foundations of global health Chapter 6

Why didn't people in Botswana use the clinics and medicines when they first became available? They didn't want bad news There was an extremely high stigma for HIV positive people There were extremely high levels of denial It would be an admission of their having AIDS All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are the basic ethical principles of which guideline for the ethical conduct of research on human subjects? Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Tuskegee Study

Belmont Report

Where and when did the first African national AIDS treatment program start? Botswana, 2002 South Africa, 2002 Tanzania, 2001 Kenya 2002

Botswana, 2002

How did the French Revolution contribute to human rights? Defined civil rights Explained judicial rights Defined natural rights Developed the Napoleonic Code

Defined natural rights

Who supervised the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? John F. Kennedy Martin Luther King Jr Eleanor Roosevelt Princess Diana

Eleanor Roosevelt

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic ethical principles underlying most plausible allocation proposals? Health maximization Personal responsibility Equity Equality

Equity

The Nuremberg Code was applicable to those who were mentally impaired. True or False

False

The Universal Declaration on Human Rights is sufficiently effective because it is legally binding. True or False

False

The qualities that make Botswana a strong nation also protect its people against the HIV/AIDS epidemic there. True or False

False

The mother whose story is told by the video 'Rx for Survival' depicts the challenge health providers face when people have to choose between health and social factors. This is shown by her choice to: Get herself treated for HIV Allowing her children to be tested for HIV Feed her children regularly Leave her husband

Get herself treated for HIV

Protecting the rights of people who are HIV-positive to employment, schooling, and participation in social activities Ensuring access to care Policies regarding testing Protection of confidentiality

Human rights concerns related to HIV

Which of the following is NOT a component of applying the "rights-based approach" to global health? Assess the impact of health policies, programs, and practices on human rights Take account of the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights See health and human rights as inextricably linked when considering the determinants of health and ways in which health issues may be addressed Not holding people accountable for upholding human rights during their health efforts

Not holding people accountable for upholding human rights during their health efforts

The problem with reliance on drugs is that we forget about: Prevention Treatment Daily Exercise Common Diseases

Prevention

All of the following are ethical issues that arise in research, especially in low and middle-income countries, EXCEPT: The standard of care Securing patents Post-trial benefits Ancillary care

Securing patents

A condition that is not required for clinical protocol is _______. Scientific validity Informed consent Social norm Benefit ratio

Social norm

Which statement about the Tuskegee study is false? The participants were not treated, although they had been told they were treated for "bad blood." The study lasted for 40 years. The Public Health Service allowed the participants to receive effective treatment when penicillin became widely available after World War II. The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was created following the hearings.

The Public Health Service allowed the participants to receive effective treatment when penicillin became widely available after World War II

What is the name of the approach to global health that builds on the idea that fulfillment of people's human rights is conducive to their health? The Public Health Bill of Rights The Human Entitlement Approach The Rights-Based Approach The Declaration of Individual Rights

The Rights-Based Approach

Which of the following is NOT an assessment of risks and benefits? AKA Beneficence Data based risk assessment should be made Risk to subject should be overweighed by the sum benefits to subjects and society The interest of the research should be given a priority Risk should be reduced to those necessary to achieve the research objective

The interest of the research should be given a priority

Despite many great strides in human rights up to the 1800s, human rights only applied to those in power, European colonists: True or False

True

Suspending people's rights is acceptable if the government is only suspending those aspects necessary for the government to achieve its legitimate goals. True or False

True

While many human rights are outlined and promoted through various declarations and treaties, not all statements about human rights are enforceable by law. True or False

True

Following World War II, what agency was founded "to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person"? League of Nations United Nations World Health Organization Human Rights Watch

United Nations

All of the following fall under the six conditions that a clinical research protocol must satisfy to be ethical, EXCEPT: Written consent Social value Fair subject selection Scientific validity

Written consent

What human rights violations occurred in the Tuskegee study?

autonomy (participants were not fully informed in order to make autonomous decisions), nonmaleficence (participants were harmed, because treatment was withheld after it became the treatment of choice), and justice (only African Americans were recruited).

•Who is being served? •How are they being served? •Is there respect for culture? •What's their level of participation? •Who is not being served? Why? •Is there appropriate accountability for the services?

ethical questions

How long did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study last? Six months Five years Ten years Forty years

forty years

´"Voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential" ´Human subjects should only be involved in research if it is necessary for an important social good ´Requires limits on and safeguards against risks to participant ´Hard to enforce ´Did not apply to those who were mentally impaired or to children

nuremberg code

what are the three components of the Belmont report

respect for persons beneficence justice

Where do human rights begin? Small places close to home International summits Following wars College campuses

small places close to home

A research study can fail to be socially beneficial if the study's methodology is inadequate to answer the research questions. True or False

true

´Patents exclude others from making, selling, or importing for a fixed period of time. ´Attempt to encourage research and drug development ´Less freedom now to exempt 'essential drugs' from being patented ´Between 1975-1999, 16 of 1393 compounds were for tropical disease or TB

what is Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

´Developed ethical principles to guide physicians/non-physicians conducting biomedical research on humans

what is the purpose of Helsinki Declaration