Final For Biology 2019

Armadillos have a diploid chromosome number of 64. At prophase I, an armadillo's cell would have ________ tetrads present. 16 128 32 80 64

32

List the levels of organization of the body from simple to complex.1. organ system2. organism3. tissue4. organ5. cell 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

5, 3, 4, 1, 2

According to Chargaff's rules, ________ always pairs with ________, and ________ always pairs with ________. A; T; G; C C; T; G; A A; C; G; T A; G; T; C G; U; A; C

A; T; G; C

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract? NADH ATP glucose ADP oxygen

ATP

Which is not a function of blood? -defend the body against infection -All are functions of blood. -form clots -transport substances -regulate body temperature

All are functions of blood.

As humans continue to use fossil fuels as a primary source of energy, the amount of carbon entering the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion will continue to increase dramatically. What is the effect of large-scale deforestation on the carbon in the atmosphere? -Because trees produce carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon in the atmosphere will decrease with their wide-scale removal. -Because trees are a major sink for atmospheric carbon, fewer trees will result in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. -As trees are removed, there is more room for carbon to enter the soil directly and be used by other plants. -The large-scale removal of forests does not have any real effect on atmospheric carbon, because carbon dioxide is not stored in trees.

Because trees are a major sink for atmospheric carbon, fewer trees will result in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere for photosynthesis.

Which of the following organelles would form a membrane-bound package, also known as a vesicle? -mitochondria -ribosomes -Golgi apparatus -lysosomes -chloroplasts

Golgi apparatus

What is the first step in energy flow through an ecosystem? -Top-level carnivores eat the herbivores or omnivores within the ecosystem. -Producers are eaten by the herbivores. -Decomposers break down the organic matter and make it available for the producers. -Producers absorb nutrients from the soil. -Producers absorb solar energy.

Producers absorb solar energy.

Mitochondria are found in -animal cells only. -neither plant cells nor animal cells. -plant cells. -both plant cells and animal cells. -animal cells and bacterial cells only.

both plant cells and animal cells

Chromosomes are made from -expanded polysaccharides. -condensed chromatin. -cell recognition proteins. -expanded ribosomes. -condensed vesicles.

condensed chromatin.

An atom that has an electrical charge is called a(n) molecule. isotope. proton. element. ion.

ion

The type of bond that would form from the transfer of an electron from one atom to another, shown below, is a(n) ________ bond. covalent atomic ionic isotopic hydrogen

ionic

Which statement below is correct when comparing plant and animal cells? -Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane and a cell wall. -Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall. -Plant cells only have a cell wall, and animal cells only have a plasma membrane. -Plant cells only have a plasma membrane, and animal cells only have a cell wall. -Both plant and animal cells have a cell wall, but only animal cells have a plasma membrane.

Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall.

How does DNA differ from RNA? -DNA is comprised of a double-strand; RNA is a single-strand. -DNA is in plants; RNA is found in animals. -DNA is used by all living things; RNA is used only in plants. -DNA is made from amino acids; RNA is made from nucleotides. -DNA is seen in animals; RNA is seen in all living things.

DNA is comprised of a double-strand; RNA is a single-strand.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? DNA to DNA to protein mRNA to DNA to protein DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein DNA to rRNA to protein DNA to mRNA to protein

DNA to mRNA to protein

DNA replication makes a(n) ________ copy of the DNA strand, while transcription makes a(n) ________ copy of the DNA strand. -DNA; mRNA -mRNA; rRNA -DNA; tRNA -mRNA; tRNA -mRNA; DNA

DNA; mRNA

Homeostasis maintains various levels within a narrow range only if environmental conditions do not fluctuate much. True False

False

________ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; ________ may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process. -Genomics; proteomics -Comparative genomics; bioinformatics -Comparative genomics; proteomics -Proteomics; comparative genomics -Proteomics; bioinformatics

Proteomics; bioinformatics

What is the main reason that the tundra does not have large plants? The other species of plants have outcompeted them for resources . The amount of rainfall is not enough for large plants to survive. The amount of sunlight is not great enough for large plants to survive. The seeds of large plants were never dispersed into these regions. The permafrost persists, even during the summer.

The permafrost persists, even during the summer.

The figure below shows a cell in the mitotic stage of: telophase. prophase. metaphase. interphase. anaphase.

anaphase.

Most skeletal muscles contain ________. -muscle fibers of the same type -a predominance of slow oxidative fibers -a mixture of fiber types -a predominance of fast oxidative fibers

a mixture of fiber types

Muscle tone is ________. -the ability of a muscle to --efficiently cause skeletal movements -the condition of athletes after intensive training -the feeling of well being following exercise -a state of sustained partial contraction

a state of sustained partial contraction

Forests help to regulate the global climate by: -preventing soil erosion. -absorbing carbon dioxide. -emitting ozone. -releasing oxygen. -absorbing pollutants.

absorbing carbon dioxide

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? vertebrates algae invertebrates animals fungi

algae

Conservation biology supports all of the following ethical principles except: -biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere and humans. -all animals have the same rights or legal status as humans. -extinction due to human actions are undesirable. -biodiversity has value in and of itself regardless of any practical benefit to humans. -the complex interactions of ecosystems support biodiversity and are desirable.

all animals have the same rights or legal status as humans.

You are looking at a cell under a microscope and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at? prophase I prophase II metaphase I anaphase I anaphase II

anaphase I

Which ecosystem makes up approximately 70% of the Earth's surface? -aquatic; marine -terrestrial; tundra -aquatic; coral reefs -terrestrial; rainforest -aquatic; fresh water

aquatic; marine

Which one of the following is the smallest unit of matter that has all the properties of an element? molecule proton compound atom electron

atom

A cell being observed under a microscope has a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomal material that is not found in a nucleus. Based on this information, the cell could be a -cell from a mushroom. -cell from a fish. -cell from a paramecium. -bacterial cell. -cell from a cactus.

bacterial cell

A karyotype shows chromosomes arranged by: length, structure, and color. shape, size, and complexity. color, width, and length. banding patterns, size, and shape. complexity, radius, and length.

banding patterns, size, and shape.

Without receptor proteins, a cell would not be able to -transport water into the cytoplasm. -bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body. -perform metabolic reactions. -allow the passage of H ions into the cell. -divide.

bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body.

Mercury can enter an aquatic food chain and collect in fish as well as people who eat fish. This is an example of which of the following processes? -biological magnification -biological accumulation -bioremediation -biotic potential -salinization

biological magnification

Which of the following is not a benefit of biodiversity? -biological magnification -development of novel medicines -new and better crop plants -climate regulation -production of freshwater

biological magnification

Energy needs are supplied by: -micronutrients. -essential amino acids. -carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. -antioxidants. -fiber.

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

The four main categories of organic macromolecules are -monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and polysaccharides. -RNA, DNA, steroids, and fats. -lipids, starches, DNA, and protein. -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. -proteins, DNA, waxes, and sugars.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Which of the following is not a function of meiosis? -produce gametes -create genetic variability -cause an organism to grow -reduce the chromosome number in gametes -keep the chromosome number constant from one generation to the next

cause an organism to grow

Which of the following lists the levels of biological organization in order from simplest to most complex? -heart, human, cell, cardiac muscle, cardiovascular system -cardiac muscle, cell, human, heart, cardiovascular system -human, heart, cardiovascular system, cardiac muscle, cell -cell, heart, human, cardiovascular system, cardiac muscle -cell, cardiac muscle, heart, cardiovascular system, human

cell, cardiac muscle, heart, cardiovascular system, human

Wood and cotton cloth are composed of: cholesterol. glycogen. lipid. chitin. cellulose.

cellulose

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) communication support storage of minerals

communication

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? compact bone spongy bone irregular bone trabecular bone

compact bone

Plant cells have plasmodesmata that resemble the cytoskeleton of animal cells. -are the sites of starch production. -function in photosynthesis. -take the place of the plasma --membrane that would be found in animals. -connect the cytoplasm of one cell with that of another.

connect the cytoplasm of one cell with that of another.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in that they both: -are involved in cellular waste processing. -are involved in protein production for the cell. -are involved in helping to maintain cell shape. -are membranous sacs involved in storage. -contain DNA.

contain DNA

Inside a living cell, which type of bond would be the most stable? covalent polar all bonds are equally stable in a living system hydrogen ionic

covalent

All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have -cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and a nucleus. -a cell membrane and cytoplasm. DNA and a cell membrane. -cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA. -a nucleus and a cell membrane.

cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA.

Which of the following would have the greatest influence in creating a more sustainable urban society? -decreasing the amount of environmental pollution produced by industry -increasing fuel efficiency in our vehicles so we can decrease the consumption of fossil fuels -exploring alternative energy sources that are more environmentally favorable (i.e., solar, hydropower, etc.) -decreasing the amount of land that is altered in order to accommodate human desires (new homes, factories, agriculture, etc.) -improving the efficiency of water filtration systems in order to decrease our consumption of freshwater

decreasing the amount of land that is altered in order to accommodate human desires (new homes, factories, agriculture, etc.)

Which two terrestrial biomes are the most similar with regards to rainfall? -rainforest; desert -temperate grasslands; desert -desert; taiga -desert; temperate forest -temperate forests; rainforests

desert; temperate forest

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? -eliminate bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin -eliminate nondigestible food -eliminate nitrogenous waste -absorb nutrients -eliminate dead bacteria

eliminate nitrogenous waste

Without tight junctions in certain tissues, -cells would not be able to migrate during their development. -the tissues would not be able to -expand and stretch without damage. -nutrients would not be able to be passed from cell to cell. -fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create. -cells would not be able to communicate with each other.

fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create.

Which of the following groups is suspected of causing climate change? -fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture -overfishing and hydropower usage -salinization and desertification erosion, deforestation, pollution, and salinization -fossil fuel and hydropower usage

fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture

Which of the following is not a renewable resource? fossil fuels wild game water food crops solar energy

fossil fuels

Carbohydrates are typically broken down to: -glucose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. -fructose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. -glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells. -glycogen, the molecule used as the energy source in cells. -maltose, the molecule stored for future energy needs.

glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells.

Humans store excess polysaccharides in the form of glycogen. starch. cellulose. glucose. lactose.

glycogen

A stack of thylakoids inside a chloroplast are known as what? thylakoid space. chloroplast. granum. stroma. cristae.

granum

What does the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane provide? -increased space for protein synthesis -greater ability to allow for osmosis -greater surface area for ATP production -Increased surface area for -photosynthesis -greater ability to remove waste from the cell cytosol

greater surface area for ATP production

Humans are omnivores as shown by the type of -human teeth. -human taste buds. -urine produced by humans. -enzymes secreted in human saliva. -enzymes secreted in human intestines.

human teeth

In aquatic ecosystems, primary productivity is most dependent on -the type of soil. -the rate of photosynthesis. -organic nutrients. -inorganic nutrients. -species richness and diversity.

inorganic nutrients.

Digestion in humans and earthworms: -is different in that earthworms have a sac plan body plan and humans have a tube-within-a-tube body plan. -is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an extracellular process, occurring in a complete digestive tract. -is similar in that in both organisms, digestion occurs in a simple tract, in which all parts of the tract are similar. -is different in that digestion is an extracellular process in humans but an intracellular process in earthworms. -is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an intracellular process, occurring in an incomplete digestive system.

is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an extracellular process, occurring in a complete digestive tract.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell -has no method of movement. -lacks organelles beyond ribosomes. -is not living. -does not require energy. -is larger.

lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

The increased efficiency of fishing has led to -increased biodiversity of aquatic animals other than fish. -loss of biodiversity in fish and other species. -decreased yields from fishing. -decreased need for agriculture. -increased nutritional deficiencies in the human population.

loss of biodiversity in fish and other species.

Desertification and deforestation are similar in that both involve: -loss of plant and animal life in an area. -lack of rainfall in an area. -loss of wetland habitats. -overpopulation of an area by humans. -overgrowth of undesirable plants in an area.

loss of plant and animal life in an area

Deforestation may contribute toward climate change because -loss of trees disrupts the carbon cycle, limiting the amount that is absorbed by plants, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. -the forest canopy reflects some solar radiation back into space, allowing more of it to penetrate to the Earth's surface. -it leads to habitat loss for many forest species, which invade nearby marginal habitats, including those used by humans. -it leads to salinization of the land. -the trees naturally trap heat near the Earth's surface, and the loss of trees allows this heat to escape into space through the atmosphere.

loss of trees disrupts the carbon cycle, limiting the amount that is absorbed by plants, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

In bacterial cells and plant cells, cell walls function in -producing the cytoskeleton. -containing DNA. -moving organelles throughout the cell. -maintaining cell shape. -modifying lipids and proteins.

maintaining cell shape

Lipids: -should be reduced as much as possible in the diet. -are found only in low amounts in animal sources of food. -add to fecal bulk. -regulate metabolism and physiological development. -may be used to make certain hormones and vitamin D.

may be used to make certain hormones and vitamin D.

In the human life cycle, -diploid gametes reproduce by meiosis to produce haploid daughter cells that divide by mitosis to produce a new individual. -diploid gametes reproduce by mitosis to produce diploid daughter cells that divide by meiosis to produce a new individual. -a haploid zygote reproduces by meiosis to produce diploid daughter cells that divide by mitosis to produce a new individual. -mitosis produces haploid gametes, and fertilization creates a diploid cell that divides by meiosis to produce a new individual. -meiosis produces haploid gametes, and fertilization creates a diploid cell that divides by mitosis to produce a new individual.

meiosis produces haploid gametes, and fertilization creates a diploid cell that divides by mitosis to produce a new individual.

Movement of body parts directly requires the -endocrine system and nervous system. -muscular system and skeletal system. -muscular system and cardiovascular system. -nervous system and endocrine system. -skeletal system and digestive system.

muscular system and skeletal system.

Isotopes of an element differ in their: proton number. type of bonds. atomic number. neutron number. electron number.

neutron number.

Which food choice below offers the healthiest fat for your heart? whole milk red meat oily fish cheese shrimp and lobster

oily fish

The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what? -metabolism -reduction -oxidation -an enzyme-substrate complex -phosphorylation

oxidation

Which feature is found in all cells? -flagella -cell wall composed of cellulose -plasma membrane composed of phospholipids -nucleus containing DNA -nucleoid region that contains DNA

plasma membrane composed of phospholipids

Plant cells can communicate with each other using what structure? -pili -plasmodesmata -cytoskeleton -centrioles -fimbriae

plasmodesmata

Amino acids are needed to build ________, just as ________ are needed to create DNA. -RNA; glucose monomers -fatty acid; hydroxides -protein; nucleotides -fats; sugars -polysaccharides; carboxyl

protein; nucleotides

Multipurpose trees are useful for what purpose? -water conservation and improved pest control -providing fossil fuel sources and assisting with irrigation -improved pest control, as well as serving as a windbreak -restoring wetlands and improving soil quality -providing additional products, as well as serving as a windbreak

providing additional products, as well as serving as a windbreak

Which of the following organelles is not surrounded by a membrane? chloroplast lysosomes ribosomes mitochondrion nucleus

ribosomes

Which of the following is an incorrect match? -lysosomes - cellular digestion -Golgi apparatus - protein alteration and packaging -ribosomes - protein synthesis -mitochondria - production of cellular ATP -smooth endoplasmic reticulum - storage of water

smooth endoplasmic reticulum - storage of water

Which of the following minerals is typically overconsumed by Americans? potassium cholesterol iron sodium calcium

sodium

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy -stored in ATP to energy stored in food. -of sunlight to energy stored in inorganic compounds. -stored in leaves to energy in food. -stored in food to energy stored in ATP. -stored in ATP to energy used to do work.

stored in food to energy stored in ATP.

Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function. -surface-area-to-volume ratio -the size of the nucleus -the number of microvilli -the ability to photosynthesize -cilia movement

surface-area-to-volume ratio

Nutrients that are deemed to be "essential" are those which: -the body is able to produce so no food source is needed. -the body is not able to produce. -are needed in very low quantities. -cannot be found within food sources. -make up a large proportion of the body.

the body is not able to produce.

Eukaryotic cells move their organelles using -the endomembrane system. -the cytoskeleton. -the plasma membrane. -flagella. -cilia.

the cytoskeleton.

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal? -finger bone of an elderly individual -thigh bone of an elderly individual -thigh bone of a young individual -finger bone of a young individual

thigh bone of an elderly individual

Which nitrogen-containing base is found in DNA but not in RNA? adenine thymine guanine cytosine uracil

thymine

Which of the following terrestrial ecosystems has the highest rate of primary productivity? -prairie -tropical rainforest -tundra -marsh -temperate rainforest

tropical rainforest

Water is a major limiting factor in which of the following biomes? -tundra -coral reef -tropical rainforest -temperate grasslands -savannah

tundra

Most metabolic wastes leave the body through the production of ________ by the ________. -feces; digestive system -carbon dioxide; respiratory system -carbon dioxide; urinary system -urine; digestive system -urine; urinary system

urine; urinary system

Which of the following has not contributed to declines in the world fish catch in recent years? -herbicide and pesticide use -depletion of fish populations through overfishing -use of aquaculture aquafarming -new technologies that increase fishing efficiency -water pollution

use of aquaculture aquafarming