Final questions from tests.
Diseases can be transmitted by contact, vectors, or by some type of medium. Pick one of the three methods for disease transmission and describe the method of transmission or give a specific example of how diseases are spread by that method.
A mosquito that carries malaria bites you. The vector is the mosquito since it carries the disease and you are the host once you are bitten. Once you are bitten you become the host and reservoir is your body. This in turn makes you a secondary vector to the disease and can now be transmitted through contact with another person.
List one of the areas that antimicrobial agents should target to be successful in destroying a microbe. Then explain how or why targeting that area would cause harm to the microbe.
The antimicrobial agents should be successful in targeting the cell wall in a microbe in order to destroy it. The destruction of the cell wall can give the helper cells the ability to either consume the microbe through phagocytosis or can attack the microbe by actually denaturing the microbe's proteins and stop the microbe's processes once the helper cells have gotten into the microbes structures.
Explain the difference between a microbe's preferred portal of entry and any portal of entry that a microbe could enter. Also give one example of a specific disease causing organism and its preferred portal of entry.
The preferred portal of entry is the portal that the pathogen must enter if is going to cause an infection. Any portal of entry refers to the body portals that could allow entry into the body, but not the pathogens preferred portal.
In what year was the discovery of HIV announced? a. 1983 b. 2013 c. 1993 d. 2003
a. 1983
Which of the following is NOT part of Koch's postulates? a. A different microorganism can be isolated from experimentally infected animals. b. The microorganism must be present in every disease case. c. Healthy animals must show disease symptoms when injected with the microorganism. d. The microorganism can be cultured from the diseased animal.
a. A different microorganism can be isolated from experimentally infected animals.
Which term describes bacteria that can grow in acidic environments? a. Acidophiles b. Neutrophiles c. Thermophiles d. Halophiles e. Alkalophiles
a. Acidophiles
When cells are stimulated take in DNA from their surrounding environment with the help chemical or "shock" treatments such as heat shock or electroporation it is called: a. Aided transformation. b. Aided facilitation. c. Aided reproduction. d. Aided recombination.
a. Aided transformation.
Who discovered antibiotics in 1929? Select one: a. Alexander Fleming b. Robert Koch c. Louis Pasture d. Paul Ehrlich
a. Alexander Fleming
Which group of nonbacterial microorganisms has some species that produce neurotoxins that cause paralysis when ingested by humans? Select one: a. Algae b. Helminths (parasitic worms) c. Protozoans d. Viruses
a. Algae
There are two symbiotic relationships that fungi are associated with, lichens and mycorrhizae. In lichen symbiosis, what do fungi form a relationship with? a. Algae or Cyanobacteria b. bacteria c. Amoeba d. Plant Roots
a. Algae or Cyanobacteria
A common method used to show that a bacterial cell has been transformed with the plasmid containing a cloned gene involves growing the bacteria on agar plates and looking for: a. Antibiotic resistant colonies. b. Fast growing colonies. c. Odd shaped colonies. d. The smallest colonies.
a. Antibiotic resistant colonies.
This was the key to the discovery of and the sequential study of microorganisms. a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope. b. Koch's postulates c. The development of the cell theory. d. The theory of spontaneous generation.
a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope.
Organisms that belong in this domain are prokaryotic, have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan and are sensitive to antibacterial antibiotics. a. Bacteria b. Prokaryotoa c. Eukarya d. Archaea
a. Bacteria
When first discovered, why were viruses considered the simplest life form? a. Because they behaved like bacteria and caused disease. b. Because they were very small. c. Because they were a package of complex chemicals. d. Because they caused disease.
a. Because they behaved like bacteria and caused disease.
In ATP, where is the chemical energy that cells use stored? a. Between the phosphate groups. b. In the Ribose sugar and adenosine nitrogen base. c. In the adenosine nitrogen base. d. In the ribose sugar.
a. Between the phosphate groups.
Which structure, external to the cell wall is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, protects the bacteria from phagocytosis, and could be used as a food source by the bacteria when nutrients run low? a. Capsule b. Fimbriae c. Flagella d. Slime Layer
a. Capsule
The cell walls of fungi are different from the cell walls of plants or bacteria because the fungal cell walls contain: a. Chitin b. Cellulose and Peptidoglycan c. Peptidoglycan d. Cellulose
a. Chitin
Chloramphenicol and erythromycin bind to the ribosome; tetracycline interferes with the attachment of tRNA to the mRNA-Ribosome complex. What target do these antibiotics all affect? Select one: a. Protein synthesis b. Nucleic acid synthesis c. Cellular respiration d. Cell wall formation
a. Protein synthesis
Which of the following statements defines catabolism? a. Reactions that breakdown compounds and release energy. b. Reactions that build compounds. c. Reactions that produce proteins from amino acids. d. Sum of all the biochemical pathways in a living cell.
a. Reactions that breakdown compounds and release energy.
He was credited with coining the term "cell" to describe cells and is now credited with being the first to observe and sketch a microorganism, a microfungi. a. Robert Hook b. Captain Hook c. Anton van Leeuwenhoek d. Hans Janssen
a. Robert Hook
Which of the following is NOT a target used by antiviral drugs? a. Rupturing of the host cell. b. Block or prevent the release of viruses from the host cell. c. Preventing viral nucleic acid synthesis. d. Stopping one of the five events in virus infection and replication.
a. Rupturing of the host cell.
Media that inhibits the growth of unwanted bacteria. It is often combined with a differential media. a. Selective media b. Chemically defined media. c. Complex media d. Enrichment media
a. Selective media
This type of staining uses only one basic dye such as Methylene Blue. a. Simple Staining b. Negative Staining c. Differential Staining d. Special Staining
a. Simple Staining
This type of staining is used to color specific parts of bacteria, such as flagella. a. Special Staining b. Differential Staining c. Simple Staining d. Negative Staining
a. Special Staining
Virulence is defined as the degree of pathogenicity, which of the following is true about virulent bacteria. Select one: a. The more virulent the bacteria the fewer the number needed to cause disease symptoms. b. Bacteria that are very virulent would have a low degree of pathogenicity. c. Bacteria that have low virulence have a high degree of pathogenicity. d. The more virulent the bacteria the larger the number needed to cause disease symptoms.
a. The more virulent the bacteria the fewer the number needed to cause disease symptoms.
Which of the following is NOT used in the classification of viruses? a. The name of the virus. b. Enveloped or non-enveloped. c. Type of host. d. Type of nucleic acid. e. Type of capsid.
a. The name of the virus.
The belief that life arose from nonliving matter. a. Theory of Spontaneous Generation b. Theory of Biogenesis c. Cell Theory d. Germ Theory
a. Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Which of the following characteristic do all members of the Protista kingdom have in common? a. They are all composed of eukaryotic cells. b. They only reproduce sexually. c. They all have cell walls. d. They are all heterotrophic. e. They only reproduce asexually.
a. They are all composed of eukaryotic cells.
What major role do fungi have in the environment? a. They are one of the major decomposers of dead organisms along with bacteria. b. They do not have any useful role in the environment. c. They help fix nitrogen into nitrates, which can then be used by plants. d. They produce antibiotics that help cure human bacterial diseases.
a. They are one of the major decomposers of dead organisms along with bacteria.
Which type of gene transfer involves a bacteria virus (phage) transferring bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another as a result of phage infection? a. This only occurs in transduction. b. This only occurs in transformation. c. This only occurs in conjugation. d. This occurs in both transformation and transduction. e. This occurs in both conjugation and transformation.
a. This only occurs in transduction.
Why are bacterial smear preps heat-fixed before staining? a. To kill the bacteria and attach the bacteria to the slide. b. To attach the bacteria cells to the slide. c. To make the bacteria permeable to the stain. d. To the kill bacteria.
a. To kill the bacteria and attach the bacteria to the slide.
Microscopic organisms such as bacteria, yeast, and single cell protozoa are studied in microbiology as well as ____________.. a. Viruses b. Plants such as mosses and cedar trees. c. Small animals such as mice and jellyfish. d. Large Animals
a. Viruses
At this point in time viruses are not considered to be a living organism, but they do have some characteristics of living organisms. What living characteristics do viruses exhibit? a. Viruses can reproduce, mutate, and evolve. b. Viruses are cellular. c. Viruses do not have any characteristics of a living organism. d. They can live outside their host cell. e. They respond to stimuli.
a. Viruses can reproduce, mutate, and evolve.
In class we discussed emerging diseases, which of the following is a relatively new disease that had a major outbreak in 2016? a. Zika Fever b. Smallpox c. Legionnaire's Disease d. The Flu e. West Nile Virus Disease
a. Zika Fever
The basic unit of both the DNA and RNA molecule is the nucleotide unit. What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide unit? a. Ribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogen bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. b. Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. c. Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogen bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. d. Ribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
b. Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
The cause of a disease is termed? Select one: a. Pathology b. Etiology c. Synergism d. Pathogenesis
b. Etiology
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria? Select one: a. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics. b. Following the doctor orders for taking the antibiotic. c. Patient demands some type of treatment, so the doctor prescribes them antibiotics. d. Long-term, low-dose use.
b. Following the doctor orders for taking the antibiotic.
Which of the following types of gene transfer occurs in eukaryotic cells during sex cell formation (meiosis)? a. Transformation b. Genetic Recombination c. Conjugation d. Transduction
b. Genetic Recombination
In modern taxonomy the binomial naming system is used to assign scientific names to all living organisms. An organism's binomial name is determined by using the _______ group that the organism has been classified in and the ________ name it has been assigned. a. Kingdom, Phylum b. Genus, Species c. Family, Genus d. Order, Species e. Species, Genus
b. Genus, Species
Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek? a. He developed the first electron microscope. b. He made a single lens microscope that could magnify 300 times and was the first to see bacteria. Correct c. He produced the first practical compound microscope. d. He Showed that animals were made of cells.
b. He made a single lens microscope that could magnify 300 times and was the first to see bacteria.
There are several factors that can influence the rate of microbial cell death by a chemotherapeutic agent. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors? a. The number of microbes present. b. How the microbe was contracted. c. Length of exposure to antimicrobial agent. d. Environmental influences, such as the presence of organic matter. e. Individual microbial characteristics (genetics).
b. How the microbe was contracted.
Invasion and colonization of a disease causing organism is termed? Select one: a. Synergism b. Infection c. Pathogen d. Pathogenesis
b. Infection
Why is Polymyxin B is an effective antibiotic? a. It blocks nutrient and prevents them from entering the bacterial cell. b. It disrupts the plasma membrane, makes the cell "leaky". c. It breaks down the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. d. It binds to enzymes and prevents them from reacting with substrate in chemical reactions.
b. It disrupts the plasma membrane, makes the cell "leaky".
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or function of the cell wall? a. Give the cell its characteristic shape. b. Made up of the complex carbohydrate cellulose. c. Prevent the cell from rupturing. d. Protect the bacterial cell from the environment.
b. Made up of the complex carbohydrate cellulose.
Their classic experiments using bacteria phages showed that DNA was the genetic material. a. Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch b. Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey. c. Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper. d. John Enders, Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins
b. Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.
Diseases are classified based on their frequency of occurrence. Which term describes a global disease outbreak? Select one: a. Epidemic b. Pandemic c. Sporadic d. Endemic
b. Pandemic
What is the study of a disease is called? Select one: a. Pathogenesis b. Pathology c. Synergism d. Etiology
b. Pathology
Made up of NAG-NAM units that form "rods", which are cross-linked by short polypeptides. a. Proteins in the cell wall. b. Peptidoglycan in the cell wall. c. Phospholipids in the plasma membrane. d. The nuclear membrane.
b. Peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
The use of transgenic organisms to produce drugs is called a. Transdrugs b. Pharming c. Pharmacology d. Bioremediation
b. Pharming
The macromolecule that makes up the plasma membrane; composed of a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails. a. Lipopolysaccharides b. Phospholipids c. Glycolipids d. Peptidoglycan
b. Phospholipids
Which of the following is the best way to preserve bacteria by deep freezing? a. Pack cultures in ice. b. Quick-freeze in liquid nitrogen. c. Store on agar slants at 4oC. d. Slow freeze in a -20oC freezer. e. Slow freeze in a -80oC freezer.
b. Quick-freeze in liquid nitrogen.
What is the function of the "ciliary escalator"? Select one: a. Only removes microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract. b. Removes microorganisms from the upper and lower respiratory tract. c. Kill microorganisms. d. Removes microorganisms from the body cavity.
b. Removes microorganisms from the upper and lower respiratory tract.
Which of the following would NOT fit the definition of biotechnology? a. Developing a cow that produces milk that contains the same nutrients as human breast milk. b. Replacing your knee with an artificial knee made of plastic polymers. c. Performing a human heart transplant using a pig heart. d. Using human insulin that has been produced by bacteria containing the human gene for insulin.
b. Replacing your knee with an artificial knee made of plastic polymers.
Which of the following is an example of how humans preformed biotechnology before the development of molecular biology in the twenty-century? a. The production of transgenic organisms such as delayed ripening tomatoes. b. Selective breeding of plants and animals. c. Production of bacteria that produce human insulin. d. The cloning of organisms using nuclear DNA transfers.
b. Selective breeding of plants and animals.
In the article "Are Viruses Alive?" what structure in eukaryotic cells did the author think has viral origins? a. Golgi b. The Nucleus c. Ribosomes d. Mitochondria
b. The Nucleus
What is the Preferred Portal of Entry for Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus? Select one: a. Muscus membranes of the gastrointestinal track. b. The skin, parenteral route. c. Muscus membranes of the genitourinary tract. d. The skin, through hair follicles.
b. The skin, parenteral route.
Which of the following is used in the classification of fungi? a. The region and soil they grow in. b. The type of spore producing structure and differences in their reproductive cycle. c. The size and shape of their mycelium and hyphae. d. Whether or not they are parasitic or nonparasitic.
b. The type of spore producing structure and differences in their reproductive cycle.
Which of the following is true about most microorganisms? Select one: a. They are harmful. b. They do not cause disease. c. They cause disease. d. Can be observed without using a microscope.
b. They do not cause disease.
Why are organisms classified? a. To make it easier to study organisms. b. To make it easier to study organisms, show relatedness to other organisms, and to show evolutionary relationships. c. To show relatedness to other organisms. d. To show evolutionary relationships.
b. To make it easier to study organisms, show relatedness to other organisms, and to show evolutionary relationships.
DNA recombination involves: a. The production of large quantities of the cells containing the new gene. b. Transfer of a foreign gene into a vector, such as bacterial plasmid or virus. c. Isolation, removal, and purification of a foreign gene. d. Transfer of plasmid or viral DNA into bacteria or other cells, isolation and reproduction of those cells.
b. Transfer of a foreign gene into a vector, such as bacterial plasmid or virus.
DNA transformation involves: a. The production of large quantities of the cells containing the new gene. b. Transfer of a plasmid or DNA into bacteria or other cells, isolation and reproduction of those cells. c. Transfer of a foreign gene into a bacterial plasmid or virus. d. Isolation, removal, and purification of a foreign gene.
b. Transfer of a plasmid or DNA into bacteria or other cells, isolation and reproduction of those cells.
This component of the cell wall in species of the genus Mycobacterium helps to protect them from phagocytosis. Select one: a. Glycocalyx capsule b. Waxes within the cell wall. c. M protein of fibrils
b. Waxes within the cell wall.
When comparing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) DNA fingerprints, which of the following would have the closest matching fingerprints? a. You and your Father. b. You and your identical twin. c. You and your paternal grandmother. d. You and your non-identical twin.
b. You and your identical twin.
Place the following steps for making bacteria slide in their proper order: 1-Staining, 2-Making a smear, 3-Fixing a. 3-2-1 b. 1-2-3 c. 2-3-1 d. 1-3-2
c. 2-3-1 Correct
E. coli's generation time is 20 minutes. If you started with one E. coli cell, how many E. coli cells would you have after 2 hours? a. 100 cells b. 32 cells c. 64 cells d. 20 cells
c. 64 cells
A functional prokaryotic ribosome is produced when: a. A ribosome protein binds to a strand of rRNA. b. Two "heavy" 60S rRNA-Protein subunits bind together. c. A "light" 30S rRNA-Protein subunit complexes with a "heavy" 50S rRNA-Protein subunit. d. Two strands of rRNA bind to a ribosome protein.
c. A "light" 30S rRNA-Protein subunit complexes with a "heavy" 50S rRNA-Protein subunit.
On the mRNA molecule, nucleotide base triplets code for a particular amino acid. What are these three base triplets called? a. A subunit. b. The anticodon. c. A codon. d. A nucleotide unit.
c. A codon.
The Krebs cycle consists of a series of linked, enzyme controlled, reactions where pyruvate is catabolized producing CO2. The reactions of the Krebs are an example of: a. Anabolism b. Feedback inhibition c. A metabolic pathway d. Photosynthesis
c. A metabolic pathway
What is the energy molecule used by all living organisms? a. Glucose b. Water c. ATP d. DNA
c. ATP
According to the rules of base pairing in the DNA molecule: a. Thymine base pairs with Cytosine and Guanine base pairs with Adenine. b. Adenine base pairs with Uracil and Cytosine base pairs with Guanine. c. Adenine base pairs with Thymine and Cytosine base pairs with Guanine. d. Adenine base pairs with Cytosine and Guanine base pairs with Thymine.
c. Adenine base pairs with Thymine and Cytosine base pairs with Guanine.
Which of the following is not part of the cell theory? a. All cells come from pre-existing cells. b. All living things are composed of cells. c. All living organisms are made of the same cell type. d. Cells are the smallest working unit of living things.
c. All living organisms are made of the same cell type.
What is the general term used to describe the process that takes basic units, such as amino acids or simple sugars, and uses them to produce large macromolecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates? Hint, these reactions require ATP. a. Metabolism b. Catabolism c. Anabolism d. Cellular respiration
c. Anabolism
Which of the following drugs would you NOT take if you had a virus infection? a. Interferon alpha b. Ribavirin c. Antibiotics such as Tetracycline. d. Tamiflu
c. Antibiotics such as Tetracycline.
What is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics? Select one: a. Antiseptics are used on nonliving objects and disinfectants are only used on living tissues. b. There is no difference between the two; they are both used the same way. c. Antiseptics are used on living tissues and disinfectants are used on nonliving objects. d. Disinfectants kill all forms of life, including endospores; antiseptics are only used on nonliving objects
c. Antiseptics are used on living tissues and disinfectants are used on nonliving objects.
Organisms that belong to this domain have cell walls, but not made of peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments such as hot springs in Yellowstone park, and have rRNA and tRNA regions distinctly different from members of the other domains. a. Prokaryota b. Bacteria c. Archaea d. Eukarya
c. Archaea
Antibody secreting plasma cells are formed from? Select one: a. Neutrophils b. Antigen presenting cells c. B cells d. T cells
c. B cells
The DNA molecule is made of two strands of nucleotide units. What holds the two strands of nucleotide units together? a. Deoxyribose sugars bounding to phosphate groups. b. Deoxyribose sugars bounding to the nitrogen bases. c. By the base pairing between the nitrogen bases. d. Nitrogen bases binding to the phosphate groups.
c. By the base pairing between the nitrogen bases.
The term used to describe the group of six essential elements found in bacterial structures. a. The six trace elements. b. The essential six. c. CHOMPS d. The six radicals.
c. CHOMPS (actually CHNOPS)
What is the target of an antibiotic, such as cephalosporin, penicillin, and bacitracin, which act on peptidoglycan formation or cross-linking? Select one: a. Nucleic acid synthesis b. Protein Synthesis c. Cell wall formation d. Cell metabolism
c. Cell wall formation
Diseases are classified based on their severity and duration. A disease that develops slowly, but last a long time is termed? Select one: a. Latent b. Subacute c. Chronic d. Acute
c. Chronic
Which complement system activation pathway is initiated when antibody molecules bind to the antigen, such as a bacterial cell? Select one: a. Alternative Pathway b. Lectin Pathway c. Classical Pathway d. Both the lectin and alternative pathways.
c. Classical Pathway
This microscope is the type most commonly used in microbiology. a. Darkfield b. Phase-contrast c. Compound light d. Confocal e. Fluorescence
c. Compound light
Which of the following fungi is a crop parasite, but it is also eatable, and has been canned and sold in stores? a. Black Bread Mold b. Wild Ergot c. Corn Smut d. Athlete's Foot
c. Corn Smut
This microscope uses two beams of light to produce 3D color images. a. Fluorescence b. Confocal c. DIC (Digital Interference Contrast) d. Darkfield e. Phase-contrast
c. DIC (Digital Interference Contrast)
Media that makes it easier to grow desired bacteria. It is often combined with selective media. a. Complex media b. Enrichment media c. Differential media d. Chemically defined media.
c. Differential media
This microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution. a. Compound Light b. Phase-contrast c. Electron Correct d. Fluorescence e. Darkfield
c. Electron
The three major groups of organisms in the Protista kingdom are the protozoans, algae, and _______. a. Cyanobacteria b. Fungi c. Fungal-like Protista d. Archaebacteria
c. Fungal-like Protista
What is it called when the entire DNA from a specific organism is cut into fragments using RENs, then specific fragments are cloned into bacteria or viruses, and these fragments are stored so that they may be used at a later date? a. RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms. b. Gene Hording c. Genomic Libary d. PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
c. Genomic Libary
In an oxidation-reduction reaction all the following are true except: a. If one substance is oxidized another must be reduced. b. Occurs in the electron transport chain of cell respiration. c. In oxidation electrons are gained and in reduction electrons are lost. d. In oxidation electrons are lost and in reduction electrons are gained.
c. In oxidation electrons are gained and in reduction electrons are lost.
Without ever being exposed to blood Type B, a person with blood Type A has circulating antibodies against Type B blood. Which type of immunity is this? Select one: a. Naturally acquired passive immunity. b. Artificially acquired active immunity. c. Innate resistance. d. Naturally acquired active immunity. e. Artificially acquired active immunity.
c. Innate resistance.
Which portion of the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) molecule is most toxic? Select one: a. O Antigen b. Core Polysaccharide c. Lipid A d. KDO Sugar
c. Lipid A
He was the first to develop the modern idea of a virus and he called viruses contagium vivum fluidum. a. Louis Pasture b. Dmitri Ivanowski c. Martinus Beijernick d. Frederick Twort
c. Martinus Beijernick
Which field of science has been the most influential in bringing biotechnology to the point it is today? a. Developmental Biology b. Microbiology c. Molecular Biology d. Biochemistry
c. Molecular Biology
Which portal of entry is most frequently used by pathogens? Select one: a. Parenteral route. b. Mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. c. Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. d. Skin
c. Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
The immunity produced by recovering from a disease such as the mumps. Select one: a. Artificially acquired active immunity. b. Innate resistance. c. Naturally acquired active immunity. d. Naturally acquired passive immunity. e. Artificially acquired passive immunity.
c. Naturally acquired active immunity.
Newborns' immunity due to the transfer of antibodies across the placenta. Select one: a. Innate resistance. b. Naturally acquired active immunity. c. Naturally acquired passive immunity. d. Artificially acquired passive immunity. e. Artificially acquired active immunity.
c. Naturally acquired passive immunity.
This type of staining involves the use of the acidic dyes such as Nigrosin. a. Differential Staining b. Gram Staining c. Negative Staining d. Special Staining
c. Negative Staining
In bacteria the DNA molecule is circular, therefore DNA replication: a. Will only occur when a circular DNA molecule becomes linear. b. Will only occur when the DNA molecule is tightly supercoiled. c. Occurs in opposite directions away from a single origin of replication. d. Occurs at many replication start sites on the DNA molecule.
c. Occurs in opposite directions away from a single origin of replication.
Disinfectants and antibiotics are used to control microbial growth. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antibiotics? Select one: a. Have very specific target sites. b. External and internal use. c. Produced by organic chemist. d. Effective concentration levels of 10 ug/ml.
c. Produced by organic chemist.
This group of bacteria will grow quite well in your refrigerator. a. Thermophiles b. Mesophilies c. Psychrotrophs d. Halophiles
c. Psychrotrophs
Which method of preserving bacteria will keep bacteria viable the longest? a. Slowing Freezing b. Agar slants at 4oC. c. Quick freezing followed by lyophilization. d. Liquid cultures at 4oC.
c. Quick freezing followed by lyophilization.
Bacteria known as obligate aerobes are organisms that: a. Doesn't use oxygen, but tolerates it. b. Uses oxygen or grows without oxygen. c. Requires oxygen to grow. d. Are killed by oxygen. e. Prefers to grow without oxygen.
c. Requires oxygen to grow.
Which chemical factor produced by the sebaceous oil glands and covers skin, is used as a defense against microbes? Select one: a. Lysozyme b. Transferrins c. Sebum d. Low pH (weak) acids
c. Sebum
Which technology is NOT used to identify prokaryotes? a. Biochemical tests b. Nucleic acid analysis c. Shape of viral capsid or presence of an envelope. d. Microscopic examination e. Culture characteristics
c. Shape of viral capsid or presence of an envelope.
What part of the virus is responsible for host cell recognition and is used to attach to host cell. a. Viral nucleic acid b. Viral caspid c. Specific proteins found on the viral capsid or in the viral envelope. d. Viral envelope
c. Specific proteins found on the viral capsid or in the viral envelope.
What percentage of the U.S. population suffers from viral disease? a. 60% b. 90% c. 15% d. 50% e. 100%
b. 90%
The body of most fungi are made up of many hyphae and is called: a. An Ascus b. A Mycelium c. A Sporangium d. A Mushroom
b. A Mycelium
Which two characteristics do ALL viruses have in common? a. A capsid and lipid envelope. b. A capsid and either RNA or DNA nucleic acid. c. Both DNA and RNA. d. DNA and a lipid envelope. e. A nucleic acid and lipid envelope.
b. A capsid and either RNA or DNA nucleic acid.
Which of the following is an example of an infection being spread by a mechanical vector? Select one: a. A mosquito carrying malaria bites you. b. A fly carrying pathogenic E. coli lands on your food. c. A person with a cold sneezes on you. d. Drinking water from a person's water bottle that has mono
b. A fly carrying pathogenic E. coli lands on your food.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of natural penicillin? Select one: a. Allergenic b. Affective against both Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria. c. Stomach acid reduces concentration when taken orally. d. Narrow spectrum of activity.
b. Affective against both Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria.
Which types of reproduction do members for the Protista kingdom exhibit? a. Sexual by union of gametes. b. Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and reproduction using spores. c. Through the production of spores. d. Asexual by binary fission.
b. Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and reproduction using spores.
Semisynthetic penicillin differs from natural penicillin in all of the following respects except that both are Select one: a. Active against gram-negative bacteria. b. Bactericidal c. Resistant to stomach acids. d. Resistant to penicillinase.
b. Bactericidal
This possible origin for viruses suggests that viruses were sub-cellular, functional assemblies of macromolecules that escaped from the primitive cells a. Regressive Evolution b. Cellular Origins c. Independent Entities d. Bacterial Evolution
b. Cellular Origins
Which method uses edge shape, elevation, and color in the identification of bacterial species? a. Microscopic Morphology b. Colony Morphology c. Fatty Acid Profiles d. DNA Fingerprinting e. Ribosomal RNA Analysis
b. Colony Morphology
A media that is composed of extracts of varying amounts and is high in amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. a. Chemically defined media. b. Complex media. c. Enrichment media. d. Differential media. e. Selective media.
b. Complex media.
This microscope uses one beam of light to "scan" the specimen and a computer to produce 3D images. a. DIC (Digital Interference Contrast) b. Confocal c. Darkfield d. Fluorescence e. Phase-contrast
b. Confocal
This method for identifying and classifying bacteria involves cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and looking at the number and the size of DNA fragments on agarose gels. a. Nucleic Acid Hybridization b. DNA Fingerprinting c. Analysis of Proteins d. Phage Typing
b. DNA Fingerprinting
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, during transcription: a. Proteins are synthesized. b. DNA is copied into RNA. c. DNA is replicated. d. Translation occurs.
b. DNA is copied into RNA
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, during replication: a. Proteins are synthesized. b. DNA is copied. c. RNA is copied into DNA. d. DNA is copied into RNA.
b. DNA is copied.
With this microscope, the observers see a bright specimen against a dark background. a. Compoound light b. Darkfield c. Fluorescence d. Confocal e. Phase-contrast
b. Darkfield
What occurs when an enzyme is noncompetitively inhibited? a. It can function normally and sometimes at greater temperatures than it would normally. b. Substrate binding is blocked because another molecule has bound to the substrate binding site on the enzyme. c. Substrate binding is prevented because another molecule has bound to the enzyme at an allosteric binding site and has changed the structure of the enzyme's substrate binding site. d. The enzyme cannot function because it has been denatured (broken down) completely.
c. Substrate binding is prevented because another molecule has bound to the enzyme at an allosteric binding site and has changed the structure of the enzyme's substrate binding site.
Diseases are classified based on the extent of host involvement. An infection that has spread throughout the body is termed? Select one: a. Local b. Secondary c. Systemic d. Focal
c. Systemic
In cell-mediated immunity, which type of T cell destroys cells carrying the target antigen presented on MHC molecules by releasing the cytokine perforin? Select one: a. TD, Delayed hypersensitivity cells b. NK, Natural killer cells c. TC, Cytotoxic T cells d. TH, T Helper cells e. TS, Suppressor T cells
c. TC, Cytotoxic T cells
In bacteria, which of the following describes binary fission? a. The DNA is copied, a new cell wall forms between the DNA copies, and the cell splits into four cells. b. The DNA is copied and the bacterial cell splits into two cells, and one of the bacterial cells receives both copies of DNA. c. The DNA is copied, a new cell wall forms between the DNA copies, and the bacterial cell splits into two new bacterial cells. d. The nucleus divides, and then a cell wall forms between the two nuclei producing two new bacterial cells.
c. The DNA is copied, a new cell wall forms between the DNA copies, and the bacterial cell splits into two new bacterial cells.
Which of the following is true about genes cloned into somatic cells (Body cells other than sex cells.) of an organism? a. All of the cells of the organism will have the gene. b. The gene can be found in the sex cells. c. The organism may be chimeric (some cells with gene some without). d. The gene can be passed on to their offspring.
c. The organism may be chimeric (some cells with gene some without).
When a bacterial cell picks up DNA from its environment it is called ____________. a. Genetic Recombination b. Transduction c. Transformation d. Conjugation
c. Transformation
RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base thymine is replaced by a structurally similar base called: a. Alanine b. Ribose c. Uracil d. Cytosine
c. Uracil
The term facultative anaerobe refers to an organism that: a. Prefers to grow without oxygen. b. Requires oxygen to grow. c. Uses oxygen or grows without oxygen. d. Doesn't use oxygen, but tolerates it. e. Is killed by oxygen
c. Uses oxygen or grows without oxygen.
When or where do viruses show characteristics of a living organism? a. Only in the lab during infection studies. b. Inside and outside their host cell. c. When they are inside their host cell. d. After being released from their host cell.
c. When they are inside their host cell.
On which molecule is the anticodon found? a. rRNA b. DNA c. tRNA d. mRNA
c. tRNA
In the classification of diseases, What is a communicable disease? Select one: a. A disease that cannot be spread to other people. b. A disease that is not contagious. c. A disease found all over the world. d. A disease that can be passed on to others easily.
d. A disease that can be passed on to others easily.
Acid fast staining is a type of differential staining. Acid fast positive bacteria stain pink. What do bacteria that are acid fast positive contain? a. A thin cell wall. b. A capsule made of sugar. c. A thick cell wall. d. A waxy cell wall.
d. A waxy cell wall.
Once a microbe gains access through a portal, what is the next thing it must do to have any chance of becoming a pathogen within the host? Select one: a. Damage host tissues. b. Evade host defenses. c. Penetrate host defenses. d. Adhere to host tissues.
d. Adhere to host tissues.
Which type of host cell would an enveloped virus most likely infect? a. Bacterial Cells b. Plant cells c. Fungal Cells d. Animal Cells
d. Animal Cells
Diseases are classified based on the extent of host involvement. The term that describes bacteria growing in the blood. Select one: a. Toxemia b. Septicemia c. Viremia d. Bacteremia
d. Bacteremia
Which of the following cells do phage viruses infect? a. Plant Cells b. Fungal Cells c. Animal Cells d. Bacterial Cells
d. Bacterial Cells
Which type of energy do all living things use? a. Heat energy b. Light energy c. Nuclear energy d. Chemical energy e. Mechanical energy
d. Chemical energy
Gram stain is an example of this type of staining. a. Special Staining b. Simple Staining c. Negative Staining d. Differential Staining
d. Differential Staining
Which of the following is NOT part of a bacteria's phenotype that could be used to classify and/or identify strains of bacteria? a. Staining characteristics, such as Gram negative or acid fast positive. b. Colony Color c. Bacterial shape, such as round or rod shaped. d. Disease Name e. Colony Elevation
d. Disease Name
This culturing method is used to increase small numbers of a specific type of bacteria by using a liquid media containing nutrients specific to their growth. a. Selective media b. Differential media c. Chemically defined media. d. Enrichment media e. Complex media
d. Enrichment media
What is the term for special proteins in living organisms that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction, lower activation energy need, yet are not used up in the reaction? a. Ribosomes b. Polysaccharides c. Phospholipids d. Enzymes
d. Enzymes
Organisms in this domain can be single celled or multicellular, have membrane bound organelles, and the DNA is found inside a membrane called the nucleus. a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Prokayota d. Eukarya
d. Eukarya
A culture tube containing nutrient broth with bacteria that are facultative anaerobes would be growing: a. Only at the top of the culture tube. b. Only at the bottom of the culture tube. c. Only in the middle of the culture tube. d. Evenly mixed throughout the culture tube.
d. Evenly mixed throughout the culture tube.
Bacteria living in a hot spring in Yellowstone Park would be classified as: a. Thermophiles b. Psychrophiles c. Mesophiles d. Extreme Thermophiles
d. Extreme Thermophiles
This microscope uses an ultraviolet light source. a. Compound light b. Darkfield c. Electron d. Fluorescence e. Phase-contrast
d. Fluorescence
All of the following are true about Gram negative bacteria except: a. Have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. b. Can be very pathogenic. c. Contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. d. Gram stain purple/blue. e. Have a lipid bilayer outer membrane.
d. Gram stain purple/blue.
Which term describes bacteria that can grow in high salt environments? a. Thermophlie b. Alkaliphile c. Neutrophile d. Halophile e. Acidophile
d. Halophile
When bacteria is added to a nutrient rich environment such as a tube of nutrient broth, the bacteria in the culture will go through four phase of growth. In which phase of growth is the culture running out of nutrients and the bacterial death rate is equal to the bacterial division rate? a. Death Phase b. Log Phase c. Lag Phase d. Stationary Phase
d. Stationary Phase
In the generation of ATP, when a phosphate group is transferred directly to ADP from another compound with the help of an enzyme it is called: a. Photophosphorylation. b. Oxidative phosphorylation. c. Active phosphorylation. d. Substrate level phosphorylation.
d. Substrate level phosphorylation.
The infection sequence is a series of events that usually occur during infection and the development of a disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the events in the infection sequence? Select one: a. Invasion of host. b. Multiplication of disease within the host. c. Injury to host. d. The disease is not transmitted to the susceptible host. e. Contact with a disease reservoir.
d. The disease is not transmitted to the susceptible host.
Unlike the other kingdoms, organisms are placed in the Protista kingdom because: a. They all have many characteristics in common. b. DNA analysis shows that they are all related. c. They show evolutionary relationships. d. They do not fit into any of the other kingdoms.
d. They do not fit into any of the other kingdoms.
In the 20th Century how was biotechnology used during the cold war? a. To produce antibiotics. b. To produce beer and wine. c. To clone whole organism. d. To develop biological weapons.
d. To develop biological weapons.
Which method for determining the number of bacterial cells in a culture involves serially diluting bacterial stocks, using spread plates or pour plates to culture bacteria from each serial dilution, then counting the number of colonies growing and multiplying that number of colonies by the dilution factor. a. Microscope direct counts. b. Most probable number. c. Filtration d. Viable plate count.
d. Viable plate count.
Flu viruses are enveloped viruses, how do flu viruses obtain their envelope? a. It develops once they are outside the host cell. b. When they penetrate the host cell. c. During assembly in the cytosol of the host cell. d. When they are released from the host cell.
d. When they are released from the host cell.
Salts and sugars can be used to preserve foods by creating: a. A high pH environment. b. A hypotonic environment. c. A low pH environment. d. An environment low in nutrients. e. A hypertonic environment.
e. A hypertonic environment.
Type of immunity produced by the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another individual by means of injection. Select one: a. Innate resistance. b. Naturally acquired active immunity. c. Naturally acquired passive immunity. d. Artificially acquired active immunity e. Artificially acquired passive immunity.
e. Artificially acquired passive immunity.
Which of the following characteristics do fungi and animals share? a. Both are autotrophs. b. Both are made of eukaryotic cells. c. Both store excess sugars as glycogen. d. Both have cell walls. e. Both are made of eukaryotic cells and store excess sugars as glycogen.
e. Both are made of eukaryotic cells and store excess sugars as glycogen.
This is generally recognized as the beginning of virology. a. Dmitri Ivanowski showed that extracts from diseased tobacco plants could transmit disease to other plants even after the extract had been filtered to remove bacteria. b. Ramesses V's preserved mummy shows that he died of smallpox at about the age of 35 in 1143 BC. c. Hieroglyphs from Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt, drawn in approximately 3700 BC, which depicts a temple priest called Ruma showing typical clinical signs of paralytic poliomyelitis. d. Francis Peyton Rous demonstrated that a virus could cause cancer in chickens. Rous is the first person to show that a virus could cause cancer in animals. e. In 1776 Edward Jenner performed the first vaccination for smallpox.
a. Dmitri Ivanowski showed that extracts from diseased tobacco plants could transmit disease to other plants even after the extract had been filtered to remove bacteria.
Diseases are classified based on their frequency of occurrence. A disease that is constantly present within a population is termed? Select one: a. Endemic b. Epidemic c. Sporadic d. Pandemic
a. Endemic
This method for identifying or characterizing cells measures the physical and chemical properties of cells by passing cells through a small tube and measuring the amount of light scattering. a. Flow Cytometry b. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) c. Ribosomal RNA Sequencing d. Antibiograms
a. Flow Cytometry
Where do all living organisms get the energy they use to maintain life functions? a. From organic molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids. b. From the Sun. c. From water, minerals and vitamin nutrients. d. From photosynthetic organisms.
a. From organic molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids.
Who invented the first compound microscope? a. Hans and Zacharias Janssen b. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek c. Robert Koch d. Robert Hook e. Louis Pasture
a. Hans and Zacharias Janssen
When a gene is passed from one organism to another organism, but that organism is not its offspring, it is called a. Horizontal gene transfer. b. Vertical gene transfer. c. Perpendicular gene transfer. d. Sexual reproduction.
a. Horizontal gene transfer.
Which one of the following is NOT a microbe target that antibiotics use to be an effective killer of bacteria? Select one: a. Human cell protein synthesis b. Cell wall formation c. Nucleic acid synthesis d. Plasma membrane e. Protein synthesis
a. Human cell protein synthesis
In 2003 The DNA sequence of this organism was completed. a. Humans b. Chimpanzee c. Ebola Virus d. Smallpox Virus
a. Humans
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, what is a substrate? a. It is the term used for the reactant(s) that bind to the enzyme. b. It is the term used for the product(s) produced after the enzyme catalyzes the reaction. c. It is another name of an enzyme used in living organisms. d. A substrate is an enzyme cofactor that is needed for an enzyme to become functional.
a. It is the term used for the reactant(s) that bind to the enzyme.
He provided further evidence that supported Pasture's experimental results showing that microorganism did not arise from spontaneous generation. a. John Tyndall b. Ferdinand Cohn c. Robert Hooke d. Francesco Redi
a. John Tyndall
Which of the following is involved in the mechanical removal of microbes from the eye? Select one: a. Lacrimal apparatus b. Mucus c. Epiglottis d. Vaginal secretions
a. Lacrimal apparatus
The enzyme that breaks down the NAG-NAM units in the peptidoglycan cell wall. a. Lysozyme b. Penicillin c. Amoxicillin d. Urease
a. Lysozyme
A culture tube containing nutrient broth with bacteria that are obligate anaerobes would be growing: a. Only at the bottom of the culture tube. b. Evenly mixed throughout the culture tube. c. only at the top of the culture tube. d. Only in the middle of the culture tube.
a. Only at the bottom of the culture tube.
Which of the following is NOT true of genetically modified or transgenic organisms? a. Organisms that can be produced in nature or naturally occur. b. Contains DNA not normally found in that organism. c. They are produced to benefit humans. d. May be a chimera (mixture of its cells and cells from another organism).
a. Organisms that can be produced in nature or naturally occur.
The reason we cannot live without oxygen? a. Oxygen is used to make water as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cell respiration. b. Because we must use it to make lactic acid, so our muscles will contract. c. Because sugar cannot be broken down in glycolysis without oxygen. d. The Krebs cycle will not function without oxygen being present.
a. Oxygen is used to make water as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cell respiration.
The term defined as how a disease develops. Select one: a. Pathogenesis b. Etiology c. Synergism d. Pathology
a. Pathogenesis
Who was the first scientist to show that viruses could cause cancer in animals? a. Peyton Rous b. Alfred Hershey c. Felix d'Herelle d. Robert Gallo e. Louis Pasture
a. Peyton Rous
Polymyxin B, and Amphoterichin B are the two topical antibiotics effective against this cell structure. Select one: a. Plasma membrane b. Mitochondria c. DNA replication d. Cell wall
a. Plasma membrane
This was the first human disease shown to be caused by viruses. a. Polio b. Ebola c. Foot and Mouth Disease d. Smallpox
a. Polio
What is the name of the process used to make many copies of DNA? a. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) b. Restriction enzyme (REN) DNA digest c. SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDA-PAGE) d. Agarose Gel electrophoresis
a. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
The following are true about fermentation except: a. Produces more ATP than aerobic respiration. b. The products are either lactic acid or alcohol and ATP energy. c. It is an incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. d. Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
a. Produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.
What is the major difference between your humoral immunity and your cell-mediated immunity? Select one: a. Cell-mediated immunity is part of your specific resistance to infections and your humoral immunity is a part of your nonspecific resistance to infections. b. Humoral immunity involves stimulation of T cells and cell-mediated immunity involves the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes. c. Humoral immunity is part of your nonspecific resistance to infections and cell-mediated immunity is your specific resistance to infections. d. Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes producing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involves stimulation of T cells to fight an infection.
d. Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes producing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involves stimulation of T cells to fight an infection.
These filamentous structures seen in most fungi have a small volume compared to their surface area, are used to absorb nutrients, and during sexual reproduction form opposite mating types. a. Mycelium b. Spores c. Sporangia d. Hyphae
d. Hyphae
All the following are used by bacteria to escape phagocytosis except Select one: a. Waxes in the cell wall. b. Glycocalyx capsules c. M protein d. IgA Protease
d. IgA Protease
Which complement system activation pathway is initiated when proteins produced in the liver called lectins bind to carbohydrates on the surface of a pathogen? Select one: a. Classical pathway b. Alternative and lectin pathways c. Alternative pathway d. Lectin pathway
d. Lectin pathway
Which chemical factor used as a defense against microbes is found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and perspiration? Select one: a. Sebum b. High pH (weak) acids c. Transferrins d. Lysozyme
d. Lysozyme
Bacteria that are cultured for use in the lab grow at room temperature, 37oC, or 30oC and are classified as: a. Psychrophiles b. Thermophiles c. Extreme Thermophiles d. Mesophilies
d. Mesophilies
Which of the following is currently the most efficient method for transferring genes into animals? a. Virus Vectors b. Pathogenic Bacteria c. Biolistics d. Microinjection
d. Microinjection
When penicillin was first discovered only 2 units/ml were needed to effectively treat bacterial infections. Currently, doses of at least 85,000 units/ml must administer to treat bacterial infections. Which factor below has had a role in causing this change in effective dose? Select one: a. The fungi that produce penicillin have mutated to produce less affective penicillin. b. Genetically engineered penicillin resistant bacteria. c. Penicillin produced in the 1940's was more powerful than the penicillin produced today. d. Misuse and the over use of penicillin.
d. Misuse and the over use of penicillin.
Which of the following leukocytes can perform phagocytosis? Select one: a. Neutrophils and Basophils b. Basophils and T lymphocytes c. B lymphocytes and monocytes d. Monocytes and Neutrophils
d. Monocytes and Neutrophils
How do most pathogens gain access through the skin portal? Select one: a. Most enter through hair follicles and sweat glands. b. By penetrating intact skin. c. Most enter using an insect vector. d. Most enter through a break in the skin.
d. Most enter through a break in the skin.
This method for determining the number of bacterial cells is used for bacteria that don't form colonies on solid media and involves diluting samples in nutrient broth until there is no bacterial growth. a. Enrichment media. b. Microscope direct counts. c. Viable plate count. d. Most probable number. e. Filtration
d. Most probable number.
Which portal of entry does poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and amoebic dysentery all use to enter a host? Select one: a. The unbroken skin. b. Mucus membranes of the genitourinary tract. c. Mucus membranes of the respiratory tract. d. Mucus membranes of the gastrointestinal tract
d. Mucus membranes of the gastrointestinal tract
Which of the following is NOT a way that bacterial resistance to chemotherapeutic agents occurs? Select one: a. Rapid ejection of drug by the bacteria. b. Inactivation of the drug by the bacteria. c. Preventing access to the target site. d. Not taking the antibiotic.
d. Not taking the antibiotic.
The prokaryotic genome (DNA) has no nuclear membrane surrounding it and is called the: a. Histosome b. Nucleus c. Nucleosome d. Nucleoid
d. Nucleoid
In Latin, what does virus mean? a. Infectious agent b. Small germ c. Infectious particle d. Poison
d. Poison
Which of the following is NOT one of the five things needed for a PCR reaction? a. ATP b. Taq Polymerase c. Four nucleotide units A, T, C, and G. d. RNA to be copied. e. Primer
d. RNA to be copied.
Which type of gene expression that can be "turned on" by the overproduction of a metabolic product and as a result stops the transcription of messenger RNA, which in turn stops the production of the protein? a. Induction b. Conjugation c. Transformation d. Repression
d. Repression
Which of the following methods is NOT used to transform plant cells? a. Microinjection of protoplast b. Pathogenic Bacteria c. Biolistics d. Retrovirus Vectors
d. Retrovirus Vectors
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation? Select one: a. Pain b. Redness c. Local fever d. Scaring e. Swelling
d. Scaring
This is not considered a factor that would make the body more susceptible to a disease. Select one: a. Genetic background b. Age c. Gender d. Sexual orientation
d. Sexual orientation
Which type of staining would be best to use to identify the cell shape and any cell arrangements of unknown bacteria? a. Gram staining b. Flagella staining c. Spore staining d. Simple staining e. Acid Fast staining
d. Simple staining
Which of the following is Not a characteristic of organisms in the fungi kingdom? a. All contain eukaryotic cells. b. All are heterotrophic. c. Store excess food as glycogen. d. Some are photosynthetic. e. All are nonvascular.
d. Some are photosynthetic.