Final

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

The filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

The framing effect

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images

Stanny and Johnson's "weapon focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

The presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology

The whole is different from the sum of its parts

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

Understanding a friend's text despite many typos being present

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

What info a person is attending to while solving a problem

People tend to overestimate

What negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time... a little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

A build-up and release of proactive interference

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump described enhanced memory for positive info from

Adolescence and young adulthood

A neuron's initial, internal response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The external response of the cell (or action potential)...

All-or-none law

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

An inborn biological program

The tumor and evil dictator problems were used in your test to illustrate the role of _____ in problem solving

Analogy

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called ____ blindness

Change

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Encoding specificity

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "put the apple on the towel in the box." their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations

Environmental context

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgements for both famous and non-famous names and later misattributed previously viewed names as being famous results from

Implicit memory effect

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed

In different parts of the brain

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

Inferred from the participant's behavior

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

Information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)

It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive

Yoda, a central character in the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "afraid you will be" violates which property of the English language?

Language has a syntactic structure that is governed by rules

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while you roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV... your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

Make more errors in their recollections

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of behaviorism

Mental processes influence learning outcomes

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

Neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

Which of the following statements is correct

Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons

One sends information and the other receives information

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of _____ in long-term memory

Retrieval cues

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what that saw in the office, participants "remembered " some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory

Schemas

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

Short-term memory

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

Short-term memory

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

Short-term memory to long-term memory

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands... you have this perceptual experience because of the law of

Similarity

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

Slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Wei has allergy symptoms... Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

A mental rotation task is focused on the _____ aspect of imagery

Spatial

Strayer and Johnston's experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

Talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which region of the brain

Temporal lobe

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

Stroop interference demonstrates that

Word reading is automatized

A brain imaging technique that measure how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity

fMRI

A task with the instructions "read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

Articulatory suppression

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the

Belief bias

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for _____ of a list

Both the first and last words

Communication between neurons is ___, while communication within a neuron is ____

Chemical, electrical

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?

Cognitive mapping

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of

Computers

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

Confirmation bias

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy... if Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy

Gains; risk-aversion

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

Language acquisition

A 10 month old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the ___ lobe

Parietal

Perky's imagery study had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present

When the "abstract" version of the Watson four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers)

Performance is better for the concrete task

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate... Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a _____ error

Phonological

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

Produce sentences they have never heard

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

Prosopagnosia

This multiple-choice question is an example of a _____ test

Recognition

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the recognition of inverted faces?

Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

Remembering details about graduating from college

A participant reads a list of words in which the world "elephant" appears several times. Later, the participant views another list of words. When the word "elephant" appears in the second list, the participants response rate is faster than for other words not found on the previous list. This effect is called

Repetition priming

Jenkins and Russel presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

The box is empty