Foundations test one
Primum non nocere is a Latin phrase that means
"First, do no harm". The phrase is sometimes recorded as primum nil nocere
An ethical dilemma related to the use of technology that has gained public awareness is the issue of 1. Maintaining unresponsive patients on life support 2. Societal pressures to reduce costs 3. Increase in life expectancy 4. Computerization
1. Maintaining unresponsive patients on life support
A strategy a nurse can use to reduce the risk of malpractice suits is to 1. Carry liability insurance 2. Practice in a safe setting 3. Always document minimally 4. Breach the standard of care
2. Practice in a safe setting
The elements necessary to demonstrate malpractice are 1. Standards, delegation, failing to carry out a medical order, injury 2. Standards, consent, battery, disciplinary action 3. Duty of care, breach of duty, injury, proximate cause 4. Patient self-determination, inaccurate assessment, prudent behavior, legal authority
2. Standards, consent, battery, disciplinary action
What element in health care is most responsible for the ethical dilemma summarized in the following statement: "Is health care a right or a privilege?" 1. The use of unlicensed assistive personnel 2. The escalation of costs 3. High-tech versus high-touch nursing 4. Computerization of patient records
2. The escalation of costs
Ch 2 The early schools of nursing in the United States were most influenced by the ideas of 1. Linda Richards 2. Isabel Hampton Robb 3. Dorothea Dix 4. Florence Nightingale
4. Florence Nightingale
Ch 3 One feature that distinguishes professions from occupations is that a profession 1. Has members who are rarely motivated by altruism 2. Has practitioners who often rely on intuition or trial and error 3. Has a specialized body of knowledge that is transmitted via professional education 4. Has little control over practice ethics or standards of practice
4. Has little control over practice ethics or standards of practice
A strategy a nurse can use to prevent being named in malpractice suits is to 1. Carry malpractice insurance 2. Request supervision for all care 3. Not sign his or her name in patient records 4. Maintain good relationships with patients and families
4. Maintain good relationships with patients and families
What is the legal term used to describe when a professional fails to act as a reasonably prudent professional would under specific circumstances? 1. Tort 2. Negligence 3. Delegation 4. Malpractice
4. Malpractice
Ch 1 Nurses in private practice must have all of the following except 1. Training 2. Certification 3. Specialized education 4. More than 3 years of experience
4. More than 3 years of experience
Ch 3 An experienced nurse would demonstrate collegiality with a novice nurse by which of the following? 1. Allowing the novice plenty of independence to "get his feet wet" 2. Overlooking mistakes to avoid embarrassing the novice 3. Encouraging the novice to "opt out" of a unit-based research project so he can complete his other assignments more easily 4. Offering to serve as a mentor to the novice with mutually agreed-on goals
4. Offering to serve as a mentor to the novice with mutually agreed-on goals
19. What is the name of the document developed by the American Hospital Association in 1972 to protect the consumer? 1. Code for Nurses 2. Diagnosis-Related Groups 3. Primary Nursing Care 4. Patients' Bill of Rights
4. Patients' Bill of Rights
Which statement is the best definition of ethics? 1. A set of beliefs about the profession of nursing 2. A person's stance on issues affecting the profession 3. A moral philosophy guiding professional practice 4. The actions an individual should take
4. The actions an individual should take
Which of the statements regarding ethical decision making is true? 1. Evaluation is not a necessary component of the process. 2. Identifying one or two options is sufficient. 3. Legal cases have no bearing on ethical dilemmas. 4. The process steps are not intended to be rigid.
4. The process steps are not intended to be rigid.
Ch 1 In 2001 the average age of an RN was: 1. 25.2 years 2. 35.6 years 3. 46.8 years 4. 55.9 years
46.8 years
Nurses who are seeking guidance about professional ethical matters may turn to the 1. ANA Code for Nurses and the ICN Code of Ethics 2. Collegiate Nurses Code of Ethics and the Societal Code of Ethics 3. Nurse practice act of the state and the Baccalaureate Code for Nurses 4. Patients' Bill of Rights and the National League for Nursing Code of Ethical Behaviors
1. ANA Code for Nurses and the ICN Code of Ethics
Ch 2 The contributions of Florence Nightingale included 1. Being the first to advocate "holism" 2. Founding the St. Charles Training School for nurses in New York 3. Advocating that nursing programs be placed in universities 4. Suggesting licensure for nurses
1. Being the first to advocate "holism"
A nurse dealing with incompetent practices of colleagues is most likely to rely on the ethical principle of 1. Beneficence 2. Veracity 3. Fidelity 4. Justice
1. Beneficence beneficence [bɪˈnɛfɪsəns]. n. 1. the act of doing good; kindness.
Which statement about moral development is true? Moral development 1. Describes how a person learns to deal with moral dilemmas 2. Is directly related to one's IQ 3. Defines how a person relates to others 4. Is identical between men and women
1. Describes how a person learns to deal with moral dilemmas
The nurse forgets to give the patient a dose of antibiotic. Later in the shift, the patient goes into cardiac arrest and dies. What element is lacking to prove malpractice? 1. Duty of care 2. Breach of duty 3. Injury 4. Proximate cause
1. Duty of care :a duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others.
Ch 3 1 Which of the following is a characteristic of a profession? 1. Education takes place in colleges or universities. 2. The body of knowledge remains constant. 3. Autonomy is limited. 4. Practitioners place self above service.
1. Education takes place in colleges or universities.
Which statement about morals is correct? Morals are 1. Established rules to be used in situations where decisions about right and wrong must be made 2. More important than ethics 3. The "shoulds" of human behavior 4. The application of theories and principles to situations in health care
1. Established rules to be used in situations where decisions about right and wrong must be made
Ch 3 A nurse tells a peer, "I'm sick of being a low-paid drudge! I hate being a preceptor for new nurses, and I hate working on that unit research project. I think I'll go find a job outside of nursing." The nurse who hears this can assess that the nurse speaking is 1. Expressing ideas uncharacteristic of a professional nurse 2. Motivated by having had a bad day 3. Behaving unprofessionally 4. Unaware of his or her limitations and ability to cope effectively
1. Expressing ideas uncharacteristic of a professional nurse
Which ethical principle underlies the following statement in the code for nurses: "The nurse safeguards the client's right to privacy by judiciously protecting information of a confidential nature"? 1. Fidelity 2. Beneficence 3. Veracity 4. Autonomy
1. Fidelity Def. Faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support.
Ch 2 The emergence of professional nursing is usually attributed to the influence of 1. Florence Nightingale 2. Myra E. Levine 3. Imogene King 4. Martha Rogers
1. Florence Nightingale
The state board of nursing has the authority to 1. License nurses 2. Place nurses in jail 3. Enact statutes 4. Set payment mechanisms for nurses
1. License nurses
Ch 1 The nursing credential required to hold a position as a staff nurse in a hospital is a(n) 1. RN license 2. Baccalaureate degree 3. Master's degree 4. Diploma
1. RN license
Ch 2 The action by Florence Nightingale that helped to differentiate nursing as a profession apart from medicine was 1. The creation of separate schools of nursing 2. Advocating cleanliness and sanitation 3. Keeping hospital records and statistics 4. Requiring nurses to be of good character
1. The creation of separate schools of nursing
A model nurse practice act contains 1. The definition of nursing 2. Advance directives 3. Privileged communication 4. Standards of nursing practice
1. The definition of nursing
Civil law is concerned with 1. The protection of individual rights 2. Decision making based on the nursing process 3. Negligence and malpractice torts 4. Guilt associated with criminal behavior
1. The protection of individual rights
Criminal law applies to acts that 1. Threaten society 2. Violate civil law 3. Are known as torts 4. Protect the consumer
1. Threaten society
Ch 1 Community health nursing was formerly known as public health nursing and home health nursing. 1. True 2. False
1. True
Ch 1 Nursing salaries can vary as much as $10,000 or more from one region of the country to another. 1. True 2. False
1. True
Ch2 Civil War nurse instrumental in founding the American Red Cross 1.True 2. False
1. True
Foreign-educated nurses have as many baccalaureate and higher degrees as American nurses, or more. 1. True 2. False
1. True
Ch 2 When was the first nursing shortage in the United States recognized? 1. U.S. Civil War 2. Spanish-American War 3. World War II 4. Vietnam War
1. U.S. Civil War
A nurse injects herself with a narcotic prescribed for a patient. This is an example of 1. Unethical and illegal behavior 2. Ethical and legal behavior 3. Unethical and legal behavior 4. Ethical and illegal behavior
1. Unethical and illegal behavior
Licensure is defined as 1. Responsibility for one's own actions 2. A legal permit serving as a means to protect the public from unsafe and incompetent health care practitioners 3. A voluntary process of evaluation and credentialing that shows preset standards and criteria have been met 4. A form of credentialing in which voluntary recognition is given for knowledge and skills of nurses in specific areas of practice
2. A legal permit serving as a means to protect the public from unsafe and incompetent health care practitioners
Ch 2 In the early days of modern nursing, all of the following roles were assigned to women except 1. Healer 2. Breadwinner 3. Nurturer 4. Caregiver
2. Breadwinner
Identify the steps in ethical decision making in the proper sequence. 1. Gather data, clarify, act, identify options, decide, evaluate. 2. Clarify, gather data, identify options, decide, act, evaluate. 3. Clarify, identify options, decide, evaluate. 4. Identify options, make a decision, act, evaluate, gather data.
2. Clarify, gather data, identify options, decide, act, evaluate.
Ch 1 Which nursing practice role is Lillian Wald credited with initiating? 1. Occupational health nursing 2. Community health nursing 3. Nurse midwifery 4. Military nursing
2. Community health nursing
Ch 1 What role might a nurse working for a manufacturing company have? 1. Care of school-age children and adolescents 2. Directing an occupational health program 3. Client home care in a rural setting 4. Direct care in a long-term care setting
2. Directing an occupational health program
Ch 1 As advanced practice nursing has become more widespread, barriers to APN practice have been eliminated. 1. True 2. False
2. False
Ch 1 The educational composition of nurses in hospital settings has been shown to have no relationship to improved patient outcomes. 1. True 2. False
2. False
Ch 2 The word "nursing" has its roots in the Latin term that means to 1. Care 2. Nourish 3. Help 4. Tell the truth
2. Nourish
Ch 2 Which group is least likely to be quoted in news coverage of health care? 1. Physicians 2. Nurses 3. Government officials 4. Family members
2. Nurses
The patient has a central venous line. The RN delegates changing the sterile dressing over the line to a nursing assistant. The nursing assistant does not understand sterile technique and contaminates the dressing. An infection develops in the patient. Which of the following statements is true? 1. The nursing assistant is guilty of malpractice. 2. The nurse is ultimately responsible for acts he or she delegates. 3. The hospital cannot be held responsible for the acts of its employees. 4. No harm came to the patient, so a malpractice suit cannot be claimed.
2. The nurse is ultimately responsible for acts he or she delegates.
A nurse is being sued for battery. What does this mean? 1. The nurse put the patient in fear of bodily harm. 2. The nurse, without consent, touched the patient. 3. The nurse detained the patient against his or her will. 4. The nurse incorrectly performed an act expected of her or him.
2. The nurse, without consent, touched the patient.
Which is true of the ANA Code of Ethics? It is 1. Signed as an honor code when receiving one's license as a registered nurse 2. Divided into sections discussing nurses and people, practice, society, coworkers, and the profession 3. An implied contract between the profession and society 4. The code of ethics upheld by all health professionals
3. An implied contract between the profession and society
A nurse tells a patient, "If you do not stop shouting, I am going to give you an injection!" What can the nurse be accused of? 1. Defamation 2. Breach of confidentiality 3. Assault 4. Respondeat superior
3. Assault
Encouraging a patient to take part in planning and implementing his or her own care suggests that the nurse values the ethical principle of 1. Truth telling 2. Beneficence 3. Autonomy 4. Justice
3. Autonomy
The health care team responsible for deciding which patient will receive a donor organ is faced with an ethical problem involving 1. Veracity 2. Justice 3. Autonomy 4. Beneficence
3. Autonomy
Ch 3 Characteristics of patient-centered nurses include the following: 1. Sharing own personal problems to obtain the patient's trust 2. Avoiding raising patients' anxiety by chatting about pleasant topics before and during unpleasant procedures 3. Clarifying patients' reasons for refusing medication or treatment without becoming defensive 4. Staying inside own "comfort zone" by avoiding challenging situations
3. Clarifying patients' reasons for refusing medication or treatment without becoming defensive
Ch 2 Which movement fueled the 1972 development of the Patients' Bill of Rights? 1. Feminist movement 2. "High-tech" nursing movement 3. Consumer movement 4. Movement toward stopping excessive patient abuse
3. Consumer movement
The term used to describe a patients agreement to have coronary artery bypass surgery after the physician explains the procedure and the possible complications is 1. Statute 2. Competency 3. Informed consent 4. Standard of care
3. Informed consent
The nurse reports an error and monitors the patient, who suffers no ill effects. What element is lacking to prove malpractice? 1. Duty of care 2. Breach of duty 3. Injury 4. Standard of care
3. Injury
Which ethical principle is applied when the nurse reports poor nursing practice by a colleague? 1. Autonomy 2. Justice 3. Nonmaleficence 4. Confidentiality
3. Nonmaleficence Def. Another way to state it is that "given an existing problem, it may be better not to do something, or even to do nothing, than to risk causing more harm than good." It reminds the physician and other health care providers that they must consider the possible harm that any intervention might do. It is invoked when debating the use of an intervention that carries an obvious risk of harm but a less certain chance of benefit.
The nurse is legally obligated to the patient to 1. Provide a minimal level of competency 2. Distinguish what is right and wrong for the patient 3. Provide reasonable and prudent care 4. Have knowledge of the patients cultural beliefs
3. Provide reasonable and prudent care
When personal values conflict with professional values, the nurse must make a decision that leads to all of the following results except 1. Demonstrating accountability for care given 2. Arriving at the best outcome for the patient 3. Showing primary concern for his or her own well-being 4. Practicing within the scope of his or her knowledge
3. Showing primary concern for his or her own well-being
Ch 2 Which event did not occur during the period when medical specialization was increasingly supported by advances in technology (between 1950 and 1980)? 1. Nurses assumed responsibilities formerly carried out by physicians. 2. Certification of nurses in specialty areas was instituted. 3. Untrained hospital "nurses" were replaced with student nurses. 4. Nurse specialist and nurse practitioner roles were initiated.
3. Untrained hospital "nurses" were replaced with student nurses.
The ethical theory that it is right to maximize the greatest good for the greatest number is termed 1. Deontology 2. Fidelity 3. Utilitarianism 4. Veracity
3. Utilitarianism
Ch 3 Anna Smith, RN, is a staff nurse on a busy medical unit. She tells a friend: a. "I love the problem solving associated with being a nurse." b. "I'm planning to return to college for my master's degree." c. "I've been participating in a research study that's being conducted on my unit." d. "I feel good knowing that my care benefits my patients." Which, if any, of these remarks reflect characteristic behaviors of professional nurses? 1. None of the remarks 2. b and c only 3. a and d only 4. All of the remarks
4. All of the remarks
Which ethical principle is supported by advance directives? 1. Beneficence 2. Justice 3. Veracity 4. Autonomy
4. Autonomy
Kohlberg determined that moral development was related to all of the following except 1. Intellectual development 2. Opportunities for shared decision making 3. Being given responsibility for consequences of actions 4. Cultural background
4. Cultural background
Ch 3 Select the author of a 1910 report that provided the impetus for reform of medical education and published criteria for a profession. 1. Bixler 2. Nightingale 3. Carnegie 4. Flexner
4. Flexner
GEE WIZ INFO - Lillian Wald She persuaded the New York Board of Education to hire a nurse for the first time; not long thereafter, all schools in New York and elsewhere found it mandatory to have a nurse on duty during school hours. She persuaded President Theodore Roosevelt to create a Federal Children's Bureau to protect children from abuse, especially in the form of improper child labor. She lobbied successfully to change the divorce laws so the abandoned spouse in a marriage could receive compensation in the form of alimony. She helped form the Women's Trade Union League to protect women and prevent their having to work in "sweatshop" conditions.
NA
If the manufacturer did not take precautions (e.g., adequate product testing) to ensure safety, the duty to cause no harm would have been breached because, with due care, harm could have been prevented. The breach would be real regardless of whether or not harm was intended. This is known as what?
Nonmaleficence
Nonmaleficence is also called what?
Primum non nocere
