Food and Nutrition Chapter 2

Presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

Pseudoscience

Promotion of useless medical treatments

Quackery

Scientific evidence (refutes/supports) the usefulness as well as safety of taking most nonnutrient dietary supplements.

Refutes

Clinical dietetics, community nutrition, and foo service systems management are three major professional divisions for

Registered dietitian

RD

Registered dietitian

RDN

Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)

Cohort study can be _____ or _____

Retrospective, prospective

An experiment that uses whole living orgasms, such as mince, is called

An vivo experiment

Study of occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in population

Epidemiology

An _____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis (question).

Experiment

Intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of _____ research

Human

A(n) _____ correlation occurs when one variable increases and the other decreases

Inverse

Which are examples of food/drug interactions? 1) have acting as a sedative 2) bran working as a diuretic 3) ginseng increasing bleeding

1), 3)

Reports of personal experiences

Anecdotes

Homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropractic and massage therapy are all examples of

CAM therapies

Study in which individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition

Case-control study

Observational epidemiological research includes

Cohort studies, case-control studies

A type of epidemiological study where researchers observe a population and collect data over time is called a _____ study

Cohort study

Study that measures variables of a group of people over time

Cohort study

Which of the following herbal supplements are considered toxic or cancer-causing? 1) comfrey 2) kava 3) sassafras 4) echinacea

Comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, kava, lobelia, and mahuang

_____ has blood-thinning effects similar to aspirin

Garlic, vitamin E, ginseng

In the past, nutrition facts and dietary practices were often based on _____, _____, _____, or _____

Intuition, common sense, "conventional wisdom (tradition), anecdotes (reports of personal experiences)

LDN

Licensed dietitian nutritionist

A dietary supplement that contains vitamins and minerals

Multivitamin/mineral (MV/M)

NHANES stands for

National Nutrition and Health Examination Survey

Expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published

Peer review

_____ is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s.

Pellagra

Fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure

Placebo

Response to a placebo

Placebo effect

When a population's intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks increases and the percentage of overweight people in the population also increases, this is an example of a(n) _____ correlation

Positive

The Framingham Heart Study is a well-known _____ study

Prospective

1) Make observations 2) Formulate hypotheses to explain events 3) Review current scientific literature (published) 4) Design studies, perform tests, and collect data 5) Analyze data and draw conclusions based on the results 6) Share results with peers (report findings) 7) Conduct more research, the results of which may confirm or refute previous findings

Scientific method

A drug is a substance, natural or human-made, that alters body functions

T

Epidemiological studies cannot establish causation, that is, whether a practice is responsible for an effect

T

Nutrition researchers also perform control laboratory experiments on cells or other components derived from living orgasms. These studies are in vitro or "test tube" experiment

T

Personal endorsement of a product

Testimonial

Which of the following are examples of peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journals? 1) Nutrition Review 2) Journal of Nutrition 3) Men's Health, Redbook 4) Annals of Nutrition

The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1), 2), 4)

Group being studied that receives a treatment

Treatment group

A(n) _____ is a possible explanation or an observation that guides scientific research

hypotheses

Dietary supplements are also referred to as

nutraceuticals (but there is no legal definition for this term)

Variety of health care practices that are not accepted by the majority of conventional medical practitioners

Complementary and alternative medicine

_____ and _____ medicine includes a variety of health care practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians

Complementary, alternative

Group being studied that does not receive a treatment

Control group

Relationship between two variables

Correlation

Correlation can be _____ or _____

Direct (positive) Inverse (negative)

Experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's group assignment

Double-blind study

Information that is based on results of scientific studies

Evidence based

Personal characteristic or other factor that changed and can influence an outcome

Variable