Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory

Retroactive Interference

disruptive effect of never learning on the recall of old information

The feeling that one has had the same experience before is known as _____.

déjà vu

Misinformation Effect

occurs when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell-phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell-phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new cell-phone number is probably caused by:

proactive interference

It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:

reconsolidation

_____ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.

retroactive interference

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect

Repress

in psychoanalytic history, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

misinformation

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

anterogade amnesia

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the first program; he finds that details about the second program keep intruding. What has probably occurred?

retroactive interference

Source Amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined (also called source misattribution) source amnesia, along with misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Retrograde Amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from ones past

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.

anterograde

Reconsolidtion

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Anterogade Amnesia

an inability to form new memories

SQ3R Study Method

survey, question, read, retrieve, review

Déjà Vu

that eerie sense that "i've experienced this before" cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Forgetting Curve

the curve of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

The controversy regarding claims of repressed and recovered memories is BEST described as involving:

whether "repressed" memories of childhood abuse that are "recovered" using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences.

Proactive Interference

disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

repression