Foundations and Adult Health Nursing Chapter 19 - Nutritional Concepts and Related Therapies

A patient takes medication for hypertension and asks whether there is anything else he can do to help reduce his blood pressure. What is the best nursing response? A) "A low fat, low cholesterol diet with only a limited amount of simple sugars will have the greatest effect on your blood pressure." B) "A salt free diet will have the greatest effect on your blood pressure. Do not add salt in your cooking or at the table." C) "Adequate calcium and potassium intake, as well as lower sodium intake, offers some possibility of helping your blood pressure. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and low fat milk products." D) "Discontinue the use of processed foods, and buy only natural foods. That way, you will have less sodium in your diet."

C) "Adequate calcium and potassium intake, as well as lower sodium intake, offers some possibility of helping your blood pressure. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and low fat milk products."

Which patient comment indicates to the nurse that more teaching is needed for the patient experiencing dumping syndrome after gastric surgery? A) "I should eat six small meals per day." B) "I should not drink fluids with my meals." C) "I should use honey or jelly instead of butter." D) "I should lie down for 30 to 60 minutes after eating."

C) "I should use honey or jelly instead of butter."

A newly diagnosed patient type 1 diabetic is being educated about the disease and self care at discharge. Which statement, if made by the patient, indicates teaching has been effective? A) "The disease should run its course in 2 days." B) "As long as i take my insulin, i can eat whatever i want." C) "When i begin to sweat, feel nervous, or dizzy, i will eat." D) "I do not have to have insulin shots until i start to feel sick."

C) "When i begin to sweat, feel nervous, or dizzy, i will eat."

A family member is sitting at the best side of a patient on clear liquid diet. When the nurse Springsteen the lunch tray, the family member asked the nurse how to tell if an item is on a liquid diet. How should the nurse respond? A) "all soft foods are considered clear." B) "any food can qualify as clear liquid." C) "any liquid that you can see through is considered clear." D) "as long as you can't chew the liquid it qualifies as clear."

C) "any liquid that you can see through is considered clear." Foods on a clear liquid diet include any liquid that one can see through. Included or apple juice, white grape juice, fat-free broth or bouillon, plain gelatin, tea, or black coffee. When patients are on a clear liquid diet, they are usually given meals more frequently - every 2 to 3 hours. Not all foods are considered here liquids. Soft foods and foods that cannot be chewed do not qualify as liquid.

A healthy 35-year old patient wishes to lose weight because her BMI is 27. Which suggestion would be most appropriate for her? A) This BMI is too low for good health; the patient needs to supplement the diet to increase weight. B) This is an acceptable BMI, and it is best to maintain weight at this level for continued good health. C) Appropriate weight loss is possible with a healthy, reduced calorie diet and incorporating at least 30 minutes of physical activity each day. D) This BMI is elevated to the point that treatments, such as surgery are necessary.

C) Appropriate weight loss is possible with a healthy, reduced calorie diet and incorporating at least 30 minutes of physical activity each day.

A patient has been advised to increase fiber intake. Which food with the patient choose to boost fiber consumption? A) biscuits B) White bread C) Brown rice D) water

C) Brown rice Brown rice is rich in fiber and will add to the patients fiber intake. White bread contains far less fiber and nutrients than wheat bread. Hey biscuit ask Marley 1 g of fiber to the diet, and may contain transference. Water is a fluid and does not contribute to fiber intake.

A patient's urine output was found to be 25 mL/HR. On further assessment the nurse found the serum potassium level to be 6 mEq/L. Which intervention should the nurse follow while caring for the patient? A) The nurse should administer digoxin (cardoxin) as prescribed. B) The nurse should administer spironolactone (aldactone) as prescribed. C) The nurse should administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) as prescribed. D) The nurse should administer parathyroid hormone (parathatmone) as prescribed.

C) The nurse should administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) as prescribed. Vacations urine output is less than 30 mL/hr and the potassium serum level 6 mEq/L; this indicates that the patient has hyperkalemia. This is caused by reduce excretion of potassium by the kidneys. To reduce the serum potassium levels, the nurse should administer the sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) to the patient as prescribed. If the patient has hypocalcemia, then the nurse should find out whether the patient is taking digoxin (cardoxin) to prevent digoxin toxicity. Administering spironolactone (aldactone), a potassium sparing diuretic, May lead to a rise in serum potassium levels, which can aggravate the symptoms of hyperkalemia. Parathyroid hormone is prescribed in hypocalcemia to increase the absorption of calcium.

The nurse is reviewing a patient's dietary intake. Which patient behavior reflects compliance with a 2-g sodium restricted diet? A) using only the two packets of salt found on the meal tray. B) Limiting milk to one cup per day. C) avoiding use of salt in cooking. D) using salt free butter with meals.

C) avoiding use of salt in cooking.

A patient with iron deficiency anemia started taking iron supplements. What recommendation can the nurse give the patient to increase iron absorption? A) drink milk or take calcium supplements at the same time as eating iron rich foods. B) take iron supplements with coffee, tea, or red wine. C) consumed vitamin C rich foods at the same meal with iron containing foods. D) take iron supplements with a high-fiber bran cereal.

C) consume pvitamin C rich foods at the same meal with iron containing foods.

A homeless patient arrives at the emergency room via ambulance. The nursing assessment reveals leg cramps, hyporeflexia, diminished deep tendon reflexes, paresthesia, and decreased bowel sounds. Which medication should the nurse anticipate will be given? A) calcium gluconate B) Lasix (furosemide) C) potassium chloride (KCI) D) amoxicillin (clavulanic acid)

C) potassium chloride (KCI) Leg cramps, hyperreflexia, diminished deep tendon reflexes, paresthesia, and decreased bowel sounds are signs and symptoms associated with hypokalemia. Calcium gluconate is given for low calcium. Lasix is not given, because a diuretic will further deplete potassium stores. There is no indication that the patient has an infection; therefore amoxicillin is incorrect.

The difference between complete proteins and incomplete proteins are?

* complete proteins: are generally of animal origin. * incomplete proteins: are generally plant origin; include greens, lgumes, nuts, and seeds

The difference between saturated fatty acid's, unsaturated fatty acid's, and trans fatty acids is?

* Saturated fatty acids: most are animal origin and are solid at room temperature. *unsaturated fatty acid's: typically from plants and are liquid at room temperature. possible blood cholesterol lowering effect of moderate levels of intake. * Transfatty acids: found in foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.

Magnesium (Mg++) normal level is?

1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L; The majority is found in bone, muscle, and soft tissue. It is commonly distributed in foods: whole grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, lagumes, and dairy products. The major Ralph excretion is the kidneys.

Sodium (Na+) normal level is?

135 to 145 mEq/L; most abundant electrolyte in the body, it helps regulate body fluid volume/helps nerve cells in muscle cells interact.

What is tetany?

A condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of parathyroid glands and a **** sequent deficiency of calcium.

Phosphorus (HPO4-) normal level is?

2.4 to 4.1 mEq/L; phosphorus and calcium have an inverse relationship in the body; an increase in one causes a decrease in the other.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) normal level is?

22 to 24 mEq/L; it is an alkaline electrolyte who's major function is the regulation of the acid-base balance. It acts as a buffer to neutralize acids in the body to keep the body in homeostasis. The kidneys selectively regulate the amount of bicarbonate retained or excreted.

A patient planning for pregnancy has heard that some experts recommend folic acid supplements for woman of childbearing age. The patient understands the need for this recommendation by making which statement? A) "Folic acid may help prevent neural tube defects in my baby." B) "folic acid provides me with extra calories to make new cells." C) "it is impossible for me to receive adequate amounts of folic acid in my diet." D) "folic acid will help me to increase iron absorption in my diet."

A) "Folic acid may help prevent neural tube defects in my baby."

Potassium (K+) normal level is?

3.5 to 5 mEq/L; The kidneys is the main control that excretion of potassium, the main function is regulation of water and electrolyte content within the cell.

Calcium (Ca++) normal level is?

4.5 to 5.6 mEq/L (or eight. 5 to 10.2 mg/DL); vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone or necessary for absorption and utilization of calcium

How much potassium can the body absorbs at a time

500 mg

Chloride (Cl+) normal level is?

96 to 106 mEq/L; it is the chief anion in interstitial and intravascular fluid. The main route of excretion is the kidneys and it helps maintain acid-base balance in the body.

Hypokalemia is?

< 3.5 mEq/L; potassium can be depleted due to excessive G.I. losses. This can affect skeletal and cardiac function. Use of diuretics can cause it too.

Hypocalcemia

< 4.5 mEq/L Excessive loss through diarrhea, in adequate dietary intake, Surgical removal of parathyroid function, pancreatic disease, or small bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include: tingling, muscle spasms, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea.

Hyperkalemia is?

> 5 mEq/L; causes severe tissue damage, too much or too little potassium can cause cardiac arrest

Hypercalcemia

> 5.6 mEq/L; It may occur when calcium stored in the bones enters the circulation. An increase intake of calcium or vitamin D also may be a cause. Neuromuscular activity is depressed and renal calculi may develop. Signs and symptoms include: muscle weakness, and polyuria

A 40-year-old patient recently received a diagnosis of type two diabetes. He is in the hospital for test and is receiving a diabetic diet. His wife expresses concern because she notices cookies on his lunch tray. Which response best describes current recommendations for the use of concentrated sweets in the diabetic diet? A) "sugars and suites are permitted in moderation in the diabetic diet. The important thing is that the total carbohydrate content of the meal is controlled and balance with your husband's medication and nutrient needs." B) "I can understand your concern. Sugars are more rapidly absorbed and have the capacity to raise blood glucose levels more quickly than other carbohydrates. I will check with the kitchen and see if your husband received the wrong tray." C) "I am sure that if the cookies were on the mail tray, they must be allowed in the diet. They are probably very low in sugar. There is likely no need for concern." D) "sugar is used to treat hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Perhaps your husband had a low blood sugar reading before breakfast, and the dietitian sent up the cookies to give him some extra sugar on his lunch meal tray."

A) "sugars and suites are permitted in moderation in the diabetic diet. The important thing is that the total carbohydrate content of the meal is controlled and balance with your husband's medication and nutrient needs."

A teenage patient recovering from a sports injury asks the nurse, "I want to be a competitive athlete. How many grams of protein should I take?" What is an appropriate response by the nurse? A) A healthy protein intake is about 46 g 56 g of protein a day B) 10 g a day should be enough C) you should take 150 g a day for best results D) carbohydrates are more important for building muscle mass

A) A healthy protein intake is about 46 g 56 g of protein a day The average dietary reference intakes is 46 g to 56 g of protein Per day for the healthy adult. 10 g of protein a day is too low and carries a risk of protein deficiency. 150 g of protein is quite excessive and may have undesirable effects. Proteins have a greater role in building muscle mass and carbohydrates.

The body has systems that work to keep the pH in the narrow range of normal. What body systems work to keep the pH in the narrow range of normal? (Select all that apply). A) The kidneys B) The blood buffers C) The nervous system D) The respiratory system E) The gastrointestinal tract

A) The kidneys B) The blood buffers D) The respiratory system The blood buffers, respiratory systems, and kidneys are the bodies three lines of the fans are constantly working to maintain a normal pH. The G.I. and nervous systems are not a part of this process.

The primary healthcare provider has ordered on arterial blood gas (ABG) test on your patient. The pH level on the test comes back asked 7.29. Why does this result considered? A) acidic B) normal C) alkaline D) buffered

A) acidic The normal range for pH is 7.35 to 7.45. Anything above 7.45 is alkaline, anything below 7.35 is acidic.

A nurse is giving dietary advice to a patient with hypokalemia. The patient is not sure what foods to incorporate in the diet. What foods does the nurse emphasize in the patients diet for recovery? Select all that apply. A) apricots B) Orange juice C) bananas D) Salted snacks E) cantaloupe

A) apricots B) Orange juice C) bananas E) cantaloupe And hypokalemia, potassium is here in levels are dangerously low. The nurse will emphasize the intake of apricots, orange juice, bananas, and cantaloupe. This is because such fools are rich in potassium and will aid in recovery. Salted snacks are high in sodium and are usually recommend it to those with Hyponatremia. In hyponatremia sodium levels in the blood fall to unhealthy levels.

A 14-year-old trauma patient has just been started on nasogastric tube feedings. Shortly after the formula begins, the patient complains of nausea and abdominal cramps. What is the appropriate nursing action? A) check the formula rate, strength, or volume; any of this could possibly be too high. B) nothing; these are normal symptoms with tube feedings. C) stop the infusion immediately; these are symptoms of aspiration. D) stopped in fusion because they're feeding tube is emptying into the lung rather than the stomach.

A) check the formula rate, strength, or volume; any of this could possibly be too high.

Of other electrolyte disorders, which disorder is considered the most dangerous and potentially fatal? A) hyperkalemia B) Hypercalcemia C) hypernatremia D) hypermagnesemia

A) hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium and is considered the most dangerous. It can lead to serious arrhythmias of cardiac arrest. Hypernatremia causes cellular dehydration and an interruption in cellular processes, but it's not the most dangerous of the disorders listed. Hypercalcemia can depressed neuromuscular activity and need to that development of renal calculi, but it is not the most dangerous of the disorders listed. Hypermagnesemia restricts nerve and muscle activity but it's not the most dangerous with the disorders listed.

A hospitalized diabetic patient receives a dose of insulin for an elevated blood sugar level. Two hours after that ministration of the drug, the patient begins to complain of weakness, dizziness, vision disturbances, and headaches. The nurse also notices some disorientation, sweating, and a shallow breathing pattern. The nurse recognizes that the patient is experiencing which condition? A) hypoglycemia B) Hepatomegaly C) hyperglycemia D) hyperlipidemia

A) hypoglycemia Weakness, dizziness, headaches, sweating, shallow breathing pattern, nervousness, vertigo, visual disturbances, and sometimes unconsciousness or symptoms of hypoglycemia or a low blood sugar level. Hepatomegaly is an enlarged liver. Hyperglycemia is an elevated blood sugar level and manifest with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss, if Rudy order on the breath, coma, and death. Hyperlipidemia is an elevation in cholesterol levels

A medical - surgical nurse is caring for a patient with a diagnosis of renal calculi. What is essential intervention should be added to the patient care plan? A) increase daily fluid intake B) use frequent position changes C) start coughing and deep breathing D) keep the head of the bed elevated

A) increase daily fluid intake The increasing of fluids is a common dietary treatment for renal calculi or kidney stones. Additional fluid helps dilute that you were an increase his urinary output. The goal is to flush the stones out in the urine. Elevating the head of bed and coughing and deep breathing will not assist with washing the calculus or stones from the body.

Patient is admitted with a diagnosis of dehydration. Which type of intravenous fluid month the nurse expect the primary healthcare provider to prescribe to expand the bodies fluid volume grapes patient is admitted with a diagnosis of dehydration. Which type of intravenous fluid might the nurse expect the primary healthcare provider to prescribe to expand the bodies fluid volume? A) isotonic solution B) Pretonic solution C) hypotonic solution D) hypertonic solution

A) isotonic solution Isotonic solution is a solution of the same osmotic pressure that expands the bodies fluid volume without costing a fluid shifts from one compartment to another. Hypertonic solution is a solution of higher osmotic pressure the pools fluid from the cells. Hypotonic solution is a solution of lower osmotic pressure that moves fluid into the cells, causing them to enlarge. Pretonic solution is not a type of solution used to expand fluid volume.

A patient in the early stages of pregnancy is experiencing some nausea and vomiting. Which suggestions would be appropriate for the nurse to recommend? (Select all that apply) A) limit foods with strong odors, and avoid food order that bother you. B) avoid foods with high fat content. C) try consuming five or more smaller meals each day, and include a source of protein in each meal. D) trying not to let your stomach get completely empty. Eat before you are overly hungry. E) increase carbonated beverage intake.

A) limit foods with strong odors, and avoid food order that bother you. B) avoid foods with high fat content. C) try consuming five or more smaller meals each day, and include a source of protein in each meal. D) trying not to let your stomach get completely empty. Eat before you are overly hungry.

A nurse is caring for a visually impaired patient, and it is meal time. What is the best method to describe the location of the different food items on the plate to the patient? A) potatoes are at 9 o'clock, chicken is at 12 o'clock, and carrots or at 3 o'clock. B) The chicken is at the top, potatoes are on the left, and carrots are on the right. C) your plate is in front of you. You have been served chicken, potatoes, and carrots. D) because the patient is visually impaired, you would have to feed him or her; therefore, describing the location is not necessary.

A) potatoes are at 9 o'clock, chicken is at 12 o'clock, and carrots or at 3 o'clock. For a visually impaired patient you should describe the location of food items using numbers on a clock

A patient with gastrointestinal illness is having 6 to 8 watery stools a day. Which intervention should the nurse refrain from implementing, if listed on the patient's nursing care plan by mistake? A) provide three dairy snacks daily B) provide oral fluids containing glucose C) demonstrate meticulous hand hygiene D) administer antidiarrheal medication as prescribed

A) provide three dairy snacks daily The problem is diarrhea, the nurse should administer antidiarrheal medication and provide oral fluids that contain glucose. Therefore dairy products should be avoided. The nurse or teach the patient to use careful handwashing.

A patient presents with slow and shallow breathing. The patient reports haviness in the chest and difficulty breathing. What is an appropriate interpretation by the nurse? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) metabolic alkalosis

A) respiratory acidosis And respiratory acidosis, breathing becomes slow and shallow, and there is respiratory congestion or obstruction. And excessive loss of bicarbonate ions or an increase production or retention of hydrogen ions needs to metabolic acidosis. It manifest with poor circulation. In respiratory alkalosis, there is hyperventilation. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by vomiting and hypokalemia.

While completing discharge teaching for a patient with elevated cholesterol levels, the patient ask how to distinguish between an unsaturated fat and a saturated fat. Which statement is most accurate? A) saturated fats are generally from plant sources and are solid at room temperature. B) unsaturated fats have all of the hydrogen bonds full. C) saturated fats are missing hydrogen at point of unsaturation. D) unsaturated fats are generally from plant sources and are liquid at room temperature.

A) saturated fats are generally from plant sources and are solid at room temperature.

A nurse is completing a health history and physical assessment on a patient. Vital signs reveal a slightly elevated blood pressure. The patient admits to having a family history of arthritis, breast cancer, and hypertension. Based on the patient's history and blood pressure, which dietary restriction can the nurse anticipate the primary healthcare provider will implement for this patient? A) sodium B) fluoride C) selenium D) phosphorus

A) sodium Sodium, which is found in stock and processed food, is responsible for fluid and acid-base balance. And excessive amounts sodium leads to hypertension and susceptible individuals. Because of a slightly elevated blood pressure and a family history of hypertension, the patient is at risk for developing hypertension. Fluoride is related to tooth decay, selenium may be associated with cardiomyopathy, and phosphorus is an essential component of bone.

A patient with a family history of osteoporosis is taking calcium supplements to help reduce her risk of developing osteoporosis. What recommendations can be made to prevent the development of reduce calcium balance? (Select all that apply) A) taking small doses of calcium throughout the day rather than one large dose. B) choosing plenty of milk products, and avoiding excessive caffeine intake. C) consuming a high-protein diet. D) increasing potassium intake. E) consuming a diet that has moderate levels of sodium.

A) taking small doses of calcium throughout the day rather than one large dose. B) choosing plenty of milk products, and avoiding excessive caffeine intake. D) increasing potassium intake. E) consuming a diet that has moderate levels of sodium.

An obese patient arrives for a clinic appointment. The patient asked the nurse, "I am so fat, do you think that I can lose the weight?" What is the best response the nurse can give to the patient? A) with diet, exercise, and other therapies you may lose weight. B) no, when you reach a certain weight there is nothing you can do. C) yes, the way to success is to stop eating carbohydrates completely. D) ask your doctor; he or she can predict if and how much you can lose.

A) with diet, exercise, and other therapies you may lose weight. Will be Siri is the complex disorder; individualized treatment is necessary, and treatment involves a healthy diet combine with physical activity and psychological counseling. The patient may be able to lose weight with proper treatment. It is on safe for the patient to stop eating carbohydrates completely. No one can predict if and how much weight a person can lose. Telling the patient that nothing can be done is not a true statement.

What does the term antioxidant mean? What types of food contains antioxidants?

Antioxidants are man - made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. They are also available as dietary supplements. Examples of antioxidants include: Vitamin A, C, E.

A nurse is caring for a patient with obesity. The patient tells the nurse, "I drink so much water. I guess water also adds to my obesity!" What is an appropriate response by the nurse? A) "you are right. Try to reduce your water and calorie intake." B) "The more fat your body has, the less water there will be." C) "water has been reported to increase appetite." D) "fat tissue does not have any water in it."

B) "The more fat your body has, the less water there will be." The greater the amount of fat present in the body, the Lester will be the bodies percentage of water. This is because fat contains less water than other tissues. Reducing the intake of water may cause the patient to consume more calories, as water may help the patient feel full. The intake of water before him you may decrease the appetite. Fat tissue does not contain water.

On nurse has been assigned a patient with an IV infusing be a pump at 100 mL/hour. The nurse just calculating intake and output and realizes that the Apple for the patient is 275 mL of urine in a 24-hour period. What can the nurse and Fer about the patient's condition? A) A urinary tract infection is developing B) The kidneys may not be functioning properly C) The patient is experiencing fluid volume deficit D) The urinary output is appropriate for this patient

B) The kidneys may not be functioning properly To effectively eliminate waste products from the body, it is necessary for the kidneys to excrete a minimum of 30 mL/hr. Therefore in a 24 - hour period, The patient should have an output of at least 720 mL. There was no indication that a bladder infection is present. If you let volume deficit occurs if there is a large fluid output, and in this case it is below the normal 30 mL/hour. That urinary output falls below the minimum for that period of time.

The healthcare provider has recommended that a patient increase the amount of fiber in her diet to help control her blood cholesterol levels. Which guidelines are most appropriate for increasing water soluble fiber in the diet? A) choose a daily fiber supplement that contains no artificial additives and preservatives, follow the instructions on the container, and be sure to drink plenty of water. B) choose foods that are closer to their home state rather than refined or processed, including more fruits, oats, and legumes to increase soluble fiber, and drink plenty of water. C) choose more vegetables, vegetable juices, oh wait, and whole wheat products to increase soluble fiber, and drink plenty of water. D) choose more fruit juices to provide both fluid and five are, and include iron fortified breakfast cereals to enhance the absorption of fiber from the fruit juice.

B) choose foods that are closer to their home state rather than refined or processed, including more fruits, oats, and legumes to increase soluble fiber, and drink plenty of water.

A nurse is caring for a patient recently diagnosed with type two diabetes. The patient asked the nurse to tell her about the dietary changes she will need to make. Which actions are appropriate and within the scope of practice for a nurse? A) review the patient's chart, and recommend a calorie and carbohydrate intake that is based on blood glucose and lipid values. B) discuss the rationale for and the general principles of the diabetic diet with the patient, and then communicate the patient's concerns to the registered dietitian and healthcare provider. C) locate the healthcare providers diet order in the medical chart, and then obtain a pre-printed diet sheet showing the exchange list for meal planning and a menu pattern based on that prescribed calorie level. D) declined to comment on the diet because the nurse is not a trained professional in the area of nutrition, refer all questions to a registered dietitian.

B) discuss the rationale for and the general principles of the diabetic diet with the patient, and then communicate the patient's concerns to the registered dietitian and healthcare provider.

A nursing diagnosis of fluid volume deficit has been added to the nursing care plan of a patient. A prescription has been written for the patient to consume a minimum of 2000 mL of fluid daily. Which is the best approach for the nurse to use in an effort to encourage fluid intake? A) determine the patient's favorite beverage B) encourage the patient to consume the fluid C) Half family members bring soft drinks and juices D) start a peripheral intravenous line and infuse the fluid

B) encourage the patient to consume the fluid The most effective intervention would be to encourage the patient to consume the fluid. The patients resources and preferences should be considered, but most patients can be encouraged to take it in, even if their favorite beverage is not available. If the patient needs to be encouraged to increase oral intake, determine the patient's favorite beverages and incorporate them into the care plan. The family members should not be asked to bring juices and soft drinks. Starting a peripheral intravenous line requires a prescription and is not a nursing function.

The nurse determines that a hypertensive patient understands the DASH diet when the patient chooses which items from a sample menu used in dietary teaching? A) Cesar salad, breadsticks, and frozen yogurt. B) grilled chicken sandwich, strawberries, and lettuce salad. C) grilled cheese sandwich, canned pineapple, and brownie. D) chicken and vegetable stirfry, rice, and eggroll.

B) grilled chicken sandwich, strawberries, and lettuce salad.

The nurse is caring for a patient with hyperkalemia who has been prescribed polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate). What should the nurse monitor to provide effective care of and treatment to the patient? A) serum magnesium levels B) serum sodium levels C) serum calcium levels D) serum uric acid levels

B) serum sodium levels Administering polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) may lead to the increase in serum sodium levels by inhibiting renal excretion. Therefore, the nurse should monitor this your room sodium levels as part of assessment. Polystyrene sulfonate does not alter the levels of cereal magnesium in the patient. Therefore, the nurse need not monitor serum magnesium levels. Serum calcium levels are monitored when the patient is on parathyroid hormone therapy. Uric acid levels are monitored in a patient with kidney deficiency.

A patient with cancer has anorexia and weight loss. Which suggestion is most likely to help him increase intake and prevent weight loss? A) encourage the patient to eat double portions at each meal. B) suggest that the patient's snack often on high calorie foods. C) encourage the patient to eat the low-calorie foods first. D) suggest to the patient that he decrease his amount of exercise.

B) suggest that the patient's snack often on high calorie foods.

Folate (folic acid) is believed to play what role during pregnancy?

Before and during pregnancy, it may play a role in reducing the risk of neural tube defect's in the infant.

What are neural tube defects?

Birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a women even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida, and anencephaly. In spina bifida, The fetal spinal column doesn't close completely.

How do you make a protein complete?

By adding a grain

How is watered loss replenished?

By ingestion of liquids in foods and buy metabolism of food and body tissues.

A nurse is preparing to administer tube feeding to a patient. The placement of the tube is confirmed when the nurse aspirates 20 mL of gastric contents. The patient asked the nurse why the fluid is being replaced back into the tube. What should the nurse tell the patient? A) it is my preference is to return the fluid. B) would you like me to discard the fluid? C) replacing the fluid prevents an alteration in body electrolytes. D) The flu it belongs to you and should be returned to the owner.

C) replacing the fluid prevents an alteration in body electrolytes. Replacing gastric contents prevent fluid and electrolyte in balance. If the contents exceed 150 mL, the feeding may need to be withheld for an hour, started at a lower rate, or both. Returning the fluid is not based on the nurses or patients preferences. Telling the patient that the fluid should be returned to the owner is inappropriate.

Hey Hendry patient has been admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with dyspnea, tachycardia, tremors, lethargy, and disorientation. There was sorts of arterial blood gas testing showed pH 7.28, Paco2 60 mm Hg, and HCO3 22 mEq/L. What condition is suspected? A) metabolic acidosis B) metabolic alkalosis C) respiratory acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis

C) respiratory acidosis With respiratory acidosis, the pH is below 7.35, Paco2 is above 45 mm Hg, and HCO3 is normal. With respiratory alkalosis, the pH is above 7.45, Paco2 is below 35 mm Hg, and HCO3 is normal. With metabolic acidosis, The pH is below 7.35, Paco2 is normal or below 35 mm Hg, and HCO3 is below 22mEq/L. With metabolic alkalosis, the pH is above 7.45, Paco2 is normal or above 45 mm Hg, and HCO3 is above 26 mEq/L.

A patient is controlling his blood cholesterol through diet. He is familiar with four sources of saturated fat and cholesterol but is confused about transfatty acids. The nurse should explain that which group of foods contributes the most transfatty acids? A) butter, cream, fats in meats, and tropical oil such as palm and coconut oils. B) Fish oil's, nuts and seeds, and vegetable oils such as olive oil and canola oil. C) stick margarine, shortening, deep-fried restaurant food, and commercially prepared baked goods. D) liquid margarine, vegetable oil spreads, and vegetable oil such as corn, soy bean, and cottonseed.

C) stick margarine, shortening, deep-fried restaurant food, and commercially prepared baked goods.

Major minerals needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day include?

Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride

Hypophosphatemia

Can occur from my dietary insufficiency, impaired kidney function, or maldistribution of phosphate. Signs and symptoms include: muscle weakness, bone/joint pain, confusion.

A patient asks a nurse to explain what a kilo calorie it is. What is the nurses best response to these patients question? A) A kilo calorie is the small calorie. B) a kilo calorie is a nutrient in foods. C) A kilocalorie is the source of minerals. D) A kilo calorie is a measurement of energy.

D) A kilo calorie is a measurement of energy. A kilo calorie is a measurement of energy. The more kilo calories a food contains, the more energy and provides. A kilo calorie is not a small calorie, and nutrient in food, or a source of minerals.

Cholesterol is synthesize where?

Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and is found in foods of animal origin. Cholesterol provides no energy.

What happens to access dietary fat in our body?

Excess dietary fat will be stored as adipose tissue in our body.

The primary healthcare provider has requested that a patient be tested for Trousseau sign. Which action indicates the test is being performed correctly? A) The nurse asks The patient to dorsiflex the feet and notes any calf pain. B) The nurse assesses the patient's ability to balance self with eyes closed. C) The nurse tabs the side of the patients cheek and monitors for a facial twitch. D) The nurse applies and inflates a blood pressure cuff and observes for carpal spasms.

D) The nurse applies and inflates a blood pressure cuff and observes for carpal spasms. Trousseau sign is a carpal spasm induced by inflation of a blood pressure cuff on the arm. It is a sign associated with a low calcium level. The billeted to balance oneself with eyes closed is the Romberg test. Asking the patient to dorsiflex defeat and observing for calf pain assesses Homans sign. Tapping the cheek and monitoring for facial twitches is Chvostek sign.

In reviewing the laboratory reports of a patient who is on diuretic therapy, the nurse finds that the patients serum potassium level is 3 mEq/L. Which for sure the nurse include in the patients diet to restore the potassium levels? A) egg yolks B) whole grains C) potato chips D) cantaloupes

D) cantaloupes A patient who is on their rhetoric medication may have electrolyte imbalance. This can be due to excess loss of electrolytes, excess loss of fluids, and reduced renal absorption. A serum potassium level of 3 mEq/L is indicative of hypokalemia. Therefore the nurse should include food at that is rich in potassium, such as cantaloupes. Egg yolks can be given to patients with calcium deficiency as they are a good source of calcium. Whole grains contain a high amount of magnesium and therefore can be given to patients with magnesium deficiency. Potato chips can be included in the diet of the patient who has a sodium deficiency.

Which dietary recommendations should the nurse include in the discharge instructions of a client in whom coronary artery disease is diagnosed? A) limit intake of whole grains. B) limit intake of tuna. C) limit intake off soybean products. D) limit intake of egg yolks.

D) limit intake of egg yolks.

A nurse is teaching a group of students about active and passive transport. The nurse gives an example of raisins kept in water overnight. The raisins absorbs water and are large in size the next day. What kind of movement to the students identify in that example? A) Active transport B) filtration C) diffusion D) osmosis

D) osmosis In osmosis, water moves through a semi - permeable membrane from the area of last salute concentration to the area of greater concentration. This happens until the solutions are of equal concentration. This causes the raisins to get larger. Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient. Filtration is the movement of water and suspend their substances outward through a semi-permeable membrane. In diffusion, the solutes move back-and-forth across the membrane until they are even distributed throughout the available space.

The nurse is assessing a patient who is a strict vegetarian. Which complication does the nurse most likely suspect in the patient due to vegetarianism? A) increased risk of heart disease B) increased risk of type two diabetes C) reduced carbohydrate levels D) reduce Vitamin B 12 levels

D) reduce Vitamin B 12 levels Vitamin B 12 is exclusively found in animal foods, so patients who follow strict vegetarian diets often have reduce Vitamin B 12 levels. However, skimmed milk and cereal's contain some amount of vitamin B 12, but not as much as that obtain from animal foods. The fat content of Bedget Terrian food is less compared to animal food. Therefore the patient may have lower cholesterol and does a reduced risk of heart disease and type two diabetes. Vegetarians midnight have reduce carbohydrate levels as they consume all vegetarian food including cereals.

A patient with a rare titis arrives at the intensive care unit with a potassium level of 7. The nurse can conclude that which drug would most likely be prescribed to prevent complications? A) digoxin (lanoxin) B) potassium chloride (KCI) C) parathyroid hormone (parathormone) D) sodium Polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

D) sodium Polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) Treatment for strict in potassium intake giving intravenous calcium gluconate to decrease than six of high potassium on the heart, giving sodium bicarbonate or insulin in a glucose solution to shift the potassium to the cell, or giving polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) orally or rectally. Kayexalate binds with potassium to remove it via the gastrointestinal tract or feces. Digoxin is usually given to patients with cardiac malfunction's; potassium chloride is not an indicator because it will increase the potassium level more; and parathormone is given to patients with the parathyroid dysfunction or patients with a low calcium level

What veins are used for total parenteral nutrition?

Subclavian vein, superior vena cava

What foods contain phosphorus?

Dairy products, fish, meat, nuts and beans, whole grains

What foods are rich in folic acid?

Dried beans, peas, nuts, avocado, dark green vegetables: broccoli, spinach, brussels sprouts, asparagus

What type of foods are high in cholesterol level?

Eating too much saturated fat increase his cholesterol levels. This is why it is best to limit them out of foods we eat that are high in saturated fats such as: butter, ghee, hard margarines, lard, fatty meat and meat products such ass sausages, full fat cheese, milk, cream and yogurt, coconut and palm oil's and coconut cream.

What foods are good to lower cholesterol?

High fiber (oatmeal), fish (omega-3), nuts (walnuts,almonds)

How do saturated fatty acid's increase a persons risk of arthrosclerosis?

In humans, saturated fat intake increases LDL cholesterol in comparison with on nutrients except trans fats. Because saturated fat also increases high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the total cholesterol (TC) to HDL cholesterol ratio (A risk marker for CVD) is not altered.

The term insoluble means?

Incapable of being dissolved

Common dietary inadequacies in adolescence include?

Iron and calcium

Introducing solid foods too early during infancy may affect the infant how?

It may increase the risk for food allergies and choking.

Hyperchloremia

It rarely occurs but may be seen when bicarbonate levels fall

Hypochloremia

It usually occurs when sodium is lost, for example: vomiting

Fluid leaves the body through?

Kidneys, lungs, skin, and G.I. tract.

What forms of intake are there?

Liquids, which includes tube feedings and parental intake such as intravenous fluids, blood components, and TPN.

Hyponatremia is?

Low concentration of sodium in the blood, the body attempts to compensate by decreasing water excretion. Signs and symptoms include: muscle cramps, confusion, fatigue, edema, seizures. Hyponatremia < 135 mEq/L

Signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome are?

Nausea, cramping, diarrhea, sweating, heart racing, and vomiting.

What is the difference between pararental in total parental nutrition?

Parental nutrition: intravenous feedings and may be administered through peripheral veins. Total parental nutrition/TPN: administration of hypertonic solution into a large central vein. Composed of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes; fats also given as a supplement to the main formula. Indicated for the patient with a nonfunctioning or dysfunctional G.I. tract.

Which nutrients build and repair tissue?

Protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and fat

Hyperphosphatemia

Result of renal insufficiency or decreased intake of phosphate or vitamin D. Signs and symptoms include: Tetany, numbness and tingling around the mouth, and muscle spasms

Hypomagnesemia

Signs and symptoms are similar to hypocalcemia

Hypermagnesemia

Signs and symptoms include: hypotension, vasodilation

There are two types of carbohydrates what are they? Give an example.

Simple carbohydrates: * monosaccharides (example: fructose ["Fruit sugar"] glucose galactose). * dissaccharides (example: sucrose lactose). And Complex carbohydrates: Polysaccharides (example: Dextrin cellulose Pectin glycogen).

How do fluids, electrolytes and other solutes, or dissolved substances move into and out of cells?

Through passive transport: substances are moved through cell membranes. No cellular energy is required. Active transport: cellular energy is required to move substances against pressure. Diffusion: movement of particles in all directions through a solution or gas. From higher concentration to lower concentration. Example: 02 from air into bloodstream and CO2 from blood into air. Osmosis: movement of water from a lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. The flow of water will continue into the number of ions or molecules on both sides are equal. Filtration: transfer of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, no cellular energy is used. Example: the pumping action of the heart is responsible for the amount of force of the hydrostatic pressure

The purpose of lipoprotein's is?

To facilitate the transport of lipids in the bloodstream: high density (HDL-Good) and low density (LDL-lousy) lipoprotein's.

What is the role of vitamin C, D, k, B12

Vitamin C: adequate amounts are necessary for proper immune function. Vitamin D: most common dietary sources include fortified milk and milk products, and sunlight. Vitamin K: is necessary in blood clotting. Vitamin B 12: is primarily found in foods of animal origin. Pernicious anemia may result with inadequate amounts of intrinsic factor because B 12 is not absorbed.

Dumping syndrome is?

When stomach contents me empty to rapidly into the jejunum; The body reacts by sending water to the intestinal tract, thus reducing blood pressure. It may occur after surgery in which a portion or all of the stomach is removed.

Hypernatremia is?

When the body attempts to correct the imbalanced by conserving water through renal reabsorption. Causes fluid to shift from the cells to the interstitial Spaces, resulting in cellular dehydration. Signs and symptoms include: dehydration, decreased output, restless/confuse. Hypernatremia > 145 mEq/L

Which nutrients provides energy?

carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kcal/gram Fats: 9kcal/gram

The 6 classes of essential nutrients are?

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, water, vitamins

Vitamin B12 is found in?

meats as well as fish