Final Study Guide Jour 200 Miller

The most widely read secular (non- religious) book in US history was an elementary- level reading textbook first published in 1836 called _________.

The Eclectic Reader

An example of the technology-focused meaning of media convergence is _____________.

Streaming the latest pop music album on your smartphone

As television developed as a mass medium in the 1950s, it took over nearly every national programming and advertising strategy that radio had. Which of the following statements about radios innovative adaptions in the face of the TV threat is true?

Transistor radios allowed radio to go everywhere TV could not, and eventually FM technology enhanced radios popularity as a music- focused medium

According to the textbook, the mass media are industries that produce and distribute cultural products

True

Commercial book publishing today is dominated by a handful of major corporations, with ties to global media conglomerates.

True

In its entrepreneurial phase around the time of World War 1, the new medium of radio was marketed as a ship-to-shore communication device. (t/f)

True

Online news has helped speed up the news cycle.

True

Although Marconi was the best company providing radio technology around the time of WW1, the U.S government soon took steps to limit the British companies role in the industry. Why?

U.S Navy officials were concerned about a foreign-controlled company having so much power over their communications.

The law that grants sweeping powers to law- enforcement agencies to intercept individuals online communications, including email messages and browsing records, is the ___________.

USA Patriot Act

The internets transformation of gaming began with the introduction of the Sega Dreamcast in 1999, the first console to feature _________, paving the way for gaming to emerge as an online, multiplayer social activity.

a built- in modem

In the map model, culture is viewed as _________.

a complex and ongoing process

What is Linux?

a sophisticated, noncommercial, open-source computer operating system

In 1971, President Richard Nixon's administration tried to block publication of _______________.

a study of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war

Which development was a consequence of the quiz- show scandal? a. it undermined Americans' trust in TV images, which they now realized could be manipulated b. the networks couldn't keep control over programming, and the sponsors became the sole authority c. quiz-show hosts were no longer allowed to have stock in the company d. quiz- show contestants had to be vetted by the shows sponsor first

a. it undermined Americans' trust in TV images, which they now realized could be manipulated

Which of the following is the best way to erase the losses of deficit financing for a TV show? a. selling the program into rerun, or off-network, syndication b. selling national and local advertising spots c. selling the program to individual affiliates d. renting the program to the networks e. time shifting

a. selling the program into return, or off-network, syndication

Who seeks out new authors and signs them to contracts?

acquisitions editors

Among magazines that target audiences by age, the most dramatic recent success has come from those aimed at ________.

adults over fifty

A cultural approach to understanding mass communication ______________.

argues that diverse audiences will interpret the same information differently

A main purpose of split-run and demographic editions of magazines is to _________.

attract more targeted advertisers and compete with television advertising.

Tim Berners- Lee developed the World Wide Web in the late 1980s by creating ________. a. a new super computer for military researchers b. a data- linking system that let computers with different operating systems talk to each other c. a massive directory of databanks d. an entirely new email system that was quickly taken up by commercial users e. an algorithm that predicted how computer users would interact

b. a data-linking system that let computers with different operating systems talk to each other

The Internet began life as a US military- government project, and one of its key goals was _____________. a. to spy on citizens b. computer time-sharing c. space travel d. military training exercises e. easier shopping

b. computer time- sharing

Our relationship to the internet has changed, often becoming a "closed" or "walked garden" experience. This refers to the way that ________. a. a media company can create content about one topic area on a variety of affiliated media properties, such as print magazines, TV shows and websites b. social media platforms and mobile apps give us a tidy, curated, controlled Web experience c. we can avoid encountering political views that are different to our own d. internet service providers control our data speeds e. we tend to get US-only Web search results

b. social media platforms and mobile apps give us a tidy, curated, controlled Web experience

Which of the following statements about women and/or minority film directors in the United States is true? a. the influence of Mary Pickford meant women enjoyed the same directing opportunities as men, even if minorities didn't b. with a few exceptions women and minority directors have received little recognition and opportunity for much of the history of movies c. minorities, as long as they were men, have for decades enjoyed the same statues as white male film directors d. both women and minorities have received the same degree of recognition in Hollywood as white male film directors e. none of the options are correct

b. with a few exceptions, women and minority directors have received little recognition and opportunity for much of the history of movies

Despite new new technologies like personal MP3 players and music online, traditional radio continues to see billions of dollars in advertising money because ______________. a. advertisers are accustomed to using radio and are slow to change b. advertisers like the music played on a particular radio station c. over 90percent of American teenagers and adults listen to the radio in a given week d. advertisers are required by law to place a percentage of their ads on the radio waves

c

Critics of targeted advertising and data mining want web sites to be required to us "opt-in" policies, which would mean _________.

sites could not collect browsing data unless users gave them explicit permission to so

Which model of the press is most often associated with todays mainstream U.S. news media?

social responsibility

What is trans-media storytelling?

telling a single study across different media formats with each segment expanding on the story

What consists in Jenkins ideal media story?

-unfolds across multiple platforms - each new "text" makes a contribution to the whole story - each medium does what it does best - each text is self-contained - reading across the various media sustains depth of experience - attracts multiple constituents

When did transmedia concept enter public dialog?

1999 with success from the Blair Witch Project

Which of the following was a contribution to the telegraph? A. The transformation of information into a commodity B. The concept of nationalism C. The rise of the middle class D. The development of the pony express

A. The transformation of information into a commodity

Which of the following is NOT a reason Life and Look magazines went out of business in the early 1970s? A. Their paid circulation had plummeted, with the magazines falling out of the Top 10 magazines in the nation B. Advertisers were shifting their money toward television C. Postage rates had increased for oversized magazines D. They had relatively small supermarket sales E. They were being sold for far less than the cost of production

A. Their paid circulation had plummeted, with the magazines falling out of the Top 10 magazines in the nation

According to the textbook, books were key to the spread of the idea of democracy and, more broadly, they "have told us things that we wanted-- and needed-- to know and inspired us to action." Which one of the following books contributed to ending slavery in the US? A. Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson B. Uncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe C. 1984, by George Orwell D. Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott

B. Uncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe

The _________ case in 1952 determined that film should be protected as a form of free speech.

Burstyn v. Wilson

Which of the following is not considered a consequence of the printing press? A. The rise of the middle class B. The concept of the nation-state C. An increased sense of community and mutual cooperation D. A decline of religious authority E. An increase in literacy rates

C. An increased sense of community and mutual cooperation

Which of the following is one of the four stages in the evolution of a new mass medium that the textbook describes? A. Invention stage B. Testing stage C. Entrepreneurial stage D. Consumer stage E. Obsolete stage

C. Entrepreneurial stage

Which of the following is the best way to characterize the transitions between the print, electronic, and digital eras? A. The exact lines between each era are clear B. As new technology was invented, the older forms of technology were rapidly discarded C. In practice, the eras overlapped as newer technologies disrupted and modified older technologies D. Changes in the eras of communication had little effect on most people

C. In practice, the eras overlapped as newer technologies disrupted and modified older technologies

Which of the following is a method large book publishers use to generate enormous revenues? A. using color illustrations to make the book more attractive B. always paying large advances in an effort to attract talented writers C. signing lucrative agreements for turning books into films D. seeking out and publishing unique books for scholars

C. signing lucrative agreements for turning books into films.

Why have TV been threatened by cable?

Cables clearer signal and ability to target niche audiences attracted viewers away from their programming

Key early developments in printing- blocking printing and movable type - first appeared in what country?

China

What is vertical integration?

Control of the production, distribution, and exhibition of a film or other cultural product by one company

Which of the following is true about the magazine Sports Illustrated? A. It is an example of a general-interest magazine B. It is never criticized for its annual swimsuit edition C. It is never credited with major investigative reporting D. It was originally aimed at well-educated, middle-class men. E. It originally promoted its content as "humanized geography."

D. It was originally aimed at well- educated, middle-class men.

Which of the following statements about the inverted pyramid style is true? A. a story this style typically begins with answering "who, what, when and where." B. It serves as a quick and efficient way to organize a news story C. It strives for a form of "objectivity" that is more likely to be accepted by people with different backgrounds and beliefs D. all of the options are correct

D. all of the options are correct

Which of the following is NOT a result of muckraking journalism in magazines around the start of the twentieth century? A. Antitrust laws for increased government oversight of business B. The creation of government oversight of food and drugs C. A progressive income tax D. The direct election of the U.S senators E. A drop in attention paid to the plight of immigrants in big cities

E. A drop of attention paid to the plight of immigrants in big cities

What factor had an effect on the dramatic growth in magazine circulation around the end of the nineteenth century? A. Cheaper postal rates B. Advances in mass-production printing C. Lower cover price D. Dramatic growth of drugstores and dime stores E. All of the options are correct

E. All of the options are correct

Which of the following developments has contributed to the overall decline in daily newspaper readership most of the last century? A. Increase in the number of working women B. The rise of radio C. Competition from television D. Greater competition from suburban weeklies E. All of the options are correct

E. All of the options are correct

Worried about the shaky financial underpinnings of print journalism, some have suggested new business models, including____________. A. having former print reporters start online newspapers B. having wealthy universities buy and support newspapers C. having wealthy internet companies expand into the news business D. having newspapers operate as nonprofits that run on tax-deductible contributions E. All of the options are correct

E. All of the options are correct

Which of the following statements about colonial American magazines is true? A. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Paul Revere, and Benjamin Franklin all had work published in these magazines B. Circulation was relatively small and typically limited to politicians, the educated, and merchant classes. C. Some magazines helped rally the colonies against British rule. D. The magazines had difficulty catching on. E. All options are correct

E. All the options are correct

In terms of ownership structure and business models, the magazine industry has the most in common with which other form of mass media? A. Book publishing B. The recording industry C. The internet D. Movies E. Cable television

E. Cable television

Which of the following statements about the relationship between magazines and the Internet is false? A. The internet was initially seen as a medium that would kill print magazines. B. Some print magazines that have folded are finding new life on the Internet. C. Online- only magazines have gained journalistic credibility. D. The internet gives magazines the ability to do things that they couldn't print. E. The internet is still widely considered to be putting the final nails into the coffin of print magazines.

E. The internet is still widely considered to be putting the final nails into the coffin of print magazines

Selling books by shipping them directly to customers is a business model that began with the internet.

False. Book clubs and mail-order services developed in the early and mid-1900's shipping books directly to customers and helping boost the industry at a time when local stores were rarer and the internet did not exist.

According to your textbook, what is the main reason that Hollywood tends to make films that belong in certain genres?

It is easier for studios to promote a film that fits into a preexisting category

Why was Edwin S. Porter's 1902 film The Life of an American Fireman important?

it was the first to use editing and close-ups as narrative-building techniques

What does the textbook chapter 2 say may be the biggest threat to the internets democratic potential?

its increasing commercialization, as fewer corporations gain more control online

ebooks caught on quickly after Amazon introduced the Kindle e-reader in 2007, but an earlier attempt by two other companies to bring digital readers to consumers in the 1990s failed, due to high costs, poor design, and a limited selection of available titles. The two companies were___________ and ___________.

RCA and Sony

The act that first emphasized that broadcasters did not own their channels but were granted licenses provided they operated in the "public interest, convenience, or necessity" was the _________________.

Radio Act of 1927

What is the Blair Witch Project?

The Blair Witch Project is a film that was successful in trans-media storytelling utilizing a website and pre- documentaries to build the story one year before the movie release date

What is Jenkins key example?

The Matrix movie trilogy. With 3 feature films, animated short films, and 2 video games, the franchise is undeniably successful with its trans-media attempt

What does the term digital divide refer to?

The ability of those who are well off economically to have access to the latest information technology, while the poor do not

The key development that allowed for the transition to the digital age was _______________________.

The ability to convert images, text, and sounds into binary code

How have direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services challenged cable?

They are able to send signals directly to small satellite dishes where the installation of cable wires hasn't been possible

Which of the following is a reason for the sharp decline in the number of foreign films released in cinemas between 1966 and 1990? a. moviegoers asked their local cinemas to stop showing foreign films b. multiplexes felt foreign films posed too strong a threat to domestic films c. multiplexes didn't want to screen foreign titles because of their small profit margins d. foreign films are too highbrow for American audiences e. none of the options are correct

c. multiplexes didn't want to screen foreign titles because of their small profit margins

The key component of the first video games was the ________, for which a patent was issued in 1948.

cathode ray tube

The creators of works such as books, music, lyrics, movies, and TV programs can sue if someone else tries to make money off their work because of _______.

copyright law

The two significant features of yellow journalism were an emphasis on crime and disasters and ________.

crusading for the common people

Which of the following statements about National Public Radio is true?a. It is fully funded by the U.S government with reliable support from the Republican Party b. It has fewer than two million listeners nationwide each week c. It is completely free of sponsorship from private businesses and corporations d. Morning Edition and All Things Considered are two of its popular programs.

d

Which of the following statements about the relationship between the radio industry and the concept of media convergence is false? a. Internet radio harkens back to the early days of radio, with its large variety of stations, and to the transistors of the fifties, with its portability. b. radio has heavily converged with things like podcasts and streaming audio. c. Internet radio only refers to existing broadcast stations that simulcast over the Web.

d

Which of the following was not one of Sylvester "Pat" Weaver's strategies for forcing advertisers to relinquish some of their power over television programming? a. the introduction of magazine shows like the Today show b. the development of television specials, such as the TV versions of Richard 3 and Peter Pan c. The development of spot ads- shorter ads to be sold to individual sponsors d. decreasing the length of television programs, allowing for fewer advertisements to go to any one sponsor e. none of the options was a strategy

d. decreasing the length of television programs, allowing for fewer advertisements to go to any one sponsor

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about television news is true? a. The launch of 24/7 cable news channels had little impact on the television news industry b. from the very start of television, networks were concerned with keeping their news departments separate from big commercial sponsors like tobacco commercial sponsors like tobacco companies c. ABC News was the first news program to be aired by a major television network d. From the 1960s into the 2000s, national polls showed local television news was typically thought of as more trustworthy than newspapers e. none of the options

d. from the 1960s into the 2000s, national polls showed local television news was typically thought of as more trustworthy than newspapers

From the early 1970s to the late 1980s, the Internet moved into the entrepreneurial stage, becoming a marketable medium. Two important factors were the introduction of microprocessors and _______________. a. the failure of TV to entertain consumers b. increased training in coding in universities c. the birth of AOL d. the development of fiber-optic cable e. none of the options are correct

d. the development of fiber- optic cable

_________ are one of the longest- running serial programs in the history of television

daytime soap operas

Radio formats usually target specific audiences according to ___________. a. age b. gender c. race or ethnicity d. income e. all the options are correct

e

U.S film viewing decreased during the late 1940s and 1950s because _________. a. television concerned the family market b. Americans were moving to the suburbs, away from downtown movie theaters c. Americans chose to spend their money on refrigerators rather than movie tickets e. all of the options are correct

e. all of the options are correct

What is a typical characteristic of independent films? a. they tent to be made on a shoestring budget b. they often need help from major studios for successful distribution c. they often rely on real-life situations and non-studio settings d. they are now easier and cheaper to make because of new digital movie cameras e. all of the options are correct

e. all of the options are correct

Which of the following is true about the ways studios generate revenue today? a. studios get paid to feature products in a movie b. studios make money by distributing movies made by independent filmmakers c. studios share box office receipts with theater operators d. studios get a cut from movie rentals and DVD and Blu- ray sales e. all of the options are correct

e. all of the options are correct

Which of the following statements about public broadcasting is true? a. It was set up in part to reach viewers that commercial networks and advertisers were less interested in b. public broadcasting hopes to increase corporate contributions with on- air promotional messages c. one of its main missions continues to be providing education children's programming d. the bulk of the funding for public broadcasting comes from viewers, listeners, and corporations. e. all of the options are correct

e. all of the options are correct

Which laws, passed in 1917 and 1918, made it a federal crime to disrupt the nations war effort?

espionage acts

In twentieth-century Supreme Court decisions, the print media and the broadcast media (radio, TV) received the same First Amendment protections. (t/f)

false

In an effort to compete with television in the 1950s, the movie studios began making ___________.

films that dealt with such social problems as alcoholism, drug abuse, and racism

With video games encompassing such a wide array of genres, the Entertainment Software Association categorizes games based on ________.

gameplay

What are some problems with trans-media storytelling?

incoherent movie sequels and its very ambitious

Although this type of work was central to the mission of popular magazines in the past, pressure to keep advertisers happy has led to a steep decline in ___________.

investigative reporting

For public figures to successfully sue for libel, they must prove "actual malice," which means the news medium

knew the statement was false but published it anyway.

Performers, writers, or producers who did not bow to pressure from people like Senator Joseph McCarthy and found themselves blacklisted as party of the communist "which-hunts" of the 1950s ________.

lost their jobs and any chance of getting hired

African American newspapers saw circulation and advertising decline during and after the 1960s for a combination of reasons, including increased competition for ad dollars with radio and TV; favorable coverage of the Civil Rights movement that led some advertisers to pull their ads; and job loss in urban areas in the 1970s and 1980s that cut into both readership and businesses' ad budgets. But ironically, the eventual success of the Civil Rights movement also caused problems for these papers, because ________________.

many of their journalists were enticed away by higher salaries offered by mainstream newspapers, which were seeking to diversify their new teams.

Correct historical order among the following major eras in journalism history

partisan journalism penny press yellow journalism objective news

More than 150 newspapers have launched paywalls--a fee charged for online access-- in recent years, hoping to bring in significant income. The textbook notes that the Nieman Journalism Lab in 2014 looked at several studies and reports about paywalls and concluded that _____________.

paywalls are NOT replacing anywhere near the income lost due to declines in print and ad revenues

Reporters who print or broadcast statements made in court are protected against libel by _________________.

qualified privilege

A way of defining premodern times might be :"I understand becuase I believe."However, the historic period of modernism took a radical step away from religious tradition and belief. Therefore, a way of defining modernism might be: "I understand because I_________."

reason

When a school or public library receives a book challenge, what is being asked to do?

remove a specific book from the library's collection

In 1965, the FCC established must-carry rules, which _________.

required cable operators to carry local TV broadcasts

When a studio engaged in block booking, it _______.

required exhibitors to book a large number of new or marginal pictures in order to get the movies they really wanted

After WW1, journalism's focus on "just the facts" and strict impartiality began to seem inadequate, given an increasingly complex world. This led to a re-exploration of the role of news analysis. Interpretive (analytical) journalism was initially slow to catch on, however. US daily newspapers did not fully embrace its use for an array of topic areas -- including science, agriculture, politics and business -- until ____________.

the 1950s, when global political became even more complex, and the new medium of television came on the scene with its own bran of interpretive reporting.

The idea of net net neutrality refers to ________.

the belief that Internet providers should be required to provide the same access to all Internet services and content.

What is the oldest mass medium?

the book

Long before digital games were developed, there were coin-operated mechanical games, the most prominent of which was __________.

the pinball machine

What has been the defining feature of public debate regarding radio as a natural resource in our democracy?

there is little public debate over the issue

According to the American Library Association, what are the limitations of trying to protect children from inappropriate material on the Internet?

there is no way to filter out illegal content but still allow access to constitutionally protected materials

The practice of recording shows and watching them later when it is more convenient is called ______________.

time shifting

The Telecommunications Act of 1996s set off an unprecedented consolidation in radio station ownership. (t/f)

true

The entertainment world increased interest in convergence which includes

using different media to expand a story: social accounts, website, movies, books all profiting same story line