Final Study Guide: Biology 101- Set 1: Ch1 | Ch2
Natural Law
God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
prediction
A statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events.
question
A statement that requires an answer.
Electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Conclusion
A summary based on evidence or facts
Domain
A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
What Misunderstanding causes some people to dismiss evolution as "just a theory"?
A theory in science is not just a guess, a scientific theory is based on extensive research that includes experimentation, study, and evidence. Evolution is supported by evidence and observation throughout history. Because sometimes there are incomplete links in the chain of evolution, misunderstandings can arrise which are due to lack of strong evidence, leading some people to believe evolution is just a theory.
Science
An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.
Organism
Any living thing
exinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulis; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Explain an instance in which your own understanding of a phenomenon enhances your appreciation of it.
Understanding the science behind living things as explained by the theory of evolution is a much more satisfying and tangible explanation that what is given by religion or superstition. Given the exceptional breadth of time and the diversity of life that has existed and thrived despite changes in the enviroment and actually driven by those changes is pretty amazing to say the least.
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? In which domain(s) is each found?
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, their genetic material is in the cytosol. Bateria and archea are prokaryotes. Eukaryotes have a nucleaus separating their genetic material from the rest of their cellular functions. They also possess more complex organelles. The domain Eukarya contains eukaryotes.
atomic nucleus
An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
electron shell
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Eukaryotic
A cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular (fungi, plants and animals).
Ion
A charged atom
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Variable
A factor that can change in an experiment
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Community
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis? Why do scientists refer to basic scientific principles as "theories" rather than "facts"?
A hypothesis simply restates an observation into something testable; then we experiment with the hypthesis to test it. In constrast, a scientific theory is a supported explanation of how something works, to come to a scientific theory, it has seen a series of experiments and observations of which has supported the premise. This is why scientists deal in theories_because we do not have access to all possible data on a topic, there is a possibility that a theory can be disproven, and thus, they cannot call it a fact.
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
scientific theory
A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.
cell theory
A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya.
Cell
Basic unit of life
Evolution
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
In using the scientific method to help start your car, if jump-starting didn't work, what hypothesis would you test next?
Car starts if the power supply is properly connected to the terminal.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Explain the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning. Which of these processes generates scientific theories?
Deductive reasoning is a process that investigates a steory, starting with a hypothesis, finally yeilding a logical, evidence-based conclusion. Inductive Reasoning is a process of creating theories, which starts with a question leading to an observation of events.
The molecule that guides the construction and operation of an organism's body is called (complete term)____________, abbreviated as ______________ . This large molecule contains discrete segments with specific instructions; these segments are called ________________.
Deoxyribonucelic Acid, DNA, gene
Define evolution, and explain the three natural occurrences that make evolution inevitable.
Evoltion is the process by which populations of orgnaisms change over time based on the pressures present in their environments. The three processes that drive evolution are the occurrence of genetic mutation, the passage of the mutation on to offspring (through reproduction), and then interplay of the outcomes of these mutations when they meet the environment, or natural selection.
An important scientific theory that explains why organisms are at once so similar and so diverse is the theory of______________. This theory explains life's diversity as having originated primarily through the process of ______________.
Evolution, Natural Selection.
How would this textbook's definition of life need to be changed to allow viruses to qualify as life-forms? For Prions to be considered alive?
For a virus to be considered alive, the requirement for growth would need to be eliminated, as viruses do not technically grow as other living things do. For Prions to be considered alive several requirements would need to be eliminated: No evidence shows that prions utilize energy on their own, they do not respond to stimuli, and their growth pattern does not fit well into the idea of growth for living things, either.
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Review Alexander Fleming's experiment that led to the discovery of penicillin. What would be an appropriate control for the experiment in which Fleming applied filtered medium from a Penicillium culture to plates of bacteria?
He could have incubated some nutrient broth without the Penicillium mold in it, under the same conditions that the inoculated broth was held under,Temperatire, length of incubation, nutrient composition. Then, he could have exposed similar bacteria to this un-inoculated broth.
spontaneous generation
Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Antioxidants
Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
A(n)______________ is a general explanation of natural phenomena supported by extensive, reproducible tests and observations. In contrast, a(n)______________ is a proposed explanation for observed events. To answer specific questions about life, biologists use a general process called the________________ .
Scientific Theory, Hypothesis, Scientific Method
What factors did Redi control for in his open jar of meat? What factors did Andersson control for?
The controls in Redi's experiements with jars of meat were time, temperature and location. Andersson's control in his experiment with birds, were location, season, weather, and time.
List the steps in the scientific method with a brief description of each step.
The Scientific Method Consists of six parts: 1. The observations of natural phenomena 2. The statements of a question based on that phenomena 3. The conversion of that question into a hypothesis. 4. The Prediction of the outcome of an experiment to test that hypothesis. 5. The development and running of an experiment to test that hypotheisis. 6. The re-evaluating of the hypothesis and a conclusion based on the results of the experiment.
heat of vaporization
The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas
Biology
The study of life
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Why do organisms require energy?
growth, reproduction, and metabolic processes
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
Species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
Which of the following does not apply to mutations? a. They occur to cause adaptive changes in response to the environment. b. They are usually either harmful or neutral. c. They are only inherited if they occur in a sperm or egg cell. d. They often occur when DNA is copied.
a. They occur to cause adaptive changes in response to the environment.
What properties are shared by all forms of life?
acquire and use energy Complex and Organized Respond to Stimuli Growth Reproduction Ability Evolve
What basic principles underlie scientific inquiry?
all observable phenomena have a natural cause- all that is needed to understand something that happens in nature is objectivity and study.
binomial system
an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species
The smallest particle of an element that retains all the properies of that element is a(n) ___________. The smallest unit of life is the____________. Cells of a specific type within multicellular organisms combine to form ___________. A(n) ________________ consists of all of the same type of organism within a defined area. A(n)____________ consists of the community and its non living surroundings.
atom, cell, tissue,population, community, ecosystem.
Which one of the following is True? a. The presence of a cell nucleus distinguishes Bacteria from Archaea. b. All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. c. All members of Eukarya are multicellular. d. Viruses are the simplest cells
b. All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Evolution is a. a belief b. a scientific theory c. a hypthesis d. never observed in the modern world.
b. a scientific theory
Which of the following is not true of science? a. Science is based on the premise that all events can be traced to natural causes. b. Important Science Can be based on chance observations. c. a hypothesis is basically a wild guess d.Scientific Theories can potentially be disproven.
c. a hypothesis is basically a wild guess
free radicals
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Buffer
compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH
Viruses a. have DNA confined in a nucleus. b. are relatively rare compared to living organisms. c. do not evolve. d. may be surrounded by plasma membrane from their host cell.
d. may be surrounded by plasma membrane from their host cell.
Observation
information obtained through the senses; observation in science often involves a measurement
acidic
pH less than 7
basic
pH of 7
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
Homeostatisis
relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
Organisms respond to____________. Organisms acquire and use __________ and __________ from the environment. Organisms are composed of cells whose structure is both ___________ and ___________. Collectively, organisms ______________ over time.
stimuli, materials and energy, organized and complex, evolve.
capillary action
the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
chemical bond
the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
Atom
the basic unit of a chemical element.
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
chemical reaction
the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
mass number
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
dissolve
to form a solution by mixing evenly
