
The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions
depolarization
The parasympathetic tone _________.
determines normal activity of the urinary tract
The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region?
diencephalon
Steroid hormones exert their action by ____________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.
eye
Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?
face
The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.
false
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.
involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior
What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
iris
Saltatory conduction ______
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ______________.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called
referred pain
An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response.
relative refractory period
Which of the following is part of the inner layer of the wall of the eye?
retina
Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):
roots, trunks, divisions, and cords
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics
testes
Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic because ________.
the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here
The blind spot of the eye is caused by _______.
there are no photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Dermatone maps are useful to clinicians because
they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury
General sensory receptors respond to many stimuli, including
touch
Which taste receptors offer a survival advantage when tasting something for the first time?
bitter and sour receptors
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
brain and spinal cord
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,
incoming sensory information would be disrupted
Gustatory receptors are not located ______
inferior surface of the tongue
During continuous conduction,
local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane
Cranial nerve II the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
sensory (afferent) division
Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
sensory (afferent) division
Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
somatic nervous system
The testes produce
testosterone
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains
why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis
