FLVS AP Biology- Module 2: Cell Structure and Function

(02.01 MC) There are structures in a cell that allow organelles to capture, store, and use energy. Thylakoids, DNA, and stroma are all components found in A) chloroplasts B) mitochondria C) nucleus D) ribosomes

A) chloroplasts

(02.02 MC) Which of the following best describes circumstances that would result in a decrease in the rate at which a cell is able to eliminate wastes by diffusion? A) A decrease in the cell's size due to cellular division B) A decrease in the cell's surface area relative to its volume C) An increase in the tonicity of the cell's environment D) An increase in the number of lysosomes in the cell

B) A decrease in the cell's surface area relative to its volume

(02.04 MC) The contracting and relaxing of muscle is regulated by the amount of calcium present in the cells of muscle fibers. These cells must be able to move the calcium ions from areas with low concentrations to areas of high concentrations. What process would be necessary for this movement to occur? A) Osmosis B) Active transport C) Passive transport D) Facilitated diffusion

B) Active transport

(02.01 LC) Mitochondria are vital to cells by carrying out which of the following functions? A) Eliminating waste B) Generating ATP C) Manufacturing proteins D) Replicating DNA

B) Generating ATP

(02.08 MC) What does scientific evidence indicate to be the correct sequence of these events, from present to past, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses A) 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 B) 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 C) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 D) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

A) 5, 2, 3, 1, 4

(02.04 MC) Which of the following correctly describes some aspect of exocytosis or endocytosis? A) Exocytosis and endocytosis change the surface area of the plasma membrane. B) These two processes require the participation of mitochondria. C) The inner surface of transport vesicle that fuses with or buds from the plasma membrane is most closely related to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. D) Both processes provide a mechanism for exchanging membrane-impermeable molecules between the organelles and the cytosol.

A) Exocytosis and endocytosis change the surface area of the plasma membrane.

(02.08 MC) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) From engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria B) When a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell by secondary endosymbiosis C) From the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes D) From infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions

A) From engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

(02.08 MC) Which of the following best describes the main idea of the endosymbiotic theory? A) Modern-day mitochondria evolved from simple prokaryotic cells taken up by larger prokaryotes. B) Large prokaryotes ingested smaller eukaryotes that became modern-day chloroplasts. C) Eukaryotic cells evolved from primitive mitochondria that engulfed ancient prokaryotes. D) Ancient photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms evolved into modern ribosomes.

A) Modern-day mitochondria evolved from simple prokaryotic cells taken up by larger prokaryotes.

(02.02 MC) A spherical bacterial cell measures 1 micrometer in diameter. A spherical human epithelial cell measures 15 micrometers in diameter. Which of the following is true? A) The bacterial cell has the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio. B) The epithelial cell has the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio. C) The surface-area-to-volume ratio of the bacterial cell is extremely small. D) The surface-area-to-volume ratio of the two cells is the same.

A) The bacterial cell has the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio.

(02.03 MC) How do unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails that prevent adjacent lipids from packing tightly together. B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content that prevents adjacent lipids from packing tightly together. C) The double bonds result in shorter fatty acid tails and, therefore, thinner membranes. D) Unsaturated fatty acids are more polar than saturated fatty acids.

A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails that prevent adjacent lipids from packing tightly together.

(02.05 MC) In facilitated diffusion, what is the role of the transport proteins? A) The transport proteins allow solutes to move passively down their concentration gradient across the membrane. B) The transport proteins provide a protein site for ATP hydrolysis, which facilitates the movement of a solute across a membrane. C) The transport proteins provide energy for diffusion of the solute. D) The transport proteins provide a low-resistance channel for water molecules to cross the membrane.

A) The transport proteins allow solutes to move passively down their concentration gradient across the membrane.

(02.03 MC) The lipid composition of the membranes of different organisms can vary, depending on the organism's environmental conditions. Which of the following best describes the hydrocarbon tails in the phospholipid bilayer of organisms that thrive in extreme cold? A) They will be unsaturated to prevent packing, decreasing viscosity. B) They will be saturated to prevent packing, decreasing viscosity. C) They will be unsaturated and pack together to increase viscosity. D) They will be saturated and pack together to increase viscosity

A) They will be unsaturated to prevent packing, decreasing viscosity.

(02.03 MC) Which of the following describes the role of the cell wall? A) The cell wall provides protection for the cell and does not permit any substances into the internal environment. B) The cell wall provides protection, structural support, and helps to maintain water balance in the cell. C) The cell wall has a thin and flexible structure, similar to the plasma membrane, and allows for large molecules to enter the cell. D) The cell wall provides shape to the cell and acts as the primary permeability barrier of plant cells.

B) The cell wall provides protection, structural support, and helps to maintain water balance in the cell.

(02.01 MC) A botanist who was studying a new plant ground up some of the leaf cells, then centrifuged the mixture. The organelles became fractionated such that the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, and the organelles in the light fraction could produce ATP in the dark. What do the heavier fractions most likely contain? A) The fractions contained more centrioles. B) The heavier fractions contained more chloroplasts. C) The heavier fractions contained more mitochondria. D) The heavier fractions producing less ATP contained more lysosomes.

B) The heavier fractions contained more chloroplasts.

(02.02 MC) A protist has a surface area-to-volume ratio of 5:1. A human intestinal cell has a surface area-to-volume ratio of 2:1. Which of the following statements is true? A) The intestinal cell is more efficient at expelling wastes because it has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. B) The protist is more efficient at expelling wastes because it has a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. C) The intestinal cell is more efficient at procuring nutrients because it has a lower surface area-to-volume ratio. D) The protist is more efficient at procuring nutrients because it has a lower surface-area-to-volume ratio.

B) The protist is more efficient at expelling wastes because it has a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

(02.03 MC) The protein, lipid, and carbohydrate compositions of the cytoplasmic and extracellular sides of membranes are different from one another. Why is this the case? A) Some membrane components are synthesized outside of the cell, while others are synthesized in the cytosol. B) The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions. C) The molecular composition of the inner and outer layers of the cell membrane is determined by genes. D) Proteins only function on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, which results in asymmetry across the membrane.

B) The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.

(02.07 MC) Which of the following best describes how a channel protein moves materials across the membrane? A) They provide a carrier for specific molecules to bind to and cross the membrane via endocytosis. B) They provide a passage for specific molecules to cross the membrane via passive transport. C) They provide a tunnel for solutes to cross the membrane via active transport. D) They provide energy needed for solutes to cross the membrane via facilitated diffusion.

B) They provide a passage for specific molecules to cross the membrane via passive transport.

(02.02 MC) Which of the following is a reason for eukaryotic cells to remain small? A) To allow for a more complex intracellular structure B) To enable rapid diffusion of nutrients to the interior of the cell C) To allow adequate space for other cells of the organ D) To keep cell weight to a minimum

B) To enable rapid diffusion of nutrients to the interior of the cell

(02.01 MC) After a protein is made in the endoplasmic reticulum of an animal cell, it A) attaches to a ribosome on the ER membrane to be encoded and used in DNA replication B) is sent to the Golgi apparatus to be processed, stored, and sent to another destination C) is stored in the large central vacuole until it is needed by the cell for growth and repair D) travels to the mitochondria to be broken down and used for energy to power the cell

B) is sent to the Golgi apparatus to be processed, stored, and sent to another destination

(02.01 MC) Cyanide binds to a molecule involved in the production of ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, you can expect most of the cyanide to be found in the A) endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondria C) nucleus D) vacuoles

B) mitochondria

(02.08 MC) A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? A) Proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria. B) Proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus. C) Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. D) Enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol.

C) Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm.

(02.08 MC) Which of the following statements support(s) the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts? I. Chloroplasts have their own DNA, separate from the DNA in the nucleus. II. They contain their own ribosomes to translate and make proteins. III. They self-replicate and reproduce on their own. IV. They don't have similarities to photosynthetic prokaryotes. A) I only B) I and II only C) I,II, and III D) I, II, and IV

C) I,II, and III

(02.08 LC) Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells? A) Peroxisome B) Central vacuole C) Lysosome D) Chloroplast

C) Lysosome

(02.08 LC) Which of the following was derived from an aerobic prokaryote? A) Mitosome B) Chloroplast C) Mitochondrion D) Hydrogenosome

C) Mitochondrion

Which of the following processes includes all the others? A) Diffusion of a solute across a membrane B) Osmosis C) Passive transport D) Transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient

C) Passive transport

(02.08 MC) Why can prokaryotic population numbers be magnitudes larger than populations of multicellular eukaryotes? A) Prokaryotes have cell walls made of cellulose and short generation times. B) Prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fusion have longer generation times. C) Prokaryotes are small, lack complex structure, and have short generation periods. D) Prokaryotes are complex and reproduce by binary fusion.

C) Prokaryotes are small, lack complex structure, and have short generation periods.

(02.08 MC) Which of the following statements is a plausible description of some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? A) Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. B) In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are involved in the synthesis of secreted proteins are located outside of the cell. C) Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes may be synthesized on ribosomes that are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. D) The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes.

C) Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes may be synthesized on ribosomes that are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

(02.08 MC) Salivary glands are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of a large number of proteins used in the breakdown of foods during eating. Accordingly, the cells of salivary glands contain a relatively large amount of which organelle? A) Lysosomes B) Mitochondria C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(02.03 LC) In which state is a plant cell healthiest? A) Submerged in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell to shrink B) Submerged in a hypertonic solution, causing turgor pressure C) Submerged in a hypotonic solution, causing turgor pressure D) Submerged in an isotonic solution, causing the cell to be flaccid

C) Submerged in a hypotonic solution, causing turgor pressure

(02.06 MC) A Paramecium has an internal sucrose concentration of 0.040 M, a glucose concentration of 0.035 M, and a fructose concentration of 0.0050 M. The Paramecium is placed in an aqueous solution that has solute concentrations of 0.025 M for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Which solutes will diffuse out of the Paramecium? A) Glucose and fructose B) Sucrose and fructose C) Sucrose and glucose D) Sucrose, glucose, and fructose

C) Sucrose and glucose

(02.01 MC) Some antibiotics can harm a cell's ribosomes. Which of the following would you predict to be the most likely long-term effect of damage to ribosomes? A) Errors would be made during DNA replication, resulting in mutations and defects in the cell. B) Proteins would not be modified after being synthesized, so they would not function properly. C) The cell would not be able to create the proteins needed for important functions and growth. D) Waste products would not be broken down and disposed of properly, causing the cell to die.

C) The cell would not be able to create the proteins needed for important functions and growth.

(02.04 MC) Which factors affect the rate of osmotic movement of water? A) No factors have an effect; the rate of osmosis is constant. B) Hydrostatic pressure applied to a hypertonic solution separated from a hypotonic solution by a selectively-permeable membrane increases osmotic movement across the membrane. C) The rate of osmosis increases with increasing differences in solute concentrations between two solutions separated by a selectively-permeable membrane. D) The rate of osmosis increases with increasing number of protein channels for transport in cell membranes.

C) The rate of osmosis increases with increasing differences in solute concentrations between two solutions separated by a selectively-permeable membrane.

(02.07 LC) Which of the following best describes how cells secrete products through the use of vesicles? A) The cell allows substances contained in vesicles to diffuse across the membrane via passive transport. B) The cell uses ATP to force substances contained in vesicles out of the cell through endocytosis. C) Vesicles fuse with the lipid bilayer and allow substances to leave the cell via exocytosis. D) Vesicles pump substances against a concentration gradient through active transport.

C) Vesicles fuse with the lipid bilayer and allow substances to leave the cell via exocytosis.

(02.05 LC) Which of the following is required for the sodium-potassium pump to transport potassium ions into an animal cell? A) High intracellular concentrations of potassium B) High intracellular concentrations of sodium C) Low intracellular concentrations of potassium D) Energy from ATP

D) Energy from ATP

(02.04 MC) A cell is placed in an environment that results in the cell having an increased internal pressure. What membrane model could explain this observation? A) The phospholipid bilayer of the cell lacks transport proteins; molecules cannot pass through the membrane. B) The environment has a greater salt concentration than the cell; water passes through the membrane into the environment. C) There is cholesterol in the membrane that gives fluidity to the cell; salt passes from the cell into the environment. D) Initially, the cell's internal salt concentration is greater than the environment; water passes through the membrane into the cell.

D) Initially, the cell's internal salt concentration is greater than the environment; water passes through the membrane into the cell.

(02.01 MC) Which of the following organelles can change shape, can move quickly around the cell, and is found in both plant and animal cells? A) Cell wall B) Central vacuole C) Chloroplast D) Mitochondrion

D) Mitochondrion

(02.03 LC) Which of the following molecules would you expect to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? A) Sodium ions B) Glucose C) Starch D) Oxygen gas

D) Oxygen gas

(02.03 MC) The main components of the plasma membrane contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that give the membrane selective permeability. Which of the following is the main component that creates the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions? A) Cholesterol molecules creating membrane fluidity B) Carbohydrates for cell recognition C) Glycolipids containing hydrophobic lipid portion D) Phospholipids containing hydrophobic fatty acids tails

D) Phospholipids containing hydrophobic fatty acids tails

(02.01 LC) Which of the following best describes how the cytoskeleton and subcellular organelles interact in a cell? A) The cytoskeleton divides organelles equally during cellular division. B) The cytoskeleton helps transport materials from one organelle to another. C) The cytoskeleton protects organelles from damage caused by hydrolytic enzymes. D) The cytoskeleton provides structural support that helps hold the organelles in place.

D) The cytoskeleton provides structural support that helps hold the organelles in place.

(02.03 MC) The permeability of a biological membrane to a specific polar solute may depend on which of the following? A) The presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane B) The amount of cholesterol in the membrane C) The types of polysaccharides present in the membrane D) The types of transport proteins in the membrane

D) The types of transport proteins in the membrane

(02.03 LC) The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic, but the degree of fluidity can vary, depending on the environmental conditions the cell is exposed to. Which of the following best describes the hydrocarbon tails in the lipid bilayer of an organism that survives at high temperatures? A) They are unsaturated, preventing packing and increasing fluidity. B) They are saturated, preventing packing and increasing fluidity. C) They are unsaturated, increasing packing and decreasing fluidity. D) They are saturated, increasing packing and decreasing fluidity.

D) They are saturated, increasing packing and decreasing fluidity.

(02.04 MC) Which of the following is most likely true of a protein that co-transports glucose and sodium ions into the intestinal cells of an animal? A) Transport of glucose against its concentration gradient provide energy for uptake of sodium ions against the electrochemical gradient. B) Sodium and glucose bind to the same site on the cotransporter. C) Following transport of sodium ions into the cell, the cotransporter can also transport potassium ions out of the cell. D) Transport of sodium ions down their electrochemical gradient facilitates the transport of glucose against its concentration gradient.

D) Transport of sodium ions down their electrochemical gradient facilitates the transport of glucose against its concentration gradient.

(02.01 MC) Which of the following best describes an example of how materials are transported throughout the cell to different subcellular organelles? A) Enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum modify proteins and transfer them to the cytosol to be used by the cell. B) Lysosomes transfer enzymes to the mitochondrial matrix to be used during cellular respiration. C) Ribosomes carry genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol to undergo transcription and translation. D) Vesicles carry proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus for processing before being used by the cell.

D) Vesicles carry proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus for processing before being used by the cell.

(02.02 MC) Two cells have the same volume but significantly different surface area values due to differences in their shapes. The cell with the greater surface area is likely to A) be more spherical in shape compared to the other cell B) have a very low metabolic rate compared to the other cell C) have fewer microvilli than the other cell D) take in nutrients more rapidly than the other cell

D) take in nutrients more rapidly than the other cell