Final Exam Substance Abuse

Alcohol is metabolized at a rate of approximately _____ reduction in blood alcohol concentration per hour

0.015

What percentage of drugs are kept off the US market due to the US current supply reduction approach?

10-15%

How long after ingestion do the effects of LSD begin to appear?

15 to 60 minutes

In the US, approx. ______ percent of people in treatment for substance use disorders have post-traumatic stress disorder

20-25%

In the United States, approximately what percentage of hospital admissions are due to medical complications related alcohol use?

25-30%

What is the half-life of caffeine?

3-7 hours

Which of the following actions are harm reduction strategies? 1. needle exchange programs 2. testing illegal drugs for users 3. giving away free recreational drugs 4. decriminalization marijuana

Actions 1, 2, and 4 only

Which of the following is currently the most popular psychoactive substance worldwide?

Alcohol

The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sess a person, place, or thing that reminds him of their addiction (ex. needle, slot machine, white powder) is called the:

Amygdala

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?

Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate

Which of the following are visual indications that a person may be on MDMA (ecstacy)?

Dilated pupils and twitching eyelids

Performance-enhancing drugs function in which of the following ways? 1. increasing endurance 2. increasing muscle size 3. increasing aggression 4. increasing mental focus

Effects 1,2,3

Acetylcholine is the most crucial neurotransmitter involved in drug use and abuse T or F

False

Addiction to and withdrawal from benzodiazepines is not generally severe T or F

False

Alcohol abuse is defined as a compulsion to drink alcohol and an inability to stop drinking once you start T or F

False

Carriers of a DRD2A1 allele gene have an excess of dopamine receptors T or F

False

DMT is a long-acting psychedelic T or F

False

From our nation's early beginnings, the United States strictly regulated alcohol, opium, morphine, cannabis and other psychoactive medications T or F

False

In addition to their psychedelic effects, "all arounders" almost always depress the central nervous system T or F

False

It is not possible to become and alcoholic if you have no family history of alcoholism T or F

False

Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented. T or F

False

Mephedrone is a popular club drug, especially in Europe. This drug's effects are most similar to those of marijuana T or F

False

Methamphetamine and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world T or F

False

Modifying treatment and tailoring it to culture of specific populations decreases the effectiveness of treatment and diminishes outcomes T or F

False

Needing a dose of a drug just to feel "normal" is a sign of tolerance T or F

False

New evidenced-based assessment and treatment placement tools like the Addiction/Alcohol Severity Index have not been shown to better match clients to the treatments they need T or F

False

Opiate addiction was first documented about 100 years ago T or F

False

Originally called "freebase," "crack cocaine" first appeared at the beginning of this century. T or F

False

Outpatient treatment costs more than incarcerating a felon T or F

False

Per standard dose, the effects of cocaine last longer than the effects of methamphetamine T or F

False

Prolonged heavy drinking increases sexual functioning, desire, and the intensity of orgasm. T or F

False

Psychedelic drugs are relatively new synthetic drugs T or F

False

Receptors for 2-AG, an endogenous endocannabinoid, are found with greater frequency in other parts of the body than it is in the brain T or F

False

Sedatives are medications used to induce sleep T or F

False

The amount of pure alcohol (ethanol) consumed per capita is higher in the United States than in European countries, where the drinking age is 18 or younger T or F

False

The effects of long-term alcohol abuse on physical heath, neurochemistry and cellular function are fewer and less harsh than for most other psychoactive drugs T or F

False

The further cocaine gets from its originally production source, the more pure it becomes T or F

False

The type of drug a person uses has little impact on the symptom of his or her co-occurring mental health disorders T or F

False

There is no such thing as psychological dependence T or F

False

Evidence of social concern regarding who can handle alcohol and when it is appropriate to drink alcohol

Goes back thousands of years

Through the use of brain-imaging technology, researchers have gained insight into risk factors in the brains of people with a family history of alcoholism and found that

Having extra dopamine receptors usually provides a protective factor for people with a family history of alcoholism

Which disorder is similar to compulsive shopping?

Hoarding

The national minimum legal drinking age in the United States is 21. Since 1993 the rate of underage binge drinking in the United States has

Increased 50%

Which of the following is true about the purity of heroin at the retail level?

It varies from 10% to 70%

The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of

Mexican gangs and drug cartels

Ketamine is most similar to which drug?

PCP

What is the name for the medical strategy to treat addiction targeted at the addiction caused imbalance of brain chemistry that reinforces the need to continue drug use

Restoration of Homeostasis

Which of the following statements are true regarding technology, gaming and gambling. 1. Rapid-play poker machines have increased the number of problem and pathological gamblers 2. Online gambling has resulted in an increased number of problem and pathological gamblers. 3. There is no evidence that technology has led to an increase in the number of people with gambling or gaming addictions 4. Electronic media is a breeding ground for new addictions, such as Internet, video games, texting, and multiplayer games.

Statements 1, 2, and 4

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding 12-step programs?

There are more than 50 major topics covered by 12-step groups operating around the world.

On average, the body can metabolize and eliminate 1 ounce of pure alcohol (the equivalent of about 1.5 standard drinks) in what time frame?

Three hours

Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as an

Topical anesthetic

"Addiction" is the disease, whereas inhalant abuse, steroid misuse, or compulsive gambling, eating, shopping, or sex are the manifestations of the disease T or F

True

A person without a pre-existing mental illness may develop a mental health problem due to long-term or intense episodic substance abuse T or F

True

A substance-induced mental illness can be a temporary or permanent problem T or F

True

About 75% of those with anxiety disorders experience their first episode around age 21 T or F

True

Acute tolerance and adaptation to tobacco begins almost instantly with the first puff of a cigarette T or F

True

Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics generally have a higher margin of overdose safety than other drugs in this depressant category. T or F

True

Chemical dependency may be the greatest public health problem in the US T or F

True

Compulsive behaviors (ex. binge eating, anorexia, bulimia, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion, and internet addiction affect many of the same areas of the brain that are influenced by psychoactive drugs. T or F

True

Embalming fluid, used to preserve dead bodies for funerals and burial, can also be used to create a PCP-like high T or F

True

Even after a person has gone through alcohol or other drug detoxification, it can take months for the brain and body chemistry to regain balance T or F

True

Excess hair and decreased breast size are found in female steroid users T or F

True

False-negative results, not false positives, constitute the majority of urine-testing errors T or F

True

Hallucinations that occur while under the influence of psychedelics mimic the behaviors if thought disorders like schizophrenia T or F

True

Inhalant effects resemble those of alcohol and sedative intoxication T or F

True

Methamphetamine use is associated with increased rates of HIV infection in some communities T or F

True

Methcathinone in manufactured by street chemists using ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, the same precursors used to manufacture methamphetamine T or F

True

Of all the stimulants, the strongest physical and mental dependency develops from nicotine in tobacco. T or F

True

One of the most long-lasting effects of alcohol abuse is an inability to experience normal sexual relationships T or F

True

People compulsively overeat in response to feelings and emotions, not hunger T or F

True

People who take LSD may experience flashbacks (re-experiencing symptoms of a trip) that are similar to post-traumatic stress disorder T or F

True

Psilocybin mushrooms cause less disassociation, panic, and psychotic reactions compared with LSD T or F

True

Regular survey data collection and analysis of alcohol and other drug use provide a benchmark to measure the effectiveness of prevention efforts and policies T or F

True

Schizophrenia is classified as a thought disorder T or F

True

Substance-abuse treatment facilities often avoid accepting dually-diagnosed patients, seeing them as too disruptive or inattentive to participate in group therapy T or F

True

Substituting a "less harmful" drug for a "more harmful" drug is a form of harm reduction T or F

True

Susceptibility to blackouts and brownouts is also a marker for susceptibility to alcoholism T or F

True

The DEA has determined that the psychedelics DMT, psilocybin, mescaline (peyote), and harmaline (ayahuasca) do not cause physical dependence T or F

True

The U.S. Army carried out psychological warfare and brainwashing experiments on animals and humans with psychedelic drugs for many years T or F

True

The central nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain T or F

True

The effects of mescaline (peyote) are similar to those LSD, especially the visions and hallucinations T or F

True

The goal of evidence-based efforts treatment is to ensure that treatment providers consistently use strategies with the best potential for positive outcomes T or F

True

The inability to resist an impulse that is originally pleasurable but ends up becoming harmful is called an impulse-control disorder T or F

True

Tolerance to the mental effects of most psychedelics tends to develop rapidly T or F

True

When smoking cessation is part of a drug treatment program, the chances of recovery from alcohol and other drug addiction greatly increase. T or F

True

to assess mental illness in a substance abuser, treatment professionals should use a "rule-out" diagnosis of multiple possible disorders T or F

True

Dabs, an extract of cannabis containing 90% or greater concentration, is also known as 1. all of the above 2. shatter 3. wax 4. amber

all of the above

Misperceiving a rope as a threatening snake is an example of

an illusion (mistaken perceptions of real stimuli)

A person who has a preexisting clearly defined mental illness before becoming involved with drug abuse could fit which of the following assessment profiles?

an individual who uses drugs to self-medicate mental health symptoms

Compulsive shoppers describe the same relief of bad feelings and the subsequent high as someone describing the use of

cocaine

Which of the following best describes desensitization (cue extinction) in relapse prevention?

exposing the addict to drug-using situations and other triggers to induce a craving, preventing them from using and then desensitizing them through continued trigger exposures along with education, biofeedback or talk-down

"Nociceptive" means pain cause by

external stimuli of pain receptors

If you are conducting research to learn about the metabolic function of drugs in different parts of the brain, which of the following imaging techniques should be used?

fMRI

At low doses this substance acts as a stimulant; at higher doses it is a powerful hallucinogenic psychedelic

ibogaine

Which types of psychedelics exert most of their effects through serotonin receptors?

indole alkaloids

Which is a primary reason for sexual addictions?

low self-worth

Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ______ that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.

painful stimuli

Using drugs to replace, supplement, or counterbalance the effects of a person's drug of choice is known as

polydrug use

Sustiva (efavirenz) is a prescription medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that is also diverted and smoked for its

psychedelic effects

Drugs that stimulate which neurotransmitter have the potential to treat sexual addiction?

serotonin

A practical way to classify psychoactive substances is the following

stimulants, depressants, and psychedelics

Brain-imaging research has found that the brain anomalies in people with gambling disorders are almost identical to those found in

substance abuse disorders

The term chasing in problem gambling means

to try to recoup gambling losses by continuing to gamble

Chronic heavy drinking can contribute to which of the following diseases? 1. cancer of the stomach and esophagus 2. malnutrition 3. hypertension (high blood pressure) 4. cardiac arrhythmias

All of the above

Which neurotransmitter regulates mood, emotional behavior, motor control, and orgasms?

Dopamine

Tolerance of stimulant drugs is caused by the brain's creation of more dopamine and more dopamine receptors, which increases the drug's rewarding effects T or F

False

Pathological (compulsive) gamblers are obsessed with which of the following? 1. the socialization of casinos 2. getting the money to gamble 3. figuring out ways to stay in action 4. gambling

Obsessions 2, 3, and 4 only

Contaminated needles spread which diseases?

All of the above

Which of the following would speech up the absorption rate of alcohol?

Drinking on an empty stomach

The rate of heavy drinking is lower among military personnel than among society as a whole T or F

False

The reasons why people engage in compulsive behaviors are different from the reasons why they use psychoactive drugs T or F

False

Drugs affect sexuality by disrupting which of the following neurotransmitters? 1. serotonin 2. dopamine 3. histamine 4. norepinephrine

Neurotransmitters 1, 2, and 4 only

Low serotonin levels (which cause depression) are associated with which of the following? 1. compulsive shoppers among women 2. the development of eating disorders among women 3. risk taking among men 4. violence among men

Options 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following statements is true regarding substance-induced mental disorder?

People who abuse alcohol often demonstrate impulse-control problems such as violence, unsafe sex, and suicide

Which of the following statements are true about Prohibition in the US from 1920 to 1933? 1. During Prohibition there was a reduction in domestic violence 2. Prohibition strengthened many criminal organizations 3. After Prohibition was repealed, it took several decades for the level of per-capita alcohol consumption to return to the higher pre-Prohibition per-capita consumption levels 4. Deaths from cirrhosis of the liver remained unchanged during Prohibition

Statements 1, 2, and 3 only

Marijuana withdrawal has been associated with which of the following symptoms? 1. inability to concentrate and marijuana cravings 2. chills, aches, and sweating 3. sleep disturbances and slight tremors 4. decreased appetite and stomach pain

Symptoms 1, 2, 3, 4

A compulsive gambler can also be a problem or pathological gambler T or F

True

Cyber-addiction and gaming addiction, including MMORPGs are characterized by which of the following actions? 1. using the computer or video games for 40 hours or more per week 2. losing track of time while logged on 3. neglecting responsibilities 4. feeling irritable and anxious when offline

Actions 1, 2, 3, and 4

The most practical and widely used alcohol and other drug abuse assessment questionnaire for diagnosis and treatment planning is the

American Society of Addiction Medicine Patient Placement Criteria

Almost half of all teenagers who are very sexually active have had which sexually transmitted disease, often without knowing it?

Chlamydia

Which of the following are examples of the comprehensive addiction treatment systems best suited for treating people with dual diagnoses? 1. both substance use disorder and mental illness must be treated simultaneously 2. use of "rule-out diagnosis" in the initial assessment of someone with a dual diagnosis 3. recognition that both disorders are chronic and persistent requiring both short-term and long-range treatment strategies 4. treat both in a single program with appropriate resources and a "every door is the right door" strategy

Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among U.S. military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan? 1. Stress of years of war and combat 2. the availability of prescription opiates like hydrocodone and oxycodone 3. the availability of heroin 4. post-traumatic stress

Factors 1, 2, 3, 4

The monetary value of drugs has never been a part of legitimate government's economic plans, but it has often been a part of illegitimate plans T or F

False

The phrase "demand reduction" seeks to decrease drug abuse by reducing the availability of drugs T or F

False

The phrase "supply reduction" refers to prevention programs that prevent people from wanting to use illicit drugs T of F

False

Which of the following are common mistakes made by alcohol and other drug prevention and education efforts on college campuses? 1. They often overlook and do not recognize the level of sophistication most college students have regarding most aspects of alcohol and other drugs 2. They don't emphasize the risks or benefits of alcohol and other drugs 3. Prevention messages often appear condescending to the average student 4. They don't recognize the highly effective strategies like Red Ribbon week

Mistakes 1 and 3 only

Which of the following in an anxiety disorder?

Obsessive compulsive

A problem gambler is defined as a person whose gambling behavior causes difficulty in which of the following parts of his or her life? 1. psychological 2. physical 3. sociological 4. vocational

Options 1, 2, 3, and 4

The Internet has an addiction potential because 1. It can be used to escape feelings 2. It is always available 3. It doesn't criticize 4. It produces a stimulant-like rush

Reasons 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following statements are true regarding computer-related addiction? 1. Nearly 14% of teenagers in China have been identified as compulsive Internet users 2. Computer-related addictions include cybersexual addiction, online gambling, and compulsive use of the Internet 3. As with other addictions, computer-related addiction includes loss of control and the development of tolerance 4. Computer-related addictions are an official diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Statements 1, 2, and 3 only

Which of the following statements are true about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? 1. The use of stimulants in small doses helps focus attention and reduces hyperactivity. 2. For children with ADHD, excessive fidgeting helps them focus on the task at hand. 3. Drugs prescribed for ADHD are generally not diverted to non-medical uses. 4. Stimulant drugs taken for ADHD reduce symptoms by increasing the release of dopamine and serotonin.

Statements 1, 2, and 4

According to researchers, a person who smokes cigarettes is 22 times more likely to use cocaine than a nonsmoker T or F

True

Alcohol interacts with more types of receptors, neurotransmitters, and genes than do marijuana and cocaine T or F

True

Alcohol or other drugs are involved in 70% of teen suicides T or F

True

Alternative substances affect how neurons can down-regulate their brain receptors. T or F

True

Amphetamine and cocaine intoxication can appear similar to the manic phase of bipolar disorder T or F

True

Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness, to induce an altered state of consciousness T or F

True

In 2013 the DSM-5 classified Substance Use Disorders to Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders giving gambling and each substance their own specific diagnosis with a coding of severity from a mild to moderate to severe problem T or F

True

Synapses are able to change strength and function when a pathways is stressed, overused, or underused, such as by the intake of psychoactive substances T or F

True

Tests for the use of drugs can be conducted using a person's urine, blood, hair, saliva, or sweat T or F

True

The American Revolution was supported by exportation and taxation of tobacco, hemp, rum and whiskey T or F

True

The major receptor sites for opioids are the mu, delta, kappa and nociceptin T or F

True

The military has one of the most widespread drug-testing programs in the country T or F

True

The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods. T or F

True

Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines. T or F

True

Treating people with addictions costs substantially less than incarcerating them for the same length of time T or F

True

Cross-tolerance is defined as

When a person develops tolerance to other, similar drugs in the same category (ex. two or more depressants such as heroine and morphine)

The factors that determines a susceptibility to develop both a mental illness and/or an addiction consists of which of the following 1. the use of psychoactive drugs 2. morals and character 3. environment (stress, trauma, epigenetic processes) 4. heredity

Results 1, 3, and 4 only

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of psychiatric medications?

Treatment of anxiety, depression, and other mental problems with psychiatric medications can relieve many of the underlying causes of drug abuse, relapses, and behavioral addictions

Which of the following statements about eating disorders and substance abuse are true? 1. prevalence of eating disorders is higher among people with substance abuse problems than they are among the general population 2. The prevalence of substance abuse is higher among people with an eating disorder than it is among the general population 3. both problems use the same abstinence-based approach to recovery 4. both problems are completely unrelated

Statements 1 and 2

The DEA classifies drugs into five levels or schedules based on their abuse/addiction potential. Schedule 1 includes drugs the DEA has classified as having high abuse/addiction potential and no accepted medical use. The DEA includes which of the following drugs in the Schedule 1 category? 1. marijuana 2. heroin 3. LSD 4. cocaine

Drugs 1, 2, and 3 only

Long-term follow-up research has confirmed that controlled drinking works for former and recovering alcoholics T or F

False

Which of the following have been identified as risk factors for substance abuse among veterans and military service members? 1. the stress and the anxiety of combat and deployment 2. the regional availability of indigenous drugs like cannabis and opiates 3. social norms that support a heavy-drinking culture within branches of the military 4. zero-tolerance policies

Risk factors 1, 2, and 3 only

Which of the following statements are characterized of the phenylalkylamine psychedelics peyote (mescaline) and MDMA (ecstasy)? 1. They take several hours to reach their peak 2. They have stimulant properties similar to amphetamine 3. They have depressant properties similar to alcohol 4. They are short-acting drugs

Statements 1 and 2 only

The variation in people's reactions to alcohol is due in part to hereditary factors that affect how efficiently the body metabolizes alcohol T or F

True

Which of the following statements are true about prevention programs? 1. Prevention programs need to be tailored to specific age groups 2. Prevention programs need to be tailored for ethnicity, culture, and gender 3. A prevention program that has been researched and found to be effective for one particular cultural group can be readily applies to other cultural groups and yield similar results 4. Prevention programs should span a lifetime

Statements 1, 2 and 4 only

Which of the following statements correctly address the treatment needs regarding polydrug abuse or co-occurring addictions? 1. Treatment programs must identify the total drug profile of each client 2. In addition to a client's drugs problems, behavioral addictions such as gambling, compulsive eating, or Internet addiction must be addressed 3. For treatment to be successful, every issue that threatens continuous recovery or impair an addicts quality of life should be addressed. 4. The drug addiction must be addressed as chemical dependency rather than a drug-specific problem and the behavioral addictions require the same intensity of treatment as the substance use disorders

Statements 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following are common ideological differences between mental health and substance abuse treatment programs as noted in the textbook? 1. MH uses case management, shepherding clients from one service to another, whereas SA programs traditionally emphasized self-reliance and personal responsibility 2. MH opposes the use of medication to treat chemical imbalances and relies on talk therapy and support groups 3. MH treatment providers often believe "control the underlying psychiatric problem and the drug abuse will disappear" 4 SA treatment providers often believe "get the patient clean and sober and the mental health problems will resolve themselves

Statements 1, 3, and 4

Which of the following are post-acute withdrawal symptoms? 1. physical coordination difficulties 2. anxiety and hypersensitivity to stress 3. inability to think clearly and problems with short-term memory 4. inappropriate emotional reactions and mood swings

Symptoms 1, 2, 3, and 4

Attempts to solve the problems of drug abuse, addiction, and crime focus on demand reduction, supply reduction, and reduction of drug potency T or F

False

Binge-eating disorder is marked by rigid control over one's eating patterns T or F

False

The military is under strict Congressional guidelines and cannot drug testing whenever and wherever it chooses T or F

False

Which of the following statements about dual diagnosis are correct? 1. there is a type of dual diagnosis in which a person has a pre-existing mental illness and then begins using drugs 2. there is a type of dual diagnosis in which a person begins abusing drugs and goes on to develop a mental illness 3. substance-induced psychiatric problems can be temporary 4. substance-induced psychiatric problems can persist and evolve into a chronic mental health problem

Statements 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following statements are true about sexual activity for someone under the influence of methamphetamine? 1. The rush from methamphetamine can become a substitute for sexual activity 2. Methamphetamine increases sexual desire 3. Methamphetamine can increase aggression and violence 4. Methamphetamine use, even at low levels, shuts down sexual desire

Statements 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements are true about the harm reduction approach? 1. Harm reduction does not acknowledge the risks associated with psychoactive drug use 2. Harm reduction acknowledges the risks associated with psychoactive drug use 3. The provision of free and clean needles to IV drugs users reduces harm 4. Using a designated driver is a form of harm reduction

Statements 2, 3, and 4 only

A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is _____ and is located in the ____ and ____

Alcohol dehydrogenase; stomach; liver

Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics

Which of the following alkaloids are found in the sap of the poppy seedpod? 1. enkephalins 2. morphine 3. endorphins 4. codeine

Alkaloids 2 and 4 only

When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created known as

Allostastsis

Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not as strong are called.

Amphetamine congeners

Which of the following would slow the rate of alcohol absorption?

Diluting an alcoholic drink with water or ice or alternating every other drink with water or soda

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include which of the following? 1. over the counter and look alike downers, including antihistamines 2. skeletal muscle relaxants 3. sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines 4. anabolic steroids

Drugs 1, 2, and 3 only

Which statement is true regarding intravenous drug use?

Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses.

Which of the following methods are used to absorb drugs through the mucosal membrane? 1. rectal and vaginal suppositories 2. buccal (b/w gums and cheek) 3. sublingual (under the tongue) 4. insufflation (snorting a drug into the nose)

Methods 1, 2, 3, 4

Which of the following statements is true?

Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids.

Which of the following alcoholic drinks are equivalent to one standard drink? 1. one 12oz. beer 2. one 5oz. glass of wine 3. one Long Island Iced Tea (mixed drink) 4. a single 1.5oz shot of liquor

1, 2, 4

According to Uppers, Downers, All Arounders and the American Society of Addiction Medicine, alcoholism is 1. a chronic disease 2. influenced by genetic factors and heredity 3. a symptom of moral weakness 4. influenced by environmental factors

1, 2, and 4

How long will the high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally last?

5-20 mins

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances?

About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.

The name of the primary evaluation document used in the United States to assess whether a person has a substance-related disorder is called

Diagnostic Statistical Manual

Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C? 1. Sharing of contaminated needles 2. Drug-induced high-risk sexual practices 3. poor hygiene among restaurant workers 4. consistent and regular use of condoms during sex.

Factors 1 and 2 only

The most rapid route of administering a drug to reach the brain is intravenously T or F

False

The name of the first enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is the alcohol dehydration enzyme T or F

False

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000, what percentage showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?

More than 50%

Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body in which of the following ways? 1. increase the brain's electrical activity 2. increase the brain's chemical activity 3. increase central nervous systems activity 4. increase peripheral nervous systems activity

Results 1, 2, 3, 4

Synaptic plasticity in response to psychoactive drugs can result in which of the following? 1. increase in the number of available neurotransmitters 2. decrease in the number of available neurotransmitters 3. increase in the number of receptors and receptor sites 4. the ability of the synapse to change in strength and function when the pathway is overused or underused

Results 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following physical and chemical changes in the body are signs that indicate addiction to alcohol or other drug? 1. The user develops tolerance and needs more of the drug to feel an effect. 2. The user develops intolerance. 3. The user develops tissue dependence and needs to use the drug just to feel normal. 4. After not using the drug for a period of time, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms

Statements 1, 3, 4

Which of the following are signs of addiction?

The continued use despite experiencing physical or psychological problems and consequences

Although alcohol is absorbed at different rates, metabolism occurs at a relatively defined continuous rate T or F

True

Drug tolerance to benzodiazepines develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing (metabolizing) a drug that is used regularly T or F

True

Historically, most drug laws were made for political rather than medical considerations T or F

True

Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous opioids) T or F

True

The compulsive gambler's addiction pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to the ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addictions T or F

True

The historical and moral conflict between doing what an individual wants to do (primal urges) versus what he should do (common sense, reason) is mirrored in the conflict that arises between the old brain and the new brain when addictive drugs and behaviors are involved. T or F

True

The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function. T or F

True

The Gin Epidemic

Was brought under control through high taxes and the strict regulation of the sale of gin

Which of the following is not a plant-based stimulant?

mephedrone

Prolonged use of strong stimulants (ex. cocaine, methamphetamine) results in which of the following? 1. depletion of the body's energy resouces 2. enhancement of the body's energy resources 3. cellular and organ damage 4. paranoia

Results 1, 3, 4

The ruling classes, governments, industry, and criminal organizations have controlled the trade of psychoactive drugs T or F

True

The sense of relaxation and well-being that smokers receive from a cigarette is actually the sensation of the withdrawal symptoms being subdued T or F

True