Final Review
Which Reconstruction amendment created U.S. citizenship for recently freed slaves and overturned the Dred Scott decision?
14th
which amendment grants women the right to vote?
19th
which constitutional amendment guarantees the right to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to exercise religion?
1st
Which constitutional amendment prohibits poll taxes?
24th
which constitutional amendment protects the right to bear arms?
2nd
Which amendment protects Americans from unreasonable searches and seizures?
4th
According to Figure 8.2, which of the following statements is true about voter turnout?
60% of the electorate vote in presidential elections while 40% vote in midterm elections
Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights to trial by jury, to confront witnesses, and to have assistance from legal counsel?
6th
which supreme court case ruled that the Bill of Rights did not apply to state and local governments?
Barron v. Baltimore
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Illinois did not violate the 14th amendment privileges and immunities clause when it refused to accept Myra Bradwell into the state bar because she was a woman
Bradwell v. Illinois
In this case, the Supreme Court ordered segregated public school be desegregated and overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision
Brown v. Board of Eduacation
Which law prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the United States?
Chinese Exclusionary Act
Which law authorized the President to allot tribal lands to individual Indians and make surplus land available to White settlers?
Dawes Act
5) In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Black Americans could not become citizens of the United States?
Dred Scott v. Sandford
the Supreme Court ruled that a school prayer recommended by the State of New York violated the establishment clause of the 1st amendment
Engle v. Vitale
Which of the following statements is true?
Fox News is an ideologically conservative media outlet, while MSNBC is an ideologically liberal media outlet
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty does not violate the 8th amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment
Gregg v. Georgia
In which case did the supreme court establish the right to privacy?
Griswold v. Connecticut
Lobbyists representing the AFL-CIO & the American Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees (AFSCME) are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?
Labor Groups
the Supreme Court ruled that federal law involving religious entities must: (1) have a secular purpose; (2) not advance nor inhibit the exercise of religion; and (3) not foster excessive entanglement between church and state (aka "lemon test")
Lemon v. Kurtzman
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a Virginia law prohibiting interracial marriage violated the 14th Amendment equal protection clause
Loving v. Virginia
A gerrymandered voting district that improves the chances of minority candidates by making selected minority groups the majority within the district
Majority-Minority District
In this case, the Supreme Court incorporated the 4th amendment and ruled that evidence obtained without a proper search warrant is inadmissible in court
Mapp v. Ohio
In this case, the Supreme Court declared the right to "bear arms" a fundamental liberty and incorporated the 2nd amendment
McDonald v. City of Chicago
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting same-sex marriage violate the 14th amendment equal protection clause
Obergefell v. Hodges
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled Louisiana could legally segregate public railways and created the "separate but equal" doctrine
Plessy v. Ferguson
A cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government
Political Ideology
The induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based
Political Socialization
In this case, the Supreme Court established the "1 Person, 1 Vote" rule after the State of Alabama had not redrawn district lines since 1900
Reynolds v. Sims
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the right to privacy includes a woman's decision to have an abortion?
Roe v. Wade
Polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample
Sampling error (or margin of error)
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment does not protect speech that presents a "clear and present danger" and upheld the Espionage Act of 1917
Shenck v. United States
A method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent
Simple random sample
In this experiment, participants acting as guards became abusive towards subjects acting as imprisoned criminals
Stanford Prison Experiment
An independent political action committee that may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates
Super PAC
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment right to free speech protects the burning of the U.S. flag as a form of political speech
Texas v. Johnson
According to Figure 6.2, which of the following statements is true
There are more ideological conservatives than moderates and more moderates than liberals
The power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems
agenda setting
Social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values
agents of socialization
According to Table 11.1, which of the following industries spend over $1 billion on lobbying from 1998 - 2015?
all of the above
A specific preference on a particular issue
attitude (or opinion)
A proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote
ballot initiative
Obligations imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens
civil rights
A primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to the primary day
closed primary
This term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements; believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens' freedom
conservative
Lobbyists representing Apple, Microsoft, & the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?
economic & corporate groups
Which clause of the 14th Amendment guarantees citizens "the equal protection of the laws?"
equal protection clause
The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public
equal time rule
The power of the media to influence how events and issues are interpreted
framing
Individuals who organize to influence the government's programs and policies
interest groups
This term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; governmental intervention in the economy and more economic equality; expansion of federal social services; and greater concern for consumers and the environment
liberal
A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by direct pressure on government officials?
lobbying
A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district
majority system
Congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called "off-year elections"
midterm elections
In this experiment, participants were deceived into believing that they were administering electric shocks to a second participant who was actually part of the study
milgram experiment
A primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in and select candidates for the general election
open primary
Which 3 factors influence how the electorate decides to vote?
partisanship, issue & policy concerns and candidate characteristics
The option in some states to have a ballot sent automatically to your home for each election, rather than having to request an absentee ballot each time
permanent absentee ballot
The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation
pluralism
A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast
plurality system
Process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue
priming
A multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote
proportional representation
Citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events
public opinion
A procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote. This happened to California Governor Gray Davis in 2003.
recall election
The practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection
referendum
Polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions
selection bias
The tendency to focus news coverage on only one aspect of an event or issue, avoiding coverage of other aspects
selection bias (news)
the process by which different protections of the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the 14th amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state and local governments
selective incorporation
The effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe
social desirability effect
Web and mobile-based technologies that are used to turn communication into interactive dialogue among organizations, communities, and individuals
social media
A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and strong government
socialism
According to Figure 7.1, what is Americans' main source for news?
television
the first 10 amendments are
the bill of rights
According to Figure 8.1, which political activity do Americans participate in the most?
voting in general election