Final Review
It is legally acceptable to write "right" or "left" on a radiograph if the anatomic side marker is not visible. True False
False
The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella. True False
False
The foot must be force dorsiflexed so that the long axis of the foot is perpendicular to the image receptor for AP and mortise projections of the ankle. Selected Answer: True False
False
The left anterior oblique (LAO) position of the sternum provides the best frontal image of the sternum with it superimposed over the heart. True False
False
The only bony connection between the shoulder girdle and the bony thorax is the acromioclavicular joint. True False
False
The patella is drawn into the intercondylar sulcus when the knee is overextended. Selected Answer: True False
False
The term pelvic girdle refers to the total pelvis including the sacrum and coccyx. True False
False
The tubercle portion of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral facet/demifacet. True False
False
The xiphoid process is a reliable positioning landmark for determining the lower margin of the lungs for chest positioning. True False
False
When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot must be pointing upward. True False
False
A well-inspired healthy adult chest PA projection will have a minimum of ____ posterior ribs seen above the diaphragm. a. 10 b. 8 c. 7 d. 12
a. 10
An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position. a. anatomic b. oblique c. decubitus d. anteroposterior
a. anatomic
Ileus is the formal term for: a. bleeding in the abdomen. b. bowel obstruction. c. perforated bowel. d. free air in the peritoneal cavity.
b. bowel obstruction.
The patellofemoral joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement. a. fibrous; immovable b. synovial; bicondylar c. synovial; ginglymus d. synovial; saddle
d. synovial; saddle
The medial malleolus is part of the: a. talus. b. calcaneus. c. fibula. d. tibia.
d. tibia.
The xiphoid process is at the vertebral level of:
T9-10
Boxer's fracture
Transverse fracture through fifth metacarpal neck
A 40-inch (102 cm) SID should be the minimal distance used for most radiographic projections. True False
True
A correctly positioned AP 45° medial oblique ankle projection frequently may also demonstrate a fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal if present. True False
True
A correctly positioned lateral ankle will demonstrate the lateral malleolus superimposed over the posterior half of the tibia. True False
True
Motion of the patient's diaphragm can be stopped by providing proper breathing instructions. True False
True
Only a small part of the lesser trochanter, if any, will be visible on a well-positioned axiolateral (inferosuperior) lateral hip. True False
True
The AP mortise projection of the ankle is commonly taken in surgery during open reductions. True False
True
The adductor tubercle is located on the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle. True False
True
The adductor tubercle is visible on the medial, posterior aspect of the femoral condyle and can be used to determine possible rotation of a lateral knee projection. True False
True
The image receptor must be placed parallel to the femoral neck for the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip. True False
True
The radiographic criteria for a true lateral finger indicate equal concavity of the anterior and posterior aspects of the phalanges. True False
True
The term position can be used for both a lateral and an oblique body position. True False
True
When placing radiographs of the hand on the view box, the digits should be pointing upward. True False
True
A 3° to 5° caudad CR angle should be used for an AP knee projection for patients with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 20 cm. True False
False
A lateromedial projection is one in which the lateral aspect of the anatomy part is closest to the image receptor (IR). True False
False
A right or left side marker may be taped over the area of interest to indicate the location of the trauma to the ribs. True False
False
Decubitus chest projections are placed for viewing the way the image receptor "sees" them. True False
False
Barton fracture
Fracture and dislocation of posterior lip of distal radius
Bennett's fracture
Fracture of base of first metacarpal
Smith fracture
Fracture of distal radius with anterior displacement
Colles' fracture
Fracture of distal radius with posterior displacement
A correctly positioned lateral chest radiograph demonstrates some separation of the posterior ribs owing to the divergent x-ray beam. But a separation of greater than ____ cm indicates objectionable rotation from a true lateral. a. 1 b. 0.5 c. 2 d. 3
a. 1
How much central ray (CR) angulation (if any) should be used for an AP projection of the toes (without elevation of forefoot)? a. 10° to 15° toward calcaneus b. Keep CR perpendicular to IR. c. 20° to 25° toward calcaneus d. 5° toward calcaneus
a. 10° to 15° toward calcaneus
How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton? a. 80 b. 206 c. 126 d. 54
a. 80
Which of the following projections of the ankle will best demonstrate the open joint space of the lateral aspect of the ankle joint? a. AP mortise projection b. AP oblique with 45° rotation c. Lateromedial ankle d. AP projection
a. AP mortise projection
Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head and tuberosity free of superimposition? a. AP oblique with external rotation b. Lateral c. AP d. AP oblique with internal rotation
a. AP oblique with external rotation
Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the hand? a. At the third metacarpophalangeal joint b. At the third proximal interphalangeal joint c. At the third distal interphalangeal joint d. At the base of the third metacarpal
a. At the third metacarpophalangeal joint
What CR angulation is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the foot? a. CR is perpendicular to the image receptor. b. 5° to 7° posterior c. 10° posterior d. 15° to 20° posterior
a. CR is perpendicular to the image receptor.
Which special projection of the wrist is ideal for demonstrating possible calcification in the dorsal aspect of the carpals? a. Carpal bridge b. Lateral wrist c. Ulnar deviation d. Carpal canal
a. Carpal bridge
A patient enters the ED with a possible hemothorax in the right lung. With help, the patient can sit erect on a cart. Which of the following routines would best demonstrate this condition? a. Erect PA and erect right lateral on cart b. RPO and LAO erect c. Left lateral decubitus d. Right lateral decubitus
a. Erect PA and erect right lateral on cart
Which aspect of the rib articulates with the thoracic vertebral body? a. Head b. Neck c. Tubercles d. Facets
a. Head
Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the right ribs? a. LAO b. AP c. PA d. RAO
a. LAO
A patient enters the ED with blunt trauma to the sternum. The patient is in great pain and cannot lie prone on the table or stand erect. Which of the following positioning routines would be best for the sternum examination in this situation? a. LPO and horizontal beam lateral projections b. AP and horizontal beam lateral projections c. RPO and lateral recumbent projections d. LPO and lateral recumbent projections
a. LPO and horizontal beam lateral projections
Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile? a. Lateral b. Lateral rotation oblique c. AP d. Medial rotation oblique
a. Lateral
A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position? a. Left lateral b. Right lateral c. Dorsal decubitus d. Left lateral decubitus
a. Left lateral
A patient is erect facing the x-ray tube and leaning the shoulders backward 20° to 30° toward the IR. The central ray is perpendicular to the IR. What specific position has been performed? a. Lordotic b. Oblique c. Kyphotic d. Tangential
a. Lordotic
A radiograph of the elbow demonstrates the radius directly superimposed over the ulna and the coronoid process in profile. Which projection of the elbow has been performed? a. Medial (internal) rotation oblique b. AP c. Lateral (external) rotation oblique d. Lateral
a. Medial (internal) rotation oblique
A patient arrives in radiology with a metal foreign body in the palm of the hand. Which of the following hand routines should be performed on this patient to confirm the location of the foreign body? a. PA and lateral in extension projections b. PA and fan lateral projections c. PA and lateral in flexion projections d. PA and Gaynor-Hart method
a. PA and lateral in extension projections
How should the humeral epicondyles be aligned for a lateral projection of the elbow? a. Perpendicular to image receptor b. 45° to image receptor c. 30° to image receptor d. Parallel to image receptor
a. Perpendicular to image receptor
What is the name of the structure that serves as a common passageway for both food and air? a. Pharynx b. Esophagus c. Epiglottis d. Larynx
a. Pharynx
Why is the right kidney usually lower in the abdomen than the left kidney? a. Presence of the liver b. Presence of right colic flexure c. Presence of right suprarenal gland d. Presence of the stomach
a. Presence of the liver
A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Because of trauma, the patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition? a. Right lateral decubitus b. Left posterior oblique (LPO) and right posterior oblique (RPO) c. AP supine d. Left lateral decubitus
a. Right lateral decubitus
The patient is lying on her right side on a cart. The anterior surface of the patient is against the image receptor. A horizontal central ray enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body. What specific projection/position has been performed? a. Right lateral decubitus b. AP c. PA d. Left lateral decubitus
a. Right lateral decubitus
A radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) abdomen demonstrates elongation (widening) of the left iliac wing and narrowing of the right iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome? a. Rotation to the left (left posterior oblique) b. Rotation to the right (right posterior oblique) c. Left hip was internally rotated more than right hip d. CR off center to the left
a. Rotation to the left (left posterior oblique)
Which is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? a. Scaphoid b. Hamate c. Lunate d. Trapezium
a. Scaphoid
A radiograph of an AP KUB reveals that the obturator foramina are cut off from the bottom of the image. The kidneys and symphysis pubis are demonstrated. What centering adjustments should the technologist make to improve this image? a. This radiograph is correctly centered. No centering adjustments are necessary. b. Center the cassette 2 inches (5 cm) below the iliac crest. c. Use two 35- ´ 42-cm (14- ´ 17-inch) cassettes landscape. d. Open up the collimators to include the ischial tuberosities.
a. This radiograph is correctly centered. No centering adjustments are necessary.
What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the elbow? a. Three b. One c. Four d. Two
a. Three
A position in which the head is lower than the feet is: a. Trendelenburg. b. lithotomy. c. recumbent. d. Fowler.
a. Trendelenburg.
Examples of "flat" bones are the: a. calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum. b. sternum, scapulae, ilia of pelvis, and base of cranium. c. sternum and ilia of pelvis only. d. ribs, sternum, patella, and ilia of pelvis.
a. calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.
The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the: a. carina. b. costophrenic angle. c. hilum. d. thyroid cartilage.
a. carina.
The radiocarpal (wrist) joint possesses a(n) ____ type of joint movement. a. ellipsoidal b. pivot c. ginglymus d. plane
a. ellipsoidal
The two most common landmarks for chest positioning are the: a. jugular notch and vertebra prominens. b. lower margin of thyroid cartilage and vertebra prominens. c. jugular notch and top of shoulders. d. top of shoulders and xiphoid process.
a. jugular notch and vertebra prominens.
A representation of the patient's anatomic structures that can be obtained, viewed, manipulated, and stored digitally is the definition for: a. radiographic image. b. radiographic film. c. radiography. d. radiographic examination.
a. radiographic image.
A radiograph of an AP medial oblique projection of the foot, if positioned correctly, should demonstrate: a. third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition. b. first and second cuneiform joint space is open. c. first through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition. d. CR is centered to midshaft of third metatarsal.
a. third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition.
The bending or forcing of the hand outward with the hand pronated in a posteroanterior (PA) projection is known as: a. ulnar deviation. b. radial deviation. c. ulnar extension. d. radial abduction.
a. ulnar deviation.
The profile appearance of the adductor tubercle and excessive superimposition of the fibular head and neck on a mediolateral knee projection indicate: a. underrotation of the knee toward the IR. b. the CR should be angled 5° to 7° cephalad. c. overrotation of the knee toward the IR. d. a true lateral knee.
a. underrotation of the knee toward the IR.
Using the hip localization method, the femoral head can be located: 2 1/2 inches (6 to 7 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks. b. 1 1/2 inches (4 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks. c. at the level of the symphysis pubis. d. 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks.
b. 1 1/2 inches (4 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks.
Where is the CR placed for a mediolateral projection of the calcaneus? a. Trochlear process b. 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus c. Base of the third metatarsal d. Base of the fifth metatarsal
b. 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus
At what level should the central ray (CR) be placed for a left lateral decubitus projection of the abdomen? a. ASIS b. 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest c. Umbilicus d. Iliac crest
b. 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest
At approximately what age does the xiphoid process become totally ossified? a. 21 years old b. 40 years old c. The xiphoid process never becomes ossified. d. 12 years old
b. 40 years old
From a pronated position, which of the following is required for a PA oblique projection of the fourth digit of the hand? a. 30° to 35° lateral rotation b. 45° lateral rotation c. 45° medial rotation d. 30° to 35° medial rotation
b. 45° lateral rotation
For an average-size female patient, where is the CR placed for a PA projection of the chest? a. 8 inches (20 cm) below the vertebra prominens b. 7 inches (18 cm) below the vertebra prominens c. 2 inches (5 cm) above the shoulders d. 3 inches (7.6 cm) below the jugular notch
b. 7 inches (18 cm) below the vertebra prominens
How many carpal bones are found in the wrist? a. 5 b. 8 c. 7 d. 14
b. 8
A radiograph of an RAO projection of the ribs demonstrates the left axillary ribs are foreshortened, whereas the right side is elongated. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this radiographic outcome? a. The technologist should have performed a PA projection to demonstrate the left axillary ribs, not an RAO. b. An LAO was performed rather than the RAO position. c. The patient requires more rotation to the right. d. CR angulation was incorrect.
b. An LAO was performed rather than the RAO position.
Which of the carpal bones is considered to be the largest? a. Triquetrum b. Capitate c. Hamate d. Trapezium
b. Capitate
Which of the following structures is considered to be most lateral? a. Coronoid tubercle b. Capitulum c. Trochlea d. Head of ulna
b. Capitulum
A patient enters the ED with an elbow injury. The partially flexed AP and lateral positions reveal a possible fracture of the coronoid process. The patient's elbow is partially flexed and he refuses to extend it farther. Which one of the following positions/projections should be performed to confirm the fracture of the coronoid process? a. Gaynor-Hart method b. Coyle method with 80° flexion, CR angled 45° away from shoulder c. Coyle method with 90° flexion, CR angled 45° toward the shoulder d. AP-acute flexion
b. Coyle method with 80° flexion, CR angled 45° away from shoulder
What is the major disadvantage of using 45° of flexion for the mediolateral projection of the knee? a. May cause injury to the anterior cruciate ligament. b. Draws the patella into the intercondylar sulcus. c. Prevents superimposition of the distal aspect of the femoral condyles. d. Can distort any visible fat pads.
b. Draws the patella into the intercondylar sulcus.
What is another common term for the greater omentum? a. Adipose layer b. Fatty apron c. Mesentery d. Peritoneum
b. Fatty apron
Which metatarsal bone of the foot has a prominent tuberosity most frequently fractured? a. Fourth b. Fifth c. First d. Third
b. Fifth
What two bony landmarks are palpated for positioning of the AP elbow? a. Ulnar and radial heads b. Humeral epicondyles c. Trochlea and capitulum d. Humeral condyles
b. Humeral epicondyles
A radiograph of an AP projection of the second toe reveals that the interphalangeal joints are not open. What is the most likely cause for this radiographic outcome? a. AP projection was made; should have performed the PA projection. b. Incorrect or inadequate CR centering or angle. c. Excessive SID was used. d. Rotation of the toes.
b. Incorrect or inadequate CR centering or angle.
Which of the following structures is considered to be most inferior or distal? a. Fovea capitis b. Lesser trochanter c. Neck d. Greater trochanter
b. Lesser trochanter
A lateral elbow radiograph demonstrates about half of the radial head superimposed by the coronoid process of the ulna. Which of the following occurred? a. The shoulder was not dropped sufficiently to the tabletop level. b. No positioning errors occurred. c. The hand and wrist were rotated laterally and not in a true lateral position. d. The hand was pronated rather than in a true lateral position.
b. No positioning errors occurred.
A patient enters the ED with an injury to the left anterior lower ribs. Which of the following projections should be taken to demonstrate the involved area? a. AP and LAO b. PA and RAO c. AP and LPO d. PA and LAO
b. PA and RAO
A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position? a. RAO (right anterior oblique) b. RPO (right posterior oblique) c. LPO (left posterior oblique) d. LAO (left anterior oblique)
b. RPO (right posterior oblique)
The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of: a. T7. b. T9-10. c. L1-2. d. T4-5.
b. T9-10.
For an AP portable chest on an older or hypersthenic male patient, which of the following should occur? a. The image receptor generally should be placed portrait. b. The CR should be centered 3 inches (8 cm) below the jugular notch. c. The CR should be centered to the mammillary (nipple) line. d. None of the above should occur.
b. The CR should be centered 3 inches (8 cm) below the jugular notch.
A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the _____ plane. a. oblique b. midcoronal c. midsagittal d. horizontal
b. midcoronal
A random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity is termed: a. signal. b. noise. c. electrical fluctuation. d. variance.
b. noise.
Air or gas that escapes from the lungs into the pleural cavity results in a condition known as: a. hemidiaphragm. b. pneumothorax. c. hemothorax. d. air bronchogram.
b. pneumothorax.
The radiographic term projection is defined as: a. computer-assisted image. b. radiographic image as seen from the vantage of the image receptor. c. path or direction of the central ray. d. general position of the patient.
b. radiographic image as seen from the vantage of the image receptor.
What is the recommended degree of obliquity for an RAO projection of the sternum for an asthenic (thin-chested) type of patient? a. 15° b. 30° c. 20° d. 10°
c. 20°
Which projection of the knee will best demonstrate the neck of the fibula without superimposition of the tibia? a. AP oblique with lateral rotation b. AP c. AP oblique with medial rotation d. Lateral
c. AP oblique with medial rotation
Which radiographic landmark is most reliable to evaluate the posteroanterior (PA) projection of the abdomen for rotation? a. ASIS b. Symphysis pubis c. Ala of ilium (wings) d. Xiphoid process
c. Ala of ilium (wings)
Where is the central ray (CR) placed for a PA projection of the third digit? a. At the head of the third metacarpal b. At the distal interphalangeal joint c. At the proximal interphalangeal joint d. At the metacarpophalangeal joint
c. At the proximal interphalangeal joint
What is the primary center for bone growth termed? a. Epiphyses b. Epiphyseal plate c. Diaphysis d. Metaphysis
c. Diaphysis
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the sternum reveals that the patient's ribs are superimposed over the sternum. What needs to be done to correct this problem during the repeat exposure? a. Increase the kV. b. Increase the SID. c. Ensure that the patient is not rotated. d. Angle the CR 5° anterior.
c. Ensure that the patient is not rotated.
What is the final step taken before making the exposure during a positioning routine? a. Collimation adjustments b. Placing anatomic markers on image receptor c. Ensuring correct gonadal shield placement d. Image receptor centering
c. Ensuring correct gonadal shield placement
Which ribs are considered to be true ribs? a. First only b. Eleventh and twelfth ribs c. First through seventh ribs d. First through ninth ribs
c. First through seventh ribs
Which of the following projections of the patella requires the patient to be placed in a prone position, 50° to 60° flexion of the knee, and a 45° cephalic angle of the CR? a. Holmblad method b. Merchant method c. Hughston method d. Settegast method
c. Hughston method
A radiograph of the PA scaphoid projection reveals extensive superimposition of the scaphoid and adjacent carpals. Which of the following factors can lead to this problem? a. Elevation of the hand and wrist b. Slight flexion of the phalanges c. Insufficient ulnar deviation d. Insufficient CR angle distally
c. Insufficient ulnar deviation
Which of the following bony structures cannot be palpated? a. Ischial tuberosity b. Symphysis pubis c. Ischial spine d. ASIS
c. Ischial spine
Which bones fuse to form the acetabulum? a. Ischium and pubis b. Ilium and ischium c. Ischium, pubis, and ilium d. Pubis, ilium, and sacrum
c. Ischium, pubis, and ilium
Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the left ribs? a. Posteroanterior (PA) b. AP c. Left posterior oblique (LPO) d. LAO
c. Left posterior oblique (LPO)
Where must the CR be centered for an AP supine projection of the abdomen as part of the acute abdominal series? a. Level of umbilicus b. 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest c. Level of iliac crest d. Level of axilla
c. Level of iliac crest
What are the two arches of the foot?
c. Longitudinal and transverse
A patient enters the ED with a possible scaphoid fracture. The patient is unable to assume the ulnar deviation position. Which of the following positions should be performed to confirm the diagnosis? a. Gaynor-Hart b. Coyle c. Modified Stecher d. Jones
c. Modified Stecher
Which of the following ribs is considered to be a false rib? a. Seventh b. First c. Ninth d. None of the above
c. Ninth
Which of the following structures is not an aspect of the proximal femur? a. Fovea capitis b. Intertrochanteric crest c. Obturator foramen d. Lesser trochanter
c. Obturator foramen
Which of the following structures is considered to be most proximal? a. Radial styloid process b. Head of ulna c. Olecranon process d. Radial tuberosity
c. Olecranon process
Why is it important to keep the phalanges parallel to the IR for a PA oblique projection of the hand? a. Demonstrates the sesamoid bones near the first interphalangeal joint. b. Opens up the carpometacarpal joints. c. Prevents foreshortening of phalanges and obscuring of interphalangeal joints. d. Prevents foreshortening of radiocarpal joint.
c. Prevents foreshortening of phalanges and obscuring of interphalangeal joints.
A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct this problem? a. Accept the radiograph. Carpals and distal radius and ulna are not part of a hand study. b. If the injury to the patient did not involve the carpal region and distal forearm, do not repeat it. c. Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the distal radius and ulna. d. Make sure the carpals, distal radius, and ulna are included on the lateral projection.
c. Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the distal radius and ulna.
What is the minimum number of ribs that must be demonstrated for a unilateral rib study above the diaphragm? a. All ribs must be demonstrated. b. Ribs 1 through 8 c. Ribs 1 through 9 d. Ribs 1 through 6
c. Ribs 1 through 9
A patient enters the ED with trauma to the bony thorax. The initial radiographs reveal that there are fractured ribs and a possible pneumothorax of the left thorax. The physician orders a chest study to confirm the pneumothorax; however, the patient cannot stand. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate the pneumothorax? a. Left lateral decubitus b. Ventral decubitus c. Right lateral decubitus d. Dorsal decubitus
c. Right lateral decubitus
Which of the following structures is considered to be most distal? a. Radial tuberosity b. Radial head c. Styloid processes d. Capitulum
c. Styloid processes
What is one advantage of the lateromedial projection of the foot? a. It is more comfortable for the patient. b. It better demonstrates the intertarsal joints. c. The foot assumes a truer lateral position. d. It opens the subtalar joint.
c. The foot assumes a truer lateral position.
How many articular facets make up the subtalar joint? a. Four b. Two c. Three d. One
c. Three
Why must the lower limb be rotated 15° to 20° internally for AP pelvis projection (nontrauma)? a. To place the fovea capitis into a profiled position b. To open up the femoroacetabular joint c. To place the femoral neck parallel to the image receptor d. To separate the greater trochanter from the lesser trochanter
c. To place the femoral neck parallel to the image receptor
What is the purpose of performing the AP partially flexed projections of the elbow? a. To provide a view of the radial head and capitulum b. To separate the radial head from the ulna c. To provide an AP perspective if the patient cannot fully extend the elbow d. To demonstrate any possible elevated fat pads
c. To provide an AP perspective if the patient cannot fully extend the elbow
For the AP weight-bearing feet projection, the CR should be: a. perpendicular to the image receptor. b. directed horizontal. c. angled 15° posteriorly. d. angled 5° posteriorly.
c. angled 15° posteriorly.
To decrease the angle between the anterior surface of the foot and anterior surface of the lower leg is described as: a. eversion. b. inversion. (not this) c. dorsiflexion. d. plantar flexion.
c. dorsiflexion.
The first metacarpophalangeal joint has a(n) ____ type of joint movement. a. pivot (not this) b. saddle c. ellipsoidal d. plane
c. ellipsoidal
A general rule states that radiographic grids are required with chest radiography for: a. all adults. b. all pediatrics. c. exposure factors using 100 kV or greater. d. exposure factors using 80 kV or below.
c. exposure factors using 100 kV or greater.
The interphalangeal joints have a(n) ____ type of joint movement. a. plane b. ellipsoidal c. ginglymus d. saddle
c. ginglymus
A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior surface with it rotated toward the image receptor is termed: a.right anterior oblique. b.Fowler position. c.left anterior oblique. d.Sims' position.
c. left anterior oblique.
For the AP weight-bearing knee projection on an average patient, the CR should be: a. perpendicular to the image receptor. b. 5° to 10° cephalad. c. perpendicular to the image receptor, but SID should be increased to 60 inches (153 cm). d. 10° caudad.
c. perpendicular to the image receptor, but SID should be increased to 60 inches (153 cm).
The CR for an AP supine chest should be aligned: a. perpendicular to the long axis of the clavicles. b. at the level of the xiphoid process. c. perpendicular to the long axis of sternum. d. at the level of the jugular notch.
c. perpendicular to the long axis of sternum.
A projection in which the CR skims a body part to project it in profile is termed: a. lordotic. b. decubitus. c. tangential. d. axial.
c. tangential.
The widest aspect of the bony thorax generally occurs at the level of: a. the eleventh and twelfth ribs. b. the sternoclavicular joints. c. the eighth or ninth ribs. d. T7.
c. the eighth or ninth ribs.
The jugular notch is located on the: a.seventh cervical vertebra. b.sternum. c.thyroid cartilage. d.scapula.
c.thyroid cartilage.
The ankle joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement. a. synovial; ginglymus b. fibrous; plane c. fibrous; ginglymus d. synovial; saddle
d. synovial; saddle
How much rotation from an AP position of the ankle will typically produce an AP mortise projection? a. 45° to 60° lateral b. 25° to 30° medial c. No rotation is necessary. d. 15° to 20° medial
d. 15° to 20° medial
The central ray (CR) for an anteroposterior (AP) supine, adult chest projection, should be centered: a. to the level of T4. b. at the vertebra prominens. c. at the xiphoid process. d. 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) below the jugular notch.
d. 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) below the jugular notch.
In the erect adult bony thorax, the posterior or vertebral end of a typical rib is ____ higher than or more superior to the anterior portion. a. 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) b. 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) c. 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) d. 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm)
d. 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm)
What CR angulation is recommended for an AP projection of the knee on a patient with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 18 cm? a. 10° to 15° cephalad b. CR is perpendicular to the IR. c. 3° to 5° cephalad d. 3° to 5° caudad
d. 3° to 5° caudad
What is the amount of abduction of the femurs recommended for an AP bilateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves) projection? a. 90° b. 10° to 15° c. 50° to 60° d. 40° to 45°
d. 40° to 45°
How much rotation of the humeral epicondyles is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the elbow? a. 20° b. 30° c. 90° d. 45°
d. 45°
How much flexion of the knee is recommended for the lateral projection of the patella? a. 20° to 30° b. 35° to 40° c. 45° to 50° d. 5° to 10°
d. 5° to 10°
How many tarsal bones are found in the foot? a. 5 b. 26 c. 14 d. 7
d. 7
What CR angle should be used for a mediolateral projection of the knee on a short, wide-pelvis patient? a. 5° to 10° caudad b. 5° cephalad c. No CR angle is required. d. 7° to 10° cephalad
d. 7° to 10° cephalad
Which position of the foot will best demonstrate the lateral (third) cuneiform? a. AP oblique with lateral rotation b. Mediolateral projection c. AP projection d. AP oblique with medial rotation
d. AP oblique with medial rotation
The two bony landmarks that are palpated using the hip localization method are the: a. ASIS and the crest of ilium. b. symphysis pubis and the greater trochanter. c. ischial spine and the symphysis pubis. d. ASIS and the symphysis pubis.
d. ASIS and the symphysis pubis.
Where would the interphalangeal joint be found in the foot? a. Between the phalanges of the second through fifth digits b. Between any of the metatarsals and phalanges c. Between the tarsal bones and phalanges d. Between the phalanges of the first digit
d. Between the phalanges of the first digit
Which of the following knee projections requires the use of a special IR holding device? a. Camp-Coventry method b. Hughston method c. Béclere method d. Bilateral Merchant method
d. Bilateral Merchant method
Which special position of the knee requires that the patient be placed supine with 40° flexion of the knee and the CR angled 30° from the long axis of the femur? a. Tangential, Hughston method b. PA axial, Camp-Coventry method c. PA axial, Holmblad method d. Bilateral Merchant method
d. Bilateral Merchant method
The vertebra prominens corresponds to the level of: a. C7. b. C5. c. T2. d. C4-5.
d. C4-5.
A radiograph of a PA axial projection for the intercondylar fossa (Camp-Coventry method) does not demonstrate the fossa well. It is foreshortened. The following positioning factors were used: patient prone, knee flexed 40° to 45°, CR angled to be perpendicular to the femur, 40-inch SID, and no rotation of the lower limb. Based on the factors used, what changes need to be made to produce a more diagnostic image? a. Increase SID to at least 48 inches (123 cm). b. Rotate lower extremity 10° medially. c. Reduce flexion of the knee to 20° to 30°. d. CR must be perpendicular to lower leg.
d. CR must be perpendicular to lower leg.
Which structure or bone contains the sustentaculum tali? a. Base of the fifth metatarsal b. Talus c. Tibia d. Calcaneus
d. Calcaneus
A radiograph of an AP oblique foot with medial rotation demonstrates considerable superimposition of the third through fifth metatarsals. How must the original position be changed to eliminate this problem? a. Decrease CR angle. b. Increase obliquity of the foot. c. Increase CR angle. d. Decrease obliquity of the foot.
d. Decrease obliquity of the foot.
What is the name for the structure that serves as a lid over the larynx to prevent aspiration of food or fluid? a. Uvula b. Oropharynx c. Hyoid bone d. Epiglottis
d. Epiglottis
A radiograph of an AP projection of the elbow reveals that there is complete separation of the proximal radius and ulna. What positioning error has been committed? a. Partial flexion of the joint b. Excessive medial rotation c. Incorrect CR location and angle d. Excessive lateral rotation
d. Excessive lateral rotation
A radiograph of a PA oblique of the hand reveals that the midshaft of the fourth and fifth metacarpals is superimposed. What specific positioning error has been committed? a. Incorrect CR angulation b. Insufficient rotation of the hand and/or wrist laterally c. Fingers of the hand are not parallel to IR d. Excessive rotation of the hand and/or wrist laterally
d. Excessive rotation of the hand and/or wrist laterally
A radiograph of a plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus reveals foreshortening. The technologist used 60 kV, 6 mAs, 40-inch (102-cm) SID, and a 25° cephalad CR angle from the long axis of the foot. Which of the following modifications will produce a more diagnostic image of the calcaneus? a. Decrease CR angulation. b. Increase kV to 70. c. Plantarflex the foot. d. Increase CR angulation.
d. Increase CR angulation.
A radiograph of an AP mortise projection of the ankle reveals that the lateral malleolus is slightly superimposed over the talus and the lateral joint space is not open. What is most likely cause for this radiographic outcome? a. Excessive medial rotation of the foot and ankle b. Excessive dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle c. Excessive plantar flexion of the foot and ankle d. Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle
d. Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle
A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position? a. LPO b. Left lateral c. Posteroanterior (PA) d. LAO
d. LAO
A radiograph of an AP ankle projection reveals that the lateral joint space is not open (lateral malleolus is partially superimposed by the talus). The superior and medial joint spaces are open. What should the technologist do to correct this problem and improve the image? a. Rotate the ankle more medially. b. Rotate the ankle more laterally. c. Dorsiflex the foot. d. Nothing; this is an acceptable image.
d. Nothing; this is an acceptable image.
What is the name of the double-walled tissue that lines the abdominopelvic cavity? a. Viscera b. Mesentery c. Omentum d. Peritoneum
d. Peritoneum
Which carpal bone is the smallest? a. Capitate b. Hamate c. Scaphoid d. Pisiform
d. Pisiform
A radiograph of an AP knee reveals rotation with almost total superimposition of the fibular head and the proximal tibia. What must the technologist do to correct this positioning error on the repeat exposure? a. Angle the CR slightly more cephalad. b. Nothing; this is an acceptable image. c. Rotate the knee laterally slightly. d. Rotate the knee medially slightly.
d. Rotate the knee medially slightly.
Which routine projection of the elbow will best demonstrate an elevated or visible posterior fat pad? a. Coyle method b. True AP with no rotation c. Lateral rotation oblique d. True lateral with 90° flexion
d. True lateral with 90° flexion
The prominent protuberance found on the anterior aspect of the ilium is the: a. symphysis pubis. b. iliac crest. c. ischial tuberosity. d. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
d. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
The distal tibiofibular joint is classified as a ____ joint. a. synarthrodial b. synovial c. diarthrodial d. fibrous
d. fibrous
Fracture of adjacent ribs in two or more places with associated pulmonary injury is known as a(n) _____ rib injury. a. compression b. acute c. compound d. flail chest
d. flail chest
The most inferior positioning landmark on the abdomen/pelvis is the: a. symphysis pubis. b. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). c. iliac crest. d. ischial tuberosity.
d. ischial tuberosity.
A general positioning rule is to place the long axis of the part ____ to the long axis of the image receptor. a. adjacent b. perpendicular c. axial d. parallel
d. parallel
Moving the foot and toes downward is: a. eversion. b. dorsiflexion. c. inversion. d. plantar flexion.
d. plantar flexion.
A radiograph of a supine KUB on an obese patient reveals that the symphysis pubis is cut off along the bottom of the radiograph. The top of the left kidney is also cut off along the top of the radiograph. What modifications does the technologist need to make for the repeat exposure? a.Center the cassette lower and make the exposure on inspiration. b.Use two 35- ´ 43-cm (14- ´ 17-inch) cassettes portrait, one centered lower and one centered higher. c.Center the cassette higher and use a second smaller cassette to include the bladder region. d.Use two 35- ´ 43-cm (14- ´ 17-inch) cassettes landscape, one centered lower and the other one higher.
d.Use two 35- ´ 43-cm (14- ´ 17-inch) cassettes landscape, one centered lower and the other one higher.
