FINAL REVIEW-TEST #4

Which of the following is the most likely number of base pairs in a bacterial chromosome? 1. 4,000,000 2. 4000 3. 400 4. 40

1. 4,000,000

The spores of which organism are used as a biological indicator of sterilization? 1. Bacillus stearothermophilus 2. Salmonella enterica 3. Micobacterium tuberculosis 4. Staphylococcus aureus

1. Bacillus stearothermophilus

Drugs that act against protein synthesis include ___. 1. Beta-lactams 2. Trimethoprim 3. Polymyxin 4. Aminoglycosides

1. Beta-lactams

Which of the following molecules functions as a "proofreader" for a newly replicated strand of DNA? 1. DNA polymerase III 2. primase 3. helicase 4. ligase

1. DNA polymerase III

Which of the following types of radiation is more widely used as an antimicrobial technique? 1. Electron beams 2. Visible light waves 3. Radio waves 4. Microwaves

1. Electron beams

Which application of DNA technology involves the production of a distinct pattern of DNA fragments on a gel? 1. Genetic fingerprinting 2. gene therapy 3. genetic screening 4. protein synthesis

1. Genetic fingerprinting

Which of the following statements is false concerning antiviral drugs? 1. Macroglide drugs block attachment sites on the host cell wall and prevent viruses from entering. 2. Drugs that neutralize the acidity of phagolysosomes prevent viral uncoating. 3. Nucleotide analogs can be used to stop microbial replication. 4. Drugs containing protease inhibitors retard viral growth by blocking the production of essential viral proteins.

1. Macroglide drugs block attachment sites on the host cell wall and prevent viruses from entering.

Which recombinant DNA technique is used to replicate copies of a DNA molecule? 1. PCR 2. gel electrophoresis 3. electroportation 4. reverse transcription

1. PCR

Which of the following is most closely associated with a beta-lactam ring? 1. Penicillin 2. Vancomycin 3. Bacitracin 4. Isoniazid

1. Penicillin

The key to successful chemotherapy is ___. 1. Selective toxicity 2. A diffusion test 3. The minimum inhibitory concentration test 4. The spectrum of action

1. Selective toxicity

In practical terms, which of the following statements provides the definition of sterilization? 1. Sterilization eliminates all organisms and their spores or endospores. 2. Sterilization eliminates harmful microorganisms and viruses. 3. Sterilization eliminates prions. 4. Sterilization eliminates hyperthermophiles.

1. Sterilization eliminates all organisms and their spores or endospores

In a Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test, the presence of a zone of inhibition around disks containing antimicrobial agents indicates ___. 1. That the microbe does not grow in the presence of the agents 2. That the microbe grows well in the presence of the agents 3. The smallest amount of the agent that will inhibit the growth of the microbe 4. The minimum amount of an agent that kills the microbe in question

1. That the microbe does not grow in the presence of the agents

The addition of -CH3 to a cytosine molecule after DNA replication is called ___. 1. methylation 2. restriction 3. transcription 4. transversion

1. methylation

The Ames test ___. 1. uses auxotrophs and liver extract to reveal potential mutagens 2. is intensive and costly 3. involves the isolation of a mutant by eliminating wild-type phenotypes with specific media 4. proves that suspected chemicals are carcinogenic

1. uses auxotrophs and liver extract to reveal potential mutagens

Which of the following substances or processes kills microorganisms on laboratory surfaces? 1. Antiseptics 2. Disinfectants 3. Degermers 4. Pasteurization

2. Disinfectants

A DNA gene synthesized from an RNA template is ___. 1. reverse transcriptase 2. complementary DNA 3. recombinant DNA 4. probe DNA

2. complementary DNA

Restriction enzyme HhaI ___. 1. recombines DNA 2. cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence 3. is likely derived from Haemophilus influenzae 4. All of these.

2. cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

Which of the following would be most useful in following gene expression in a yeast cell? 1. Southern blot 2. reverse transcription 3. DNA microarray 4. restriction enzymes

3. DNA microarray

The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control? 1. Filtration 2. Lyophilization 3. Desiccation 4. Radiation

3. Desiccation

Which of the following techniques is used regularly in the study of genomics? 1. Clones are selected using a vector with two genetic markers. 2. Genes are inserted to produce an antigenic protein from a pathogen. 3. Fluorescent nucleotide bases are sequenced. 4. Defective organs are replaced with those made in animal hosts.

3. Fluorescent nucleotide bases are sequenced.

Multiple-drug-resistant microbes ___. 1. Are resistant to all antimicrobial agents 2. Respond to new antimicrobials by developing resistance 3. Frequently develop in hospitals 4. All of these.

3. Frequently develop in hospitals

Which of the following statements is relevant in explaining why sulfonamides are effective? 1. Sulfonamides attach to sterol lipids in the pathogen, disrupt the membranes, and lyse the cells. 2. Sulfonamides prevent the incorporation of amino acids into polypeptide chains. 3. Humans and microbes use PABA differently in their metabolism. 4. Sulfonamides inhibit DNA replication in both pathogens and human cells.

3. Humans and microbes use PABA differently in their metabolism.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the bacterial chromosome? 1. They typically have two or three origins of replication. 2. They contain single-stranded DNA. 3. They are located in the cytosol. 4. They are associated in linear pairs.

3. They are located in the cytosol.

Which of the following forms ionic bonds with eukaryotic DNA and stabilizes it? 1. chromatin 2. bacteriocin 3. histone 4. nucleosome

3. histone

Which of the following methods of DNA repair involves enzymes that recognize and correct nucleotide errors in unmethylated strands of DNA? 1. Light repair of thymine dimers 2. dark repair of pyrimidine dimers 3. mismatch repair 4. SOS response

3. mismatch repair

After scientists exposed cultures of Penicillium to agents X, Y, and Z, they examined the type and amount of penicillin produced by the altered fungi to find the one that is most effective. Agent X, Y, and Z were probably ___. 1. recombinant cells 2. competent 3. mutagens 4. phages

3. mutagens

Which of the following items functions most like an autoclave? 1. A boiling pan 2. An incinerator 3. A desiccator 4. A pressure cooker

4. A pressure cooker

Which of the following statements is true concerning the selection of an antimicrobial agent? 1. An ideal antimicrobial agent is stable during storage. 2. An ideal antimicrobial agent is fast acting. 3. Ideal microbial agents do not exist. 4. All of these.

4. All of these

Nucleotides used in the replication of DNA ___. 1. carry energy 2. are found in four forms, each with a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a base 3. are present in the cytosol of cells as triphosphate nucleotides 4. All of these.

4. All of these.

The microbial death rate is used to measure ___. 1. the efficiency of a detergent 2. the efficiency of an antiseptic 3. the efficiency of sanitization techniques 4. All of these.

4. All of these.

Diffusion and dilution tests that expose pathogens to antimicrobials are designed to ___. 1. Determine the spectrum of action of a drug 2. Determine which drug is most effective against a particular pathogen 3. Determine the amount of drug to be used against a particular pathogen 4. Both 2 and 3 are correct.

4. Both 2 and 3 are correct.

In translation, the binding site through which the tRNA molecules leave is called the ___. 1. A site 2. X site 3. P site 4. E site

4. E site

A company that manufactures an antimicrobial cleaner for kitchen counters claims that its product is effective when used in a 50% water solution. By what means might scientists best verify this statement? 1. Disk-diffusion test 2. Phenol coefficient 3. Filter paper test 4. In-use test

4. In-use test

Which of the following statements is true concerning recombinant DNA technology? 1. It will replace biotechnology in the future. 2. It is a single technique for genetic manipulation. 3. It is useful in manipulating genotypes but not phenotypes. 4. It involves modification of an organism's genome.

4. It involves modification of an organism's genome.

Cross resistance is ___. 1. The deactivation of an antimicrobial agent by a bacterial enzyme 2. Alteration of the resistant cells so that an antimicrobial agent cannot attach 3. The mutation of genes that affect the cytoplasmic membrane channels so that antimicrobial agents cannot cross into the cell's interior 4. Resistance to one antimicrobial agent because of its similarity to another antimicrobial agent

4. Resistance to one antimicrobial agent because of its similarity to another antimicrobial agent

Which of the following terms best describes the disinfecting of cafeteria plates? 1. Pasteurization 2. Antisepsis 3. Sterilization 4. Sanitization

4. Sanitization

PABA is ___. 1. A substrate used in the production of penicillin 2. A type of beta-lactamase 3. Molecularly similar to cephalosporins 4. Used to synthesize folic acid

4. Used to synthesize folic acid

Which of the following is false concerning vectors in recombinant DNA technology? 1. Vectors are small enough to manipulate outside a cell. 2. Vectors contain a recognizable genetic marker. 3. Vectors survive inside cells. 4. Vectors must contain genes for self-replication

4. Vectors must contain genes for self-replication

A plasmid is ___. 1. a molecule of RNA found in bacterial cells 2. distinguished from a chromosome by being circular 3. a structure in bacterial cells formed from a plasma membrane 4. extrachromosomal DNA

4. extrachromosomal DNA

A DNA microarray consists of ___. 1. a series of clones containing the entire genome of a microbe 2. recombinant microbial cells 3. restriction enzyme fragments of DNA molecules 4. single-stranded DNA localized on a substrate

4. single-stranded DNA localized on a substrate

REQUIRES A TEMPERATURE OF 121C AT 15 PSI FOR 15 MINUTES OR MORE

AUTOCLAVE

LOW TECH MOIST HEAT THAT KILLS VEGETATIVE BACTERIAL CELLS, FUNGI, VIRUSES, AND PROTOZOAN TROPHOZOITES

BOILING WATER