FINAL REVIEW

Which of these is the best definition of extended family? -A network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit -A set of relatives who live together in the same residence -A group of people who are related to each other by "blood" or ancestry -Grandparents, parents, and children of the same lineage

A network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit

Which of the following is best described as institutional racism? -Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn't even notice the color of her students' skin -Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others -A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section -A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin

Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others

The stratification function of schools includes -drawing on existing stratification. -sorting people into categories based on ability. -All of these choices are correct. -sorting people into existing social categories.

All of these choices are correct.

Global inequality is apparent in -access to health services. -life expectancy. -All of these choices are manifestations of global inequality. -rates of infant mortality.

All of these choices are manifestations of global inequality.

Social conditions have a significant effect on health. In fact, -All of these choices are true. -male occupational roles put them at greater risk than women of infectious disease. -LGBTQ youth are at an increased risk for suicide and may be more likely to smoke and drink as responses to stress. -perceived discrimination can harm both psychological and physical health.

All of these choices are true.

Which statement about inequality in the U.S. education system is correct? -Segregation is no longer associated with inequality. -Funding is relatively unimportant when trying to reduce inequality in schools. -American schools are now more racially segregated by race and by class than was the case in the 1980s. -Equalizing opportunities has failed to remedy inequalities in performance.

American schools are now more racially segregated by race and by class than was the case in the 1980s.

Religion played a prominent role in bringing about social change in which major social movement? -Equal rights movement -Church versus state movement -Gay rights movement -Civil rights movement

Civil rights movement

Which statement about collective behavior is true? -Collective behavior is inherently illogical and typically harmful. -Collective behavior is usually carefully planned and strictly controlled. -Collective behavior may emerge spontaneously, but it is predictable. -Collective behavior cannot be predicted and is often dangerous.

Collective behavior may emerge spontaneously, but it is predictable.

_____ theory proposes that countries pass through a consistent sequence of population patterns linked to the degree of development in the society and culminating in relatively low birthrates and death rates. -Zero population growth -Malthusian -Demographic transition -Population transition

Demographic transition

Which statement about gender socialization is the most accurate? -If parents want to, they can completely avoid all gender socialization even when their children go to school. -Gender socialization influences all aspects of society and daily life. -Gender socialization affects interpersonal relationships but has little other importance. -Gender socialization is consistent and uniform for nearly all men and women.

Gender socialization influences all aspects of society and daily life.

Which of the following is false regarding social class? -Social class shapes one's access to resources in society. -People in the same social class share similar opportunities -It is not possible for people to change whatever social class they are born into. -It is not possible to directly observe social class.

It is not possible for people to change whatever social class they are born into.

Which of the following is false as it relates to social interaction? -Everyday behaviors are shaped by society. -The cultural context is important in determining the meaning of a behavior. -Most behaviors are inherently positive or negative, regardless of the situation. -An action that is positive in one culture may be negative in another.

Most behaviors are inherently positive or negative, regardless of the situation.

Which statement about proxemic communication is true? -Women always stand close, regardless of the degree of friendship with the person they are talking to. -People are generally aware of how they use personal space. -Hispanic people tend to stand farther apart than do non-Hispanic people. -People who are sexually attracted to each other stand exceptionally close.

People who are sexually attracted to each other stand exceptionally close.

Which of these statements regarding race is true? -Racial categories in a society reflect differences in the biological makeup of individuals. -Race is a socially constructed category. -Racial categories are the same in countries throughout the world. -Race is assigned based on scientific investigation.

Race is a socially constructed category.

Which statement about religion is accurate? -Religions are based on beliefs that are considered profane. -Religion establishes norms for behavior. -Religion is noninstitutionalized. -Religion is a feature of individuals.

Religion establishes norms for behavior.

Which of the following is true about stratification systems? -Most societies share the same amount of complexity in their stratification systems. -Most societies do not have true stratification systems. -Stratification systems are somewhat unusual in modern societies. -Stratification systems vary in degree and complexity of stratification.

Stratification systems vary in degree and complexity of stratification.

Which theoretical perspective is particularly suited to analyzing the quixotic character of fads and fashion and how people adapt and respond to these behaviors? -Functionalism -Symbolic interactionist theory -Conflict theory -Social exchange theory

Symbolic interactionist theory

From a sociological perspective, what is the relationship between culture and society? -Culture is a subset of society. -The members of a society share a culture to some extent. -A society is much larger and more widespread than culture. -A society involves social interaction; culture does not.

The members of a society share a culture to some extent.

According to the social control theory, what is the primary reason that people internalize social norms? -They think they will find spiritual peace. -They fear punishment. -They care what others think of them. -They hope for economic gain.

They care what others think of them.

What is the purpose of sociological theory? -To specify a definition of sociology -To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research -To organize and interpret observations -To make sociology seem more academic

To organize and interpret observations

The culture of poverty explanation contends that people are poor because of -a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor. -the status of women in the labor market today. -economic restructuring in the United States. -the welfare system as it presently exists.

a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor.

Cultural relativism is the idea that -cultures are created in reaction to social change. -a phenomenon should be understood and judged only in relation its cultural context. a phenomenon should be understood and judged only in relation its cultural context. -culture is diffused throughout the world.

a phenomenon should be understood and judged only in relation its cultural context.

Social exchange theory conceptualizes social interaction as -enactment of social roles played out in front of an audience. -based on the meaning people give to actions in society. -calculated risks to balance rewards and punishments. -a rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior.

a rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior.

According to autonomous state theory, the state is -a military-style apparatus. -a dominant group. -an elaborate system of power elites. -an administrative organization.

an administrative organization.

Conflict and functionalist theories of deviance share -an emphasis on the social structure in creating deviance. -a focus on how a shared definition of a situation affects deviance. -a common understanding of the role of crime and the legal system in defining deviance. an emphasis on individual motivation.

an emphasis on the social structure in creating deviance.

According to the text, social structures -do not have any connection to each other. -are a part of large, but not small, organizations. -are difficult for the untrained observer to readily see. -have an influence only on impersonal aspects of our lives.

are difficult for the untrained observer to readily see.

authority that stems from rules and regulations. -are difficult for the untrained observer to readily see. -do not have any connection to each other. -are a part of large, but not small, organizations. -have an influence only on impersonal aspects of our lives.

are difficult for the untrained observer to readily see.

Occupational prestige ratings -are objective rankings determined by salary data. -are subjective evaluations of jobs. -are not related to overall socioeconomic status. -are based on economic potential.

are subjective evaluations of jobs.

An ascribed status is one that is -beyond the individual's control. -an earned status. -the responsibility of the individual. -a low rank.

beyond the individual's control.

Prejudice involves -both prejudgment and misjudgment. -neither prejudgment nor misjudgment. -misjudgment but not prejudgment. -prejudgment but not misjudgment.

both prejudgment and misjudgment.

As it is now understood to play out, assimilation involves changes in -the host society but not the immigrant group. -the immigrant group but not the host society. -either the host society or the immigrant group but not both. -both the host society and the immigrant group.

both the host society and the immigrant group.

Ethnocentrism -can be practiced only by dominant groups. -encourages intergroup understanding. -is another word for cultural relativism. -can be subtle or extreme.

can be subtle or extreme.

According to Goffman, total institutions are _____ organizations that are cut off from the rest of society and in which members lead strictly controlled lives. -normative -monolithic -utilitarian -coercive

coercive

According to _____ theory, the power that some sexual groups have over others and power within sexual relationships mirror the power structure in society as a whole. -functionalist -conflict -social exchange -symbolic interaction

conflict

Role _____ occurs when it becomes impossible to meet the expectations associated with all of the roles in one's role set. -strain -inconsistency -breakdown -conflict

conflict

Which sociological theory argues that the elite shape societal beliefs and practices in order to make their own privileges appear legitimate and fair? -functionalist theory -symbolic interaction theory -social exchange theory -conflict theory

conflict theory

A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that -conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender. -conflict theory recognizes the role of gender within the social structure, and functionalism does not view gender as a significant construct. -functionalism advocates for change, while conflict theory urges patience. -functionalism is a macrosociological perspective, and conflict theory is a microsociological perspective.

conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender.

The sociological perspective that views power struggles as the source of social change is -conflict theory. -none of the above. -Functionalism. -symbolic interactionism.

conflict theory.

According to _____ theory, sexual relations are linked to other forms of stratification, and sexual violence, such as rape or sexual harassment, is the result of _____ -symbolic interaction; failure to properly learn sexual norms -social exchange; power imbalances between men and women -conflict; power imbalances between men and women -functionalist; failure to properly learn sexual norms

conflict; power imbalances between men and women

Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially -interactive. -constructed. -static. -differentiated.

constructed.

Sociologists would consider _____ to be a form of _____ deviance. -crime; informal -rudeness; inherent -crime; formal -rudeness; formal

crime; formal

The complex system that includes a group's beliefs, values, dress, and way of life is called -counterculture -culture -subculture -social structure

culture

In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group, they must share a common culture and -have a shared system of norms and values. -look different than the members of other ethnic groups. -speak the same language as other members of the group. -define themselves as having a collective identity.

define themselves as having a collective identity.

According to sociologists, the state has a central role in -determining cultural values. -determining the outcome of elections. -organizing communities -determining the rights and privileges of various groups.

determining the rights and privileges of various groups.

Sexual identity is most accurately described as -based on sexual orientation. -developed in the context of social relationships. -imposed by parents during childhood. -present at birth.

developed in the context of social relationships.

Social_____ refers to the process by which varied statuses develop in any group, organization, or society. -mobility -stratification -differentiation -inequality

differentiation

Weber believed that -class and access to life chances are totally unrelated. -micro-level analysis is more valid than macro-level analysis -economic standing alone is not always the source of people's power. -systems of stratification are not part of the social structure.

economic standing alone is not always the source of people's power.

Differential association theory explains deviance by -focusing on who has the power to label behaviors as deviant. -emphasizing how deviance is culturally transmitted. -noting that some people have more power than others to define what is considered deviant. -making reference to societal goals and the means of achieving them.

emphasizing how deviance is culturally transmitted.

Sociology is a(n) _____ discipline, meaning conclusions are based on systematic observations. -empirical -faith-based -rigorous -commonsense

empirical

Primary groups provide for an individual's _____ needs; secondary groups provide for an individual's _____ needs. -instrumental; psychological -expressive; instrumental -instrumental; expressive -socioemotional; expressive

expressive; instrumental

Cultural diffusion is a one-way process. t/f

f

The term deindustrialization refers to that fact that -production using computer technologies will replace service industries. -the workforce is becoming more diverse. -fewer workers in the United States are required to produce goods. -goods are no longer being produced in the United States.

fewer workers in the United States are required to produce goods.

Emile Durkheim argued that religion is -in direct opposition to the other institutions that exist in society. -a distinct threat to social cohesion. -a tool for class oppression. -functional for society because it reaffirms social bonds.

functional for society because it reaffirms social bonds.

According to the perspective of _____, age differentiation contributes to the common good of society because each group has varying levels of utility in society. -symbolic interaction theory -psychoanalytic theory -functional theory -conflict theory

functional theory

According to _____ theory, the call for a return to "family values" aims to increase uniformity in values and thus protect the social order. -functionalist -symbolic interaction -conflict -social exchange

functionalist

The introduction of queer theory -challenges the belief that there can be multiple types of sexual identity. -has not had any impact on how sexual identity is understood. -has strengthened the boundaries between homosexuality and heterosexuality identity. -furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexual expression.

furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexual expression.

Georg Simmel found that the mere difference between two and three people spawned entirely different dynamics, an observation known as the -group size effect. -triadic transformation. -groupthink effect. -numeric modifier.

group size effect.

Conflict theorists see families as -primary agents of gender socialization. -where people learn social identities through their interactions with others. -teaching people the norms and values of society. -inculcating values consistent with the needs of dominant institutions.

inculcating values consistent with the needs of dominant institutions.

Life chances stem not simply from race or gender or social class but also from the ways in which those characteristics act together. Society regards a poor Black woman differently from a poor White woman and differently from a rich Black woman. This illustrates the premise of _____theory. -assimilation -functionalist -structuralist -intersectional

intersectional

Sociologists believe that socialization -happens in the same way for all members of society. -has a biological basis, and so the social context plays only a very small role in it. -is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience. -encourages conformity over individual identity.

is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience.

According to functionalism, sexual identity is -socially constructed. -regulated by individuals. -compulsory. -earned in the family.

learned in the family.

A person's sexual identity -is predictable at the time he or she is born. -depends on how many same-sex relationships he or she has had. -is permanent once it has been determined. -may change at some point in his or her lifetime.

may change at some point in his or her lifetime.

According to _____, poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs. -social exchange theory -world systems theory -dependency theory -modernization theory

modernization theory

Culture is best described as -singular. -multifaceted. -monolithic. -unitary.

multifaceted.

The statement that there is "strength in weak ties" refers to the fact that -members of a secondary group can still be emotionally supportive. -even a dysfunctional family may be useful at times. -sometimes the friend you are the least close to is the most helpful. -one doesn't have to know a lot of people in a network in order for the network to be useful.

one doesn't have to know a lot of people in a network in order for the network to be useful.

The term _____ refers to the formation of collective identity by multiple ethnic groups in order to address a common purpose. -cohesion -panethnicity -reformulation -multi-identification

panethnicity

Charles Horton Cooley's looking-glass self rests on -perception and effect. -unconscious processes. -a series of discrete stages. -reinforcement and punishment.

perception and effect.

Sociologists define work as -productive activity that creates something of value—goods or services. -participation in any activity that increases the gross domestic product. -human activity that is paid by either hourly wage or salary. -human activity in the public sphere.

productive activity that creates something of value—goods or services.

Marx's perspective of society argued that -workers receive a fair share of the profits that they help create. -profit is produced through the exploitation of the working class. -while capitalists control the production of goods, they do not control the production of ideas. -capitalists do not own the actual system by which goods are produced and distributed.

profit is produced through the exploitation of the working class.

Alienation refers to the _____ and is associated with increased turnover, tardiness, absenteeism, and overall dissatisfaction with an organization. -shift away from intimate relationships with others -rigid adherence to rules and regulations by organizations -physical movement away from a negative interaction -psychological separation of a person from an organization

psychological separation of a person from an organization

Gender segregation in occupations -is not very prevalent, although it does exist. -tends to be a disadvantage for men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations. -rewards the most experienced women over men. -reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.

reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.

Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state of -extreme depression. -excessive social integration. -total detachment from society and societal forces. -relative normlessness caused by the breakdown of social influences.

relative normlessness caused by the breakdown of social influences.

From a sociological perspective, what a person becomes -is mainly genetic. -is a result of innate traits. -results from social experiences. -can rarely be predicted, even in generalities.

results from social experiences.

Through the process of socialization, we learn our _____, or the behaviors that are expected of us. -values -identities -roles -personalities

roles

The _____ principle states that people categorize others on the basis of what appears initially prominent and obvious about them. -perception -salience -stereotypic -prejudice

salience

Religiosity is measured by sociologists using all of the following except -surveying people about their membership in religious organizations. -asking how often people attend religious services. -secondary analysis of the U.S. census about current religious practices. -by asking about people's religious beliefs.

secondary analysis of the U.S. census about current religious practices.

Sociological imagination refers to the ability to -see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals. -create meaningful sociological theories and test those theories. -identify societal needs and develop ways to address those needs. -develop methods to modify society and thus improve the lives of individuals.

see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals.

Stigmatizing some people -has little impact on their overall identity. -serves to reinforce "normalness" in others. -leads to their becoming more interesting. -helps elevate their social status.

serves to reinforce "normalness" in others.

Sociologists define beliefs as -general standards of behavior adhered to by a group. -strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. -codified guidelines that define right and wrong in society. -shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is true.

shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is true.

According to functionalists, societies change from _____ and from _____ division of labor. -simple to complex; differentiated to undifferentiated -complex to simple; undifferentiated to differentiated -simple to complex; undifferentiated to differentiated. -complex to simple; differentiated to undifferentiated

simple to complex; undifferentiated to differentiated.

From a symbolic interactionist perspective, -social approval and taboos influence what is considered permissible. -differences in power define what types of sexual behavior are acceptable. -sexual practices are the result of complementary gender roles in society. -sexual identity and practices are explained by the social organization of society.

social approval and taboos influence what is considered permissible.

According to the concept of biological determinism, -the interplay of culture and biology is what shapes human behavior. -the physiology of any person may be manipulated in order to alter that person's sex. -the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg and the sperm meet during human reproduction. -social behaviors are caused by physiological characteristics.

social behaviors are caused by physiological characteristics.

According to functionalist theory, schools provide _____ along with learning skills. -equality -social control -labeling -stratification

social control

Durkheim conceptualized social facts as -society as the sum of its parts. -social patterns that are external to individuals. -the direct outgrowth of our biological drives. -One's personal drives and motivations.

social patterns that are external to individuals.

According to modernization theory, social change -is associated with decreased internal differentiation. -can occur only when internal equality exists. -requires the establishment of an upper class. -stems from technological change.

stems from technological change.

The sociological definition of deviance -argues that definitions of deviance remain the same over time. -stresses social context, not individual behavior. -recognizes deviance as being the same for all groups and settings. -focuses exclusively on individual nonconformity.

stresses social context, not individual behavior.

Mores are -norms that provide strict codes of behavior. -often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions. -the ordinary customs of different group cultures. -strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.

strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.

The social construction of reality is most closely associated with -equilibrium theory. -conflict theory. -functionalist theory. -symbolic interaction theory.

symbolic interaction theory.

Social labeling theory emphasizes the importance of groups that are able to apply labels and impose sanctions. This aspect of social labeling theory makes it most associated with -feminist theory. -symbolic interactionism. -functionalism. -social exchange theory.

symbolic interactionism.

A latent function of education in the United States is that it supervises young people and keeps them from getting into trouble. t/f

t

Asch's experiment on the effects of group pressure has been replicated numerous times, demonstrating that diverse populations are susceptible to group pressure, even when the group is objectively wrong. t/f

t

Cross-cultural differences in gender roles demonstrate that gender is a social construction. t/f

t

A problem with the assimilation model is that it -places too much emphasis on the different histories of Black and White immigrants to this country. -places too much emphasis on the salience of skin color as a factor affecting the assimilation process. -focuses too much attention on the social class of the immigrants. -takes no account of societal conditions at the time of immigration.

takes no account of societal conditions at the time of immigration.

Power is defined by sociologists as -the perception by others of legitimate and formal authority. -a hierarchy of authority. -the ability to control others. -authority that stems from rules and regulations.

the ability to control others.

World systems theory focuses on -neocolonial relationships between individual countries and their former colonizers. -patterns of migration and other population issues. -the belief that there is a world economic system that must be understood as a single unit. -internal factors in individual countries.

the belief that there is a world economic system that must be understood as a single unit.

Mills's original concept of power elite includes all of the following areas except -the military. -the courts. -the economy. -the government.

the courts.

Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes -the common gender expectations across all social classes. -the different gender roles found in different countries. -the lack of gender variability generally. -studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits.

the different gender roles found in different countries.

Demographers study -the past and future composition of populations. -perspectives on social change. -the social processes of human engineering. -environment and society.

the past and future composition of populations.

Social learning theory views identity as -the product of genetics. -the result of the struggle with the unconscious. -the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others. -the product of "I and the Me."

the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others.

Deindividuation refers to -a sense of normlessness. -the sense of merging with a group so that blame for bad outcomes will be shared. -the willingness of a person to take the blame for the entire group. -the inability of a person to think for themselves.

the sense of merging with a group so that blame for bad outcomes will be shared.