French CSET review questions, french cset

fabliaux

short poems of 300-400 verses that are satirical

truncation

shortening of a word (typically by removing parts of the end of the word) for the sake of simplicity/modernisation

elision

je aime= j'aime

most famous moralist writer

jean de la fontaine

Linguistic Interference

knowledge of the first language causes errors and misunderstanding in the second language

feminine ending/affixes

la sal-ade la fourch-ette la televi-sion , la pollu-tion la situa-tion la cult-ure, la nat-ure la differ-ence la philosoph-ie

merger

loss of a distinction of sound in a word

cedille

makes c sound like S

holophrastic stage

one word communication (1yr - 2 yr) learner will assign multiple meanings to one word

character

people or things involved in work

Dipthong

A vowel sound combining two tongue positions in quick succession. two adjacent vowels in one single syllable nucleus. For example: Roi, huit, oui, and pluie.

reflex

A word derived from an older form

adj

A word that modify nouns and pronouns primarily by describing a particular quality of the word

tone

Attitude a writer takes

maupassant

Boule de Suif, des contes, Bel Ami

cset.71 The costly wars, extravagant taste and colonization of this king led to the french revolution A. Louis XIV B. Louis XV C. Louis XVI D. Louis XIII

C. Louis XVI Louis XVI came to power in 1774 married to marie antoinette lavish lifestyle created hatred among ppl of paris, they revolted took bastille on july 14, 1789 Louis XVI was beheaded on the Place de la Concorde, which had been called le bien aime

Allitération

C'est la répétition d'une même consonne à des fins d'harmonie. Exemples : « Pour qui sont ces serpents qui sifflent sur vos têtes ? » - Racine, Andromaque « Un frisson d'eau sur de la mousse » - Paul Verlaine

cset.32 Richelieu ____ ministre sous deux rois A. Etait B. Eut C. Fut D. A ete

C. Fut

cset.109 Which of the following began the style of pointilisme? A. Claude Monet B. Edouard Manet C. Georges Seurat D. Auguste Renoir

C. Georges Seurat

cset.61 Select the best translation for the following You have 2 months until the night before departure to purchase the ticket A. Il y a 2 mois que tu as avant la veille d'acheter ton billet B. Pendant 2 mois, tu peux acheter ton billet avant le depart C. L'achat de billet est possible depuis jusqu'a la veille du depart D. On peut acheter un billet la veille du depart, dans 2 mois

C. L'achat de billet est possible depuis jusqu'a la veille du depart

10.iii L'enseignement de la musique a depuis longtemps été considéré comme une composante souhaitable d'une formation complète. Cependant, ces dernières années, de nombreuses recherches ont été conduites afin de déterminer l'influence positive que peut avoir l'enseignement de la musique dans des matières telles que les mathématiques. Des études ont démontré que les élèves qui apprennent la musique ont, dans tous les niveaux, de meilleurs résultats en mathématiques. La musique et les mathématiques se ressemblent sur de nombreux points. La base de la musique est le rythme, qui est lui-même fondé sur des modèles. La capacité qu'a le cerveau de reconnaître ces modèles est la clé de toute musique et une qualité essentielle en mathématiques. Certains chercheurs avancent la théorie selon laquelle l'aptitude séquentielle que l'on utilise en musique se compare à l'exercice physique. C'est une sorte d'échauffement mental qui permet au cerveau d'atteindre des objectifs plus élevés dans d'autres domaines d'apprentissage. Une étude a démontré que la relation mathématiques-musique fonctionne sous forme d'échange. Les personnes sachant lire la musique ont de meilleurs résultats en mathématiques et celles qui sont douées pour les mathématiques ont plus de facilité à lire la musique. L'étude permet de conclure que la lecture de la musique et l'apprentissage des mathématiques requièrent des aptitudes similaires. Quel rapport entre la musique et l'exercice physique est souligné par l'auteur de ce texte ? A. L'apprentissage de la musique demande les mêmes efforts que l'exercice physique. B. La relation mathématiques-musique se compare à un sport d'équipe. C. La musique est comme un exercice d'assouplissement pour le cerveau. D. Le rythme est essentiel tant dans la musique que dans l'exercice physique

C. La musique est comme un exercice d'assouplissement pour le cerveau.

cset.79 Which mountains separate France from Switzerland A. Les Alpes B. Les Pyrénées C. Le Jura D. Les Vosges

C. Le Jura

cset.54 Wha is another term referring to the leisure activity of Petanque? A. La pelote B. Le football C. Le jeu de boules D. Un jeu des cartes

C. Le jeu de boules

cset.19 Mes parents ont conduit ____ voiture en vacances A. Ses B. Son C. Leur D. Leurs

C. Leur leurs corresponds to ils only 1 voiture so leur is right

cset.87 Which of the following was a famous French film director who was also married to Candice Bergen? A. François Truffaut B. Alain Resnais C. Louis Malle D. Claude Lelouch

C. Louis Malle

10.i In which of the following regions of France is the accentuation of the last syllable of a word common practice? A. Normandy B. Alsace C. Provence D. Auvergne

C. Provence

generative grammar

Chomsky's theory where he emphasized that people share an innate and universal set of linguistic structures, which accounts for why young children can learn a new language so easily

chomsky

Chomskyan linguistics is a broad term for the principles of language and the methods of language study introduced and/or popularized by American linguist Noam Chomsky in such groundbreaking works as Syntactic Structures (1957) and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965). Also spelled Chomskian linguistics and sometimes treated as a synonym for formal linguistics. In the article "Universalism and Human Difference in Chomskyan Linguistics" (Chomskyan [R]evolutions, 2010), Christopher Hutton observes that "Chomskyan linguistics is defined by a fundamental commitment to universalism and to the existence of a shared species-wide knowledge grounded in human biology." Chomsky on Syntax "Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis." (Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971) Deep Structure and Surface Structure: Noam Chomsky's 1965 book Aspects of the Theory of Syntax developed the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation — a deep structure and a surface structure. The deep structure represents the core semantic relations of a sentence, and is mapped onto the surface structure (which follows the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via transformations. Chomsky believed there are considerable similarities between languages' deep structures and that these reveal properties, common to all languages, that surface structures conceal. However, this may not have been the central motivation for introducing deep structure; transformations had been proposed prior to the development of deep structure as a means of increasing the mathematical and descriptive power of context-free grammars. Similarly, deep structure was devised largely for technical reasons relating to early semantic theory. Chomsky emphasizes the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory: But the fundamental reason for [the] inadequacy of traditional grammars is a more technical one. Although it was well understood that linguistic processes are in some sense "creative," the technical devices for expressing a system of recursive processes were simply not available until much more recently. In fact, a real understanding of how a language can (in Humboldt's words) "make infinite use of finite means" has developed only within the last thirty years, in the course of studies in the foundations of mathematics. — Aspects of the Theory of Syntax I-Language and E-Language: In 1986, Chomsky proposed a distinction between I-language and E-language, similar but not identical to the competence/performance distinction. "I-language" refers to internal language and is contrasted with external language (or E-language). I-language is taken to be the object of study in linguistic theory; it is the mentally represented linguistic knowledge that a native speaker of a language has, and is therefore a mental object — from this perspective, most of theoretical linguistics is a branch of psychology. E-language encompasses all other notions of what a language is, for example that it is a body of knowledge or behavioural habits shared by a community. Thus, E-language is not itself a coherent concept, and Chomsky argues that such notions of language are not useful in the study of innate linguistic knowledge, i.e., competence, even though they may seem sensible and intuitive, and useful in other areas of study. Competence, he argues, can only be studied if languages are treated as mental objects

founder of france

Clovis who converted from Paganism to catholism. He is credited with uniting the Franks of modern-day France. As a leader of the Merovingian Dynasty, he greatly impacted the history of the European continent. As a ruler, Clovis established the Merovingian Dynasty. Furthermore, he established Catholicism as the major religion of Western and Central europe Although Clovis' Merovingian Dynasty only lasted for about 300 years, its impact is still felt today.

semantics

Meaning of words and sentences The branch of linguistics dealing with the objective, explicit meaning of words/phrases/sentences. Ex. According to semantics, Friday 13th is just a day after Thursday 12th and Saturday the 14th.

language acquisition device

What is the "organ" in the brain that allows children to learn language?

discourse

a set of utterances which constitute a recognizable speech event like a conversation, a joke, a sermon or an interview

Cognitive linguistics (CL)

an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from both psychology and linguistics. It describes

cset.59 Select the correct order of directions for using a telecarte in France 1. Composer votre numero 2. Introduire la carte 3. Decrocher 4. Communication 5. Attendre la tonalite A. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 B. 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 C. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 D. 3, 5, 2, 1, 4

decrocher--unhook B. 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 3. Decrocher 2. Introduire la carte 5. Attendre la tonalite 1. Composer votre numero 4. Communication

honorific

showing respect madame monsieur

La nuite porte le conseil

sleep on it

phoneme

smallest part of a spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words

after negative, regardless of gender or number du, de la, des, de l' ALL become =de

some, after negative

orthography

spelling

prothesis

the addition of a sound/letter at the beginning of words. In Spanish and French an e is often added to words that in Latin began in sch, such as escuela and escole (later: ecole) for schola. The opposite is Aphaeresis

morphology

the branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure and forms of words

text structure

the format an author uses to organize the idea he wants to convey EX. compare and contrast - "on the other hand", "conversely", "as well " history event may be written in chronological order "first", "next", "later" cause and effect statement and supports

felicity conditions

the governing conditions of Speech Act Theory; the rules that must be satisfied for an exchange to be considered successful.

louise labe

un poète femme de la Renaissance; she wrote love poetry which was scandalous at the time; she used l'objectification in her poetry on the male body

speech act

utterance of a verbal message by a speaker and what it implies about how the listener should respond

Allophone

variant production of a phoneme one of two or more variants of the same phoneme, a very slight difference in pronunciation likely only recognizable to native speakers

register

variety of language used for a particular purpose or in a particular communicative situation.

imperative, savoir

sache sachons sachez

transformational grammar

saw languages as having a shared deep structure and a variable surface structure

plot

sequence of events

jargon

field specific vocab

french phonology, z sound

A rule of French phonology dictates that when a single s is immediately preceded and immediately followed by a vowel, it is pronounced as a /z/ sound.

ddescartes

"Cogito ergo sum." A French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry. He was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution and has been described as an example of genius. La méthode cartésienne.

jules verne

"Father of Science Fiction"-He read a lot on the topic of Science and took notes. Notes would generate ideas for novels.-invented science fiction Works include- - First play - Les Paille Rompu- The Mutineers- 5 Weeks in a Balloon- The Journey to the Center of the Earth- From the Earth to the Moon- Around The World In 80 Days- used transport that was available during time period- Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Seamade accurate predictions- undersea farming- harnessing ocean to produce electricity killing off certain speciesHis trademarks:- a voyage at sea- good vs evil- struggle with nature- technical details- using real science in stories to make stories more believable- influenced by Edgar Allen Poe- distinct autobiographical characteristics

robespierre

"L'Incorruptible." Was leader of Revolution and was eventually executed. Represented the Third Estate in Les États Généraux .A French lawyer, politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he advocated against the death penalty and for the abolition of slavery, while supporting equality of rights, universal suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed war with Austria and the possibility of a coup by La Fayette. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was an important figure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794.

champlain

"The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements. He was later ordered by King Louis XIII to cease exploration in order to act as chief administrator of New France.

transformational-generative grammar

(TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is, in the study of linguistics, part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of naturally evolved

word coinage

, deriving words from names, back formations, acronyms, abbreviations and clippings

l1 development stages

1. Babbling (6mo-1yr) 2. Holophrastic (1yr -2yr) 3. 2 Word (2yr) 4. Telegraph (2yr-3yr)

L1-L2 differences

1. Fossilization - L2 stall out 2. Intuition - L2 have no intuition 3. Variability - L2 lots of different routes 4. Affects - L2 confidence, motivation, congition, family/friends contribute 5. Correction/Instruction L2 necessary/helpful

differences in learning, l1 & l2

1. Fossilization - L2 stall out 2. Intuition - L2 have no intuition 3. Variability - L2 lots of different routes 4. Affects - L2 confidence, motivation, congition, family/friends contribute 5. Correction/Instruction L2 necessary/helpful

TYPES PF CHANGES ALL LANGUAGES UNDERGO

1. phonetic changes 2. morphological changes 3. semantic changes 4. lexical changes 5. syntactic changes

christian of troyes

12th century French poet known for his Arthurian work and for beginning the character Lancelot.

Tristan et Yseut

12th century tale of romance and tragedy. Tells about the love of Tristan, and the Irish princess Iseult. It has been retold and rewritten so many times that the original author is not known. It had a substantial impact on the western idea of love and romance literature.

palsgrave

1530, 1st french grammar book but was written in english

Jacque Dubois/Sylvius

1531 grammar booik for french in france but written in LATIN

pleiade

1550s a group of poets whose aim was to break away from the moribund medieval poetry and develop classical poetry similar to that of the Italian Renaissance in their native French languageA group of seven French writers of the 16th century, led by Pierre de Ronsard, whose aim was to elevate the French language to the level of the classical tongues as a medium for literary expression. The principles of La Pléiade were authoritatively set forth by du Bellay in Défense et illustration de la langue françoise (1549), a document that advocated the enrichment of the French language by discreet imitation and borrowing from the language and literary forms of the classics and the works of the Italian Renaissance. Du Bellay also encouraged the revival of archaic French words, the incorporation of words and expressions from provincial dialects, the use of technical terms in literary contexts, the coining of new words, and the development of verse forms new to French literature.The writers of La Pléiade are considered the first representatives of French Renaissance poetry. The members of La Pléiade are sometimes charged with attempting to Latinize the French language and are criticized for inspiring the slavish imitation of the classics that occasionally occurred among their followers.Members of Le Pleiade (7)Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, Rémy Belleau, Ètienne Jodelle, Pontus de Tyard, Jean-Antoine Baïf, and the humanist scholar Jean Daurat. De Ronsard - a favourite of Charles II - was by far the pre-eminent artist of the group. Wrote sonnets in French, as opposed to the popular Latin.

classical age

17th century

roman renart

57 poemes that take place in animal scenes

langue d'oil

= Nord Francs et langue francis influence

CDG

A French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969. A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s, de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset. He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed, de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina. By the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile.

voltaire

A French writer and the primary satirist (to criticize human cruelty and society through irony and humor) of the Enlightenment, who criticized religion and leading philosophies of the time. Voltaire's numerous plays and essays frequently advocated freedom from the ploys of religion, while Candide (1759), the most notable of his works, conveyed his criticisms of optimism and superstition into a neat package. - philosopher of Enlightenment - politically charged works - imprisoned twice, spent many years in exile - hallmark of Voltaire's thinking was skepticism. He distrusted anything that couldn't be supported with firm, reasoned evidence. As a result, his writings often attacked institutions and assumptions that lacked logical authority. For example: governments, organized religion traditional economics, conventional gender roles Works include: - Oedipus (1718): first play about a king that tries to escape his fate of killing his father and marrying his mother - The Age of Louis the XIV: historical study - Letters Concerning the English Language (1733): studies English society and suggests short comings of French society - angered the French church and government, forcing the writer to flee for the next 15 years Tragic Plays: - Zaire: - Mahomet - Nanine: focus on history and the arts Poetry: - The Henriade 1723 - The Maid of Orleans - Oedipus: adaptation of Sophocles - Mariamne Short Stories - Micromégas (1752) - Plato's Dream (1756) - Candide (1759): satirical novel mocking real philosopher Leibniz in his philosopher/teacher character Pangloss. Pangloss believes bc God is good and god created the world that all in the world is good = "Folly of Optimism". Despite encountering countless traumas alongside Candide - including war, earthquake (based on Lisbon's real earthquake) Syphilis, rape and personal treason, Pangloss continues to believe all is good. Both characters end up in garden where Candide doesn't worry as much b/c he is busy planting. - Dictionnaire philosophique: an encyclopedic dictionary that embraced the concepts of Enlightenment and rejected the ideas of the Roman Catholic Church Known for: - poetry - plays - historical and philosophical works

hypernym

A broader, non-specific, 'umbrella term' that denotes a certain category.

hypernym

A broader, non-specific, 'umbrella term' that denotes a certain category.`

diachronic merger

A change in the sound of a word over time.

metaphor

A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared. A figure of speech in which a term is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance, as in "She is a rose." Excluding the possibility that the subject of this sentence is literally a flower, this example suggests that the subject possesses figurative extensions of qualities or attributes of a rose, such as exquisite beauty or perhaps a prickly disposition.

register

A form of language appropriate to a particular situation. For example, when speaking in a formal setting, an Englishspeaker may be more likely to use features of prescribed grammar than in an informal setting—such as pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choosing more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain't.

liasion

A liaison is the linking of the normally mute final consonant of one word to the initial vowel sound of the next word (including words starting with a mute H). It is done to avoid having two vowels sounds run together, thereby facilitating pronunciation of the phrase. Liaison must be made in the following two circumstances: 1 - Between articles/numbers/adjectives and nouns/adjectives Ex: Les Hommes (the "s" at the end of "les" is pronounced as a "z" sound) 2 - Between pronouns and other pronouns or between pronouns and verbs Example: Nous en avons Liaisons MAY NOT be made in the following circumstances: 1 - Before an aspirated "h" Example: Les Hamburgers 2 - After the word "et" Example: et un autre

massacre of barthelemy

A massacre of Protestants in the palace during Marguerite's marriage to Henri IV. Coligny, leader of the Huguenots, was murdered as well as hundreds of other Protestants.

roman de la rose

A medieval french poem styled as an allegorical dream vision where the "rose" is usually interpreted as representing female sexuality. First part was written by Guillaume de Lorris, and the second part was written by John de Meun. Describes the attempts of a courtier to woo his lover. Allegorical characters such as La Raison, La Génie give advice.

derivational morpheme

A morpheme added to another morpheme to create an entirely new meaning/ type of the word EX. Farm - ER

inflectional morpheme

A morpheme that indicates some grammatical property but doesn't change part of speech. A morpheme added to another morpheme to signal a grammatical change, such as possession, tense change, plural, comparison. There are 8 different inflectional morphemes.EX. Roll-ING

reign of terror

A period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), and another 25,000 in summary executions across France. Through the Revolutionary Tribunal, the Terror's leaders exercised broad dictatorial powers and used them to instigate mass executions and political purges. The repression accelerated in June and July 1794, a period called la Grande Terreur (the Great Terror), and ended in the coup of 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), leading to the Thermidorian Reaction, in which several protagonists of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre.

la gaule

A region of Western Europe encompassing present-day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and parts of Germany. Fell under Roman rule in the last 2 centuries BC. Roman rule lasted for 5 centuries until it fell to the Franks in AD 468. During this time the Celtic language/culture combined with Gallo-Roman culture.

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

DREYFUS AFFAIR

A scandal that rocked in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Alfred Dreyfus, a French artillery man was falsely convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans. He was sentenced to life in prison en Guyane. Highlighted antisemitism in France.

satire

A slippery concept that can sometimes be deeply embedded in a work's themes or narrative, and sometimes closer to the surface in the actions or behavior of characters: simply put, it is the use of irony, sarcasm, or ridicule in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice or folly. Jonathan Swift's 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels is an example in fiction. Written in the style of travel writing of its day, Gulliver's Travels also provides an example of parody, defined as "a humorous imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing."

speech act

A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of language is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication. Speech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congratulating. According to Kent Bach, "almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience". Speech acts can be analysed on three levels: John Langshaw Austin - Speech Act Theory:A locutionary act, the performance of an utterance: the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance; an illocutionary act: the pragmatic 'illocutionary force' of the utterance, thus its intended significance as a socially valid verbal action (see below);and in certain cases a further perlocutionary act: its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not (J.L. Austin 1962)

synchronic

A synchronic approach considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, usually the present.

register

A variety of language used in a specific social setting

rousseau

A writer whose philosophy influenced the French Enlightenment and French Revolution. His work "Julie, ou la Nouvelle Héloïse" was an important influence on pre-romanticism. His work "Émile" explored the idea of education for citizenship. Popular among the Jacobins. Also wrote Discours sur l'inégalité et Le Contrat social.

grapheme

A written representation of a sound using one or more letters. written/printed representation of a phoneme

cset.28 Si tu _____ des economies, tu pourrais acheter une nouvelle voiture A. Faisai B. Feras C, Faus D. Ferais

A, Faisais pourrais is in the conditional Si clause intro demands the imparfait

cset.26 On les ____ cinq minutes hier soir A. A applaudis B. Applauddissait C. Applaudirent D. Ont applaudi

A. A applaudis oasse compose because it's a fixed amount of time, 5 minutes

cset.44 Pourquoi se sont-ils ________ quand ils se sont parlé chaque jour? A. Ecrit B. Ecrite C. Ecrites D. Ecrits

A. Ecrit

cset.69 Which king of France was responsible for bringing the Renaissance to France? A. Francois I B. Louis XIII C. Louis XI D. Henri II

A. Francois I Francois Ier loved art, had italian artists reside in france like Da Vinci

cset.66 Select the appropriate translation That wouldn't have pleased anyone A. Cela n'aurait plu à personne B. Personne n'aurait plu à cela C. Cela n'aurait plu personne D. Cela personne n'aurait plu

A. Cela n'aurait plu à personne

cset.21 Which is the demonstrative A. Cette B. Le leur C. Ce que D. Celui dont

A. Cette d is a demonstrative pronouns, accompanied by relative pronoun dont

cset.112 What is an easy way to help build reading comprehension and vocab retention at the first level? A. Cognate instruction B. Flash cards C. Partner practice D. Translation

A. Cognate instruction cognates help to learn vocabulary a lot

cset.105 In the French song, Sur le Pont d'Avignon, what are the men and ladies doing? A. Ils dansent B. Ils chantent C. Ils regardent les bateaux D. Ils Racontent des histoires

A. Ils dansent -- Sur le pont d'Avignon, On y danse, on y danse, Sur le pont d'Avignon On y danse tous en rond. Les belles dames font comme ça Et puis encore comme ça. Refrain Les messieurs font comme çaEt puis encore comme ça. Refrain Les jardiniers font comm' çaEt puis encore comm' ça Les couturiers font comm' çaEt puis encore comm' çaRefrain Les vignerons font comm' çaEt puis encore comm' çaRefrain Les blanchisseus's font comm' çaEt puis encore comm' çaRefrain Les officiers font comme çaEt puis encore comm' çaRefrain Les bébés font comme çaEt puis encore...

9.i The underlined portions of the sentence below are grammatically incorrect. Select the response that corrects the errors.J'attends ce qu'elle me fera signe à son retour. A. Je m'attendais à / fasse B. J'attendais / fait C. Je m'attendais à / fait D. J'attendais / fasse

A. Je m'attendais à / fasse

cset.96 Which of the following wrote the famous "Maximes" A. Le duc de la Rouchefoucauld B. Madame de Sevigne C. La Bruyere D. Rene Descartes

A. Le duc de la Rouchefoucauld

cset.38 Sans _____ il a pris 125 euros dans mon portefeuille A. Me demander B. M'a demande C. Me demande D. Me demandait

A. Me demander Sans requires INFINITIVE sans que--Subjunctive

cset.39 Which of the following is a reciprocal verb construction? A. Nous nous sommes vus B. Ils se sont impatientes C. Vous vous en etes alles D. Ils se sont ennuyes

A. Nous nous sommes vus 3 kinds of reflexive verbs in french - true reflexive; subject and object of the verb are one and only person e.g. je me regarde - verbs that only exist in plural, eg se parler -idiomatic: reflexive just b/c they are, eg se presser, s'en aller, etc Only reciprocal is A

cset.2 Les ___________ étaient fantastiques A. Récitals B. Récitaux C. Récital D. Réciteaux

A. Récitals most nouns ending with -al in the masculine singular become -aux in the plural for recital, this isn't the case

cset.30 Bien qu'ils ___________ riches, il ne sont pas heureux A. Soient B. Sont C. Seront D. Etaient

A. Soient Bien que= subjunctive C is future D. is past, not past subjunctive which would also be correct

8.i The message conveyed by the expression "tu dis n'importe quoi" is one of: A. admonishment. B. complicity. C. ambivalence. D. confusion.

A. admonishment.

mechanisms of change

A.CHANGE IN SOUND 1. Umlaut 2. Phonemic Splits 3. Merger B. ADD/SUBTRACT WORD 1. Borrowing ex. gourmet 2. Euphemisms ex. administrative assitant, loss of secretary 3. Folk Etymology ex.hamburger becomes shrimpburger, veggieburger

comprehensible input

According to Stephen Krashen, the target language the student can understand but not yet reproduce.

How do you form a present participle in English? How do you form a present participle in French?

Add ing to the base of the verb (Swim become Swimming) Drop the ons from the nous (first person plural) form of the verb add "ant" (nageons -> nageant)

Le Roman de la Rose

Allegory of 22,000 verses; started by Guillaume of Lorris around 1236 and finished 40 years later by Jean de Meung

allonym

An allonym is the name of an existing person or historical person assumed by a writer - for example, if you choose to use R.Nixon as your webname

exonym

An exonym is any name by which one people or social group refers to another and by which the group so named does not refer to itself. When you use the word Cologne for Koeln in Germany then you are using the non-local version of a place name.

allusion

An indirect reference to a person, place, event, or artistic work. It assumes a level of familiarity on the part of the reader with the work, person, or event referenced. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, one of the con artists who claims to be an heir to the French throne makes _______________ to three of Shakespeare's plays in his jumbled rendition of Hamlet's soliloquy, which opens with the humorously botched line "To be or not to be: that is the bare bodkin."

discourse analysis

Analyzing written or spoken language. A branch of pragmatics, discourse analysis is a study of the ways in which language is used in texts and its context within a framework of social and cultural conventions

discourse analysis

Analyzing written or spoken language. Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations. When you do discourse analysis, you might focus on: The purposes and effects of different types of language The objects of discourse analysis are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk

most famous surrealist writers

Andre Breton, Guillaume Apollinaire and Paul Eluard

economy of phonetic changes

Andre martine presented principles of a theory to know the changed conditions to phonetics Blanc et blond Brin et brun Consonant that follows vowel has a weakened sound

jacobins

At its inception during the French Revolution, the term was popularly applied to all supporters of revolutionary opinions. Specifically, it was used to describe members of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary, far-left political movement that had been the most famous political club of the French Revolution.

diacritical mark

Any of various marks, as a macron or cedilla, added to a letter or symbol to indicate its pronunciation or to distinguish it in some way

cset.20 ______ hors d'oeuvre sont delicieux A. Cet B. Ces C. Cette D. Ce

B. Ces hors d'oeuvre is technically plural even though there is no s Cet would work if noun was singular C, doesn;t work because it's in feminine

5.i According to French phonological rules, which of the following sequences of letters produces a /z/ sound? A. -essi- B. -iso- C. -assa- D. -nse-

B. -iso-

cset.83 How long does France's presidential term last? A. 7 Ans B. 5 Ans C. 4 Ans D. 3 Ans

B. 5 Ans -- in 1958, CDG became the first presiden of the 5th republic; he was president for 7 years Reelected in 1965, after he lost a referendum over regionalizations in 1969 ---- After CDG was Pompidou, but he died pf cancer in 1974 -- Giscard was elected after defeating Mitterand --

cset.78 In which province is Brest located? A, Languedoc B. Bretagne C. Normandie D. Picardie

B. Bretagne

cset.16 Choose the correct placement and agreement of the adjectives Apportez des galettes! (Petit, sec) A. De petites secs galettes B. De petites galettes sèches C. De petites sèches galettes D. De petits galettes secs

B. De petites galettes sèches ---- BANGS adjectives come before the noun -Beauty/ugliness -Age -Numbers -Goodness/badness -Size All other adjectives go after the noun --- in this circumstance, petits goes first, sec will go after the noun Galettes is the feminine plural Petit--> petites sec--> sèches

cset.107 Which of the following composed au clair de la lune? A. Bizet B. Debussy C. Ravel D. Saint Saens

B. Debussy

7.iii Lisez le texte ci-dessous ; puis répondez à la question qui suit. Aux Etats-Unis, il existe des différences régionales quant au nombre d'animaux domestiques abandonnés, comme les chats et les chiens. Par exemple, certaines régions ont trois fois plus de chiens abandonnés que d'autres. Il y a plusieurs raisons possibles pour ces différences : les campagnes régionales de sensibilisation, l'argent disponible pour faire stériliser les animaux domestiques, et l'attitude générale vis-à-vis des animaux domestiques en tant que compagnons. Pourtant, il y a une bonne solution à la surpopulation des animaux domestiques. Dans les régions moins peuplées, les refuges d'animaux domestiques peuvent accueillir des animaux venant d'autres régions et les héberger jusqu'à ce qu'ils puissent être placés dans des foyers où ils seront aimés et appréciés. Laquelle des phrases suivantes décrit le mieux le point de vue de cet auteur à propos de la gestion des animaux domestiques abandonnés ? A. Il faudrait revoir la réglementation concernant l'abandon des animaux domestiques. B. Il est souhaitable de déplacer les animaux abandonnés vers des régions où leurs chances d'être adoptés sont plus favorables. C. Il faudrait faire stériliser les animaux abandonnés pour éviter la surpopulation dans les régions les plus à risques. D. Il est impératif de changer l'attitude générale des gens vis-à-vis des animaux domestiques.

B. Il est souhaitable de déplacer les animaux abandonnés vers des régions où leurs chances d'être adoptés sont plus favorables.

cset.45 To which dialect is today's French language most closely related? A. La langue d'oc B. La langue d'oil C. La langue romaine D. La Romanch

B. La langue d'oil this was the language in nothern part of france, including paris

cset.84 Which of the following allows you to do your banking and call your friends? A. La Banque Nationale de Paris B. Le Minitel C. Le TGV D. Le RER

B. Le Minitel This was introduced in the 1980s, is similar to a laptop, and allows you to get into the phones book; to make or ancel a reservtion; or to correspond with other people using the same device

cset.101 Which of the following exemplifies the sentiment of 19th century literature? A. La verite B. Le malaise C. La tradition classique D. La discipline

B. Le malaise Chateaubriand was one of the first to express this sentiment in Rene and Atala

cset.74 He was the last king to govern France A. Louis XVIII B. Louis-Philippe C. Napoleon III D. Charles X

B. Louis-Philippe Louis-Philippe--- 1830-1848 Louis XVIII --- 1815-1824 Charles X, 1824-1860 Napoleon was emperor, reign ended with battle of Sedan against Prussia, 1871

cset.11 As-tu écrit (des poèmes à ta petite amie?) Oui, je ________ ai ecrit. A. Les y B. Lui en C. L'en D. Les lui

B. Lui en ---- Direct object: des poemes--> replaced by en; poemes is replaced by an indefinite article, des indirect object: à ta petite amie--> replaced by lui

cset.17 Vos notes sont ________ que les miennes A. Meilleurs B. Meilleures C. Mieux D. Les Mieux

B. Meilleures notes, feminine plural like B. Meilleures need a comparative, not a superlative like mieux

cset.120 Which would not be appropriate for teaching and explaining culture? A. Show and tell B. Pictionary C. Movie D. Global Bingo

B. Pictionary it relies on drawing, not speaking

cset.77 In which province is Chamonix located? A. Provence B. Savoie C. Lorraine D. Languedoc

B. Savoie Chamonix is a ski resort in the Alps, in the province of Savoie

cset.119 Select the activity best suited to learning culture A. Global Bingo B. Show and tell C. Read book D. Show a movie

B. Show and tell

cset.67 Select the correct response to the following question Il ne pleut guère en été, n'est-ce pas? A. Oui, il pleut souvent B. Si, il pleut tout l'été C. Oui, il ne pleut guère D. Si, il ne pleut guère

B. Si, il pleut tout l'été When you answer a negative question, need to say si guere-hardly

7.i Expliquez-moi ________ vous parlez. A. ce à quoi B. ce dont C. à quoi D. dont

B. ce dont

4.ii Read the poem below, "Ma Bohème" (1870) by Arthur Rimbaud; then answer the two questions that follow. Je m'en allais, les poings dans mes poches crevées ; Mon paletot aussi devenait idéal ; J'allais sous le ciel, Muse ! Et j'étais ton féal ; Oh ! là là ! que d'amours splendides j'ai rêvées ! Mon unique culotte avait un large trou. - Petit-Poucet rêveur, j'égrenais dans ma course Des rimes. Mon auberge était à la Grande-Ourse. - Mes étoiles au ciel avaient un doux frou-frou Et je les écoutais, assis au bord des routes, Ces bons soirs de septembre où je sentais des gouttes De rosée à mon front, comme un vin de vigueur ; Où, rimant au milieu des ombres fantastiques, Comme des lyres, je tirais les élastiques De mes souliers blessés, un pied près de mon cœur ! --- Which of the following is a significant literary device used in this poem? A. metonymy B. enjambment C. personification D. onomatopoeia

B. enjambment enjambment: incomplete syntax at the end of a line; the meaning runs over from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation. metonymy: thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.

10.ii Which of the following factors had the greatest influence on the songs of the chansonniers of Quebec during the second half of the twentieth century? A. nostalgia for the early French era of the coureur de bois B. the quest for a francophone cultural and political identity C. the growing multicultural character of the province D. the rich folk culture surrounding the French-Canadian habitant

B. the quest for a francophone cultural and political identity

2.ii The development of classicism was influenced most by which of the following? A. the Protestant Reformation B. the reign of Louis XIV C. the French Enlightenment D. the death of Louis XVI

B. the reign of Louis XIV

french linguistics

Basic French Linguistics Alphabet French has the same 26-letter alphabet as English, although the importance of each letter varies. French also has 5 different accents: acute aigu é grave grave à, è, ù circumflex circonflexe â, ê, î, ô, û dieresis tréma ë, ï cedilla cédille ç Gender French has two genders: all nouns are either masculine or feminine. Subject Pronouns Many of the Romance languages, including Spanish and Italian, are "pro-drop," meaning that the subject pronoun can be dropped because the verb conjugation is different for each grammatical person. In other words, if a Spanish speaker says "Voy al mercado," everyone knows that s/he means "I am going to the store." In contrast, French is not a pro-drop language: subject pronouns are always required for all verb forms except the imperative. Verbs French verbs are categorized by their endings: -er, -ir, and -re. Each of these categories can be further broken down in various ways: regular vs irregular personal vs impersonal pronominal vs non-pronominal There are 11 main verb forms,* shown here for aller (to go): Simple verb forms Present je vais Imperfect j'allais Future j'irai Conditional j'irais Subjunctive que j'aille Imperative va ! Compound verb forms Passé composé je suis allé Pluperfect j'étais allé Future perfect je serai allé Conditional perfect je serais allé Past subjunctive que je sois allé *See my verb timeline for the complete list of 24 French verb forms. Compound verb forms are conjugated with one of two helping verbs. Most verbs take avoir. The ones that take être are pronominal verbs and a handful of intransitive verbs of movement

cset.63 select the response which is not a french cognate A. Blesser B. Pâlir C. Respirer D. Choquer

Blesser--means to injure

rousseau

Best know for contributions to political and moral philosophy. Mainly interested in human freedom, political authority and human nature. His ideas are thought to be instrumental in bringing about of the French Revolution. FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT - An eclectic Swiss-French thinker who brought his own approach to the Enlightenment, believing that man was at his best when unshackled by the conventions of society. Rousseau's epic THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (1762) conceived of a system of direct democracy in which all citizens contribute to an overarching "general will" that serves everyone at once. Believed citizens entered into a social contract, giving up freedoms in order for the government to protect them. The government's authority lies in the consent of the governed. He believed that humans are naturally good, but can be corrupted by society. Strong focus on peasant life His views helped shape 19th century romanticism. Known works: - The Social Contract: Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Explored relationship between individual and political authority. - Discourse on Inequality (1775): set forth his basic ideas regarding human nature in relation to political structures. Inequality stems from restrictive attempts to civilize man. - Emile or On Education: He advances ideas of an informal education approach. A young boy, Emile, learns the value of reason and virtue on his own, out in the countryside away from corruption of the city. These ideas helped to give rise to the Modern child centered theory of education.

rousseau

Best know for contributions to political and moral philosophy. Mainly interested in human freedom, political authority and human nature. His ideas are thought to be instrumental in bringing about of the French Revolution.FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT - An eclectic Swiss-French thinker who brought his own approach to the Enlightenment, believing that man was at his best when unshackled by the conventions of society. Rousseau's epic THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (1762) conceived of a system of direct democracy in which all citizens contribute to an overarching "general will" that serves everyone at once. Believed citizens entered into a social contract, giving up freedoms in order for the government to protect them. The government's authority lies in the consent of the governed.He believed that humans are naturally good, but can be corrupted by society.Strong focus on peasant lifeHis views helped shape 19th century romanticism. Known works:- The Social Contract: Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Explored relationship between individual and political authority. - Discourse on Inequality (1775): set forth his basic ideas regarding human nature in relation to political structures. Inequality stems from restrictive attempts to civilize man.- Emile or On Education: He advances ideas of an informal education approach. A young boy, Emile, learns the value of reason and virtue on his own, out in the countryside away from corruption of the city. These ideas helped to give rise to the Modern child centered theory of education.

1600s theatre

Burlesque and Satirical theatre

cset.117 Which method is best for teaching listening skills? A. Listening to French tapes B. Partner practice C. Constant use of French by teacher in classroom D. Giving dictations to students

C. Constant use of French by teacher in classroom teacher should speak french in the classroom as much as possible, including in level 1

cset.62 Select the correct translation Elle n'en a pas les moyens A. She doesn't know the way B. It didn't mean anything C. She can't afford it D. She doesn't have the ability

C. She can't afford it --- She doesn't know the way= elle ne connait pas le chemin It didn't mean anything= cela ne voulait rien dire elle n'a pas l'abilite

6.i Select the response that correctly completes the sentence below. Dès que ________ mes devoirs, je ________ à mon cousin. A. j'ai fini / téléphonais B. je finisse / téléphone C. j'aurai fini / téléphonerai D. je finissais / téléphonerais

C. j'aurai fini / téléphonerai

cset.34 Which sentence is an example of the passive voice? A. on s'amusait au bal B. Elles se sont parle a la maison C. nous etions corriges par le prof D. Je me suis regarde dans la glace

C. nous etions corriges par le prof the nous weren't doing anything, action was being done to them, hence it being passive

In the genetic classification of languages, languages are classified according to: A. geographical relationships between language populations. B. standard ordering of the basic units of speech (subject, verb, object) C. shared development from an earlier common language. D. overlapping semantic categories of words

C. shared development from an earlier common language.

example of lexical change

Change in vocab we use. Ex. "Courting" ~ "Dating" ~ "Talking"borrowing - Ex. "gourmet"folk etymology - Ex. people coined "shrimp-burger" from the accepted "hamburger"euphemism - Ex. people no longer say "stewardess" or "secretary" so those words may go away

cset.14 Il y a beaucoup de palais _______ Vienne. A. en B. Au C. à D. A la

C. à à is used with cities en is used for countries whose name ends with an E Au is for countries whose name ends with another letter

Read the poem below, "Le Chêne et le roseau" (1668) by Jean de La Fontaine; then complete the exercise that follows. Le chêne un jour dit au roseau : « Vous avez bien sujet d'accuser la nature ; Un roitelet pour vous est un pesant fardeau ; Le moindre vent qui d'aventure Fait rider la face de l'eau, Vous oblige à baisser la tête ; Cependant que mon front, au Caucase pareil, Non content d'arrêter les rayons du soleil, Brave l'effort de la tempête. Tout vous est aquilon, tout me semble zéphyr. Encor si vous naissiez à l'abri du feuillage Dont je couvre le voisinage, Vous n'auriez pas tant à souffrir : Je vous défendrais de l'orage ; Mais vous naissez le plus souvent Sur les humides bords des royaumes du vent. La nature envers vous me semble bien injuste. -Votre compassion, lui répondit l'arbuste, Part d'un bon naturel ; mais quittez ce souci : Les vents me sont moins qu'à vous redoutables ; Je plie, et ne romps pas. Vous avez jusqu'ici Contre leur coups épouvantables Résisté sans courber le dos ; Mais attendons la fin. » Comme il disait ces mots, Du bout de l'horizon accourt avec furie Le plus terrible des enfants Que le Nord eût portés jusque-là dans ses flancs. L'arbre tient bon ; le roseau plie. Le vent redouble ses efforts, Et fait si bien qu'il déracine Celui de qui la tête au ciel était voisine, Et dont les pieds touchaient à l'empire des morts. Using your knowledge of literature, write a response, in either French or English, in which you: • identify and discuss the attitude of "Le Chêne"; and • explain how the poet's use of register conveys the attitude you have identified. Be sure to give specific examples from the text to support your answer

California Subject Examinations for Teachers Test Guide 13Examples of Strong Responses to Sample Constructed-Response Questions for CSET: French Subtest II Literary and Cultural Texts and Traditions and Cultural Analysis and Comparisons Question #11 (Score Point 4 Response) In the fable "Le Chêne et le roseau," La Fontaine contrasts the attitudes of the two main characters through their use of language and register. The character of the "Chêne" displays an attitude of superiority and conceit that contrasts with the humility of the "roseau". He compares himself to mountains in terms of his size. He also sees himself as a protector of all things and is proud of his strength and power. He tells the "roseau" that his best refuge would be "...à l'abri du feuillage / Dont je couvre le voisinage, / ....Je vous défendrais de l'orage". The use of the word "couvre" in line 12 shows the sense of dominion felt by the "Chêne" as well as his feeling of self-importance in being able to protect weaker beings such as the "roseau". Like a king, the "Chêne" also feels that he is invincible. He contrasts the effect of the wind on him with its effect on the "roseau" to underline his strength and ability to withstand attacks from outside forces when he states in line 10, "Tout vous est aquilon, tout me semble zéphyr". He is ultimately unable to see his own vulnerability as a result of his attitude of superiority. La Fontaine demonstrates the contrast in attitude between the two characters through the use of register change. He employs a pompous speaking style characterized by complex poetic imagery and hyperbole to make simple concepts more important, thereby inflating his own self-importance. For example, instead of simply describing the fact that the "roseau" bows down in the wind, he states "le moindre vent...vous oblige à baisser la tête" (lines 4-6). The style of speech given by the "Chêne" is also marked by complex syntax and sentence structure that reinforces the high register and attitude of superiority. He uses long subordinated clauses that create complicated sentences that accentuate his superior attitude. For example, when the "Chêne" compares himself to the mountains, he says "Cependant que mon front, au Caucase pareil, / Non content d'arrêter les rayons de soleil, / Brave l'effort de la tempête" (lines 7-9). The elevated register of the "Chêne" is further contrasted by the simple, direct language of the "roseau", which is unaffected and more colloquial. The "roseau" places the "Chêne" on his level as a peer when he says "...attendons la fin" (line 24) and chooses instead to state his ideas simply, for example, "Je plie, et ne romps pas" (line 21).

voltaire's main literary works

Candide, Zadig, Le traite sur la tolerance

recursion

Capacity of language to embed an infinite number of elements into its grammatical structure

synctatic

Categories Nouns Verbs Adjectives

theme

Central topic a text treats. Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject".

example of semantic change

Change in meaning"wicked" used to only mean "evil", but now it is often an intensifier meaning "really"

baroque

Charles Perrault used the basic narratives of traditional folk tales and changed them into the format still popular with children today - fairy tales - In Perrault's versions, the stories were meant to not only entertain, but to teach children a moral lesson. - Known works: 'Cinderella,' 'Little Red Riding Hood,' 'Sleeping Beauty,' 'Puss in Boots,' and 'Bluebeard.' Well-known playwrights: Molière, Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine. - A particular style popular in the French theater was called comedy of manners. These farcical comedies were written to challenge the affected mannerisms and attitudes of the ruling class. - Racine's second play: Alexandre le Grande or Alexander the Great. Poetry - During this period, poetry and drama were intimately connected, as most of the scripts were actually written in verse. Racine was a poet, as was Jean de La Fontaine, who wrote children's stories similar to Perrault's fairy tales. Poetry during the 17th century in France was largely in the classical format of meter and rhyme. - Jean de La Fontaine was one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, which provided a model for subsequent fabulists across Europe and numerous alternative versions in France, and in French regional languages.

french baroque, 17th century

Charles Perrault used the basic narratives of traditional folk tales and changed them into the format still popular with children today - fairy tales- In Perrault's versions, the stories were meant to not only entertain, but to teach children a moral lesson.- Known works:'Cinderella,' 'Little Red Riding Hood,' 'Sleeping Beauty,' 'Puss in Boots,' and 'Bluebeard.'Well-known playwrights: Molière, Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine. - A particular style popular in the French theater was called comedy of manners. These farcical comedies were written to challenge the affected mannerisms and attitudes of the ruling class.- Racine's second play: Alexandre le Grande or Alexander the Great.Poetry- During this period, poetry and drama were intimately connected, as most of the scripts were actually written in verse. Racine was a poet, as was Jean de La Fontaine, who wrote children's stories similar to Perrault's fairy tales. Poetry during the 17th century in France was largely in the classical format of meter and rhyme.- Jean de La Fontaine was one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, which provided a model for subsequent fabulists across Europe and numerous alternative versions in France, and in French regional languages.

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914)

Charles Sanders Peirce (like "purse"; September 10, 1839 - April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.An innovator in mathematics, statistics, philosophy, research methodology, and various sciences, Peirce considered himself, first and foremost, a logician. He made major contributions to logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called epistemology and philosophy of science. He saw logic as the formal branch of semiotics, of which he is a founder, which foreshadowed the debate among logical positivists and proponents of philosophy of language that dominated 20th century Western philosophy; additionally, he defined the concept of abductive reasoning, as well as rigorously formulated mathematical induction and deductive reasoning. As early as 1886 he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits; the same idea was used decades later to produce digital computers. In 1934, the philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician." Webster's Biographical Dictionary said in 1943 that Peirce was "now regarded as the most original thinker and greatest logician of his time."[12] Keith Devlin similarly referred to Peirce as one of the greatest philosophers ever.

july revolution

Charles X (Bourbon) overthrown in favor of Louis-Philippe (Orléans). It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the substitution of the principle of popular sovereignty for hereditary right. Supporters of the Bourbon would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists.

latin period most famous writers

Cicero, Virgil, and Horace

symbol

Combo of form and meaning

main goal of moralist writers

Comment social life, behaviors, customs, and traditions so that people would question their own way of living

comparative linguistics

Comparative method (linguistics) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish

computational linguistics

Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational

conjugation of multilpe verb tenses

Conjugations for the different French verb tenses and moods can be divided into two categories: simple and compound. Simple tenses and moods have only one part (e.g., je vais) whereas compound tenses and moods have two (je suis allé). 1. TWO-PART CONJUGATIONS Compound tenses/moods are always made up of two parts: the conjugated auxiliary verb (either avoir or être) and the past participle. French verbs are classified by their auxiliary verb, and use it for all compound moods/tenses. That is, avoir verbs use avoir in all of the compound tenses/moods, and être verbs use être in all the compound tenses/moods. In the chart on page 1, the tense/mood in the first column is the conjugation used for the auxiliary verb of the compound tense/mood listed in the second column. For example, aller is an être verb. So the present tense of être, Il est, is the conjugation used for the passé composé of aller: Il est allé (He went). Manger is an avoir verb. The future of avoir, Nous aurons, is the conjugation for the future perfect, Nous aurons mangé (We will have eaten). 2. AGREEMENT There are two different types of agreement with compound tenses and moods, depending on whether you're dealing with être verbs or avoir verbs. Être verbs: In all compound tenses/moods, the past participle of être verbs has to agree with the subject of the sentence in gender and number. Il est allé. He went. Elle était allée. She had gone. Ils seront allés. They will have gone. ...qu'elles soient allées. ...that they went. Avoir verbs: The past participle of avoir verbs that are preceded by a direct object must agree with the direct object* Les livres que tu as commandés sont ici. The books that you ordered are here. La pomme ? Je l'aurai mangée. The apple? I will have eaten it. Mes sœurs... vous les aviez vues ? My sisters... had you seen them? *Except for verbs of perception and the causative. When the direct object follows the avoir verb, there is no agreement. As-tu commandé des livres ? Did you order some books? J'aurai mangé la pomme. I will have eaten the apple. Aviez-vous vu mes sœurs ? Had you seen my sisters? There is no agreement with indirect objects. Je leur ai parlé. I talked to them. Il nous a téléphoné. He called us.

reflecting attitudes, emotions, value judgements

Connotative meaning:

corpus linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the use of large computerized bodies of text or "corpora" for linguistic description and analysis

cset.118 Which game would be fun to practice listening skills? A. Pictionary B. Jeopardy in French C. Partner practice D. 20 Questions

D. 20 Questions student must listen very carefully to French sentences need gramatically correct answers

cset.104 Which cartoon is no longer published in French newspapers? A. Tintin B. Peanuts C. Family Circus D. Asterix

D. Asterix

cset.42 Celles-ci ne sont pas les photos que Jean a _________ A. Developpe B. Developpes C, Developpee D. Developpees

D. Developpees que is a relative prounoun ceeles-ci is feminine plural developpe has to agree with direct object pronoun

cset.80 Which river is the longest in France, along which are many chateaux? A. La Seine B. La Garonne C. La Rhone D. La Loire

D. La Loire

cset.93 Which is the 1st document written in old French ? A. Chanson de Roland B. Le Roman de Renard C. Les Miracles et Mysteres D. Les Serments de Strasbourg

D. Les Serments de Strasbourg

cset.116 Select the activity best suited to practices speaking skills A. Partner practice B. Repeat after the teacher C. Read aloud D. Listen to tape and then record separately the same selection

D. Listen to tape and then record separately the same selection recording sentences after listening to a tape helps the student compare their skills to the way the words are pronounced on the tape

cset.111 What is a fun way to assess knowledge of verb structures? A. Conjugating verbs B. Writing activities C. Play 20 questions D. Play dice-verb game with partner

D. Play dice-verb game with partner fun and effective way to learn verb structures

cset.70 Who founded the Academie Francaise? A. Louis XV B. Mazarin C. Louis XVI D. Richelieu

D. Richelieu Academie Francaise was created to protect and to recognize writers It was also created to organize French into one centralized language (France spoke many dialects at the tme) French was to be as close to Latin as possible, which the Academie had to regulate

cset.37 Apres ______, Marie a pris du cade et a mange un croissant A. S'etait habille B. S'a habille C. S'avoir habille D. S'etre habillee

D. S'etre habillee -it's the past inifinitive

cset.12 Il y a __________ marché, en particulier, près de chez moi. A. Le B. Du C. La D. Un

D. Un it's for "a" market

Je m'en allais, les poings dans mes poches crevées ; Mon paletot aussi devenait idéal ; J'allais sous le ciel, Muse ! Et j'étais ton féal ; Oh ! là là ! que d'amours splendides j'ai rêvées ! Mon unique culotte avait un large trou. - Petit-Poucet rêveur, j'égrenais dans ma course Des rimes. Mon auberge était à la Grande-Ourse. - Mes étoiles au ciel avaient un doux frou-frou Et je les écoutais, assis au bord des routes, Ces bons soirs de septembre où je sentais des gouttes De rosée à mon front, comme un vin de vigueur ; Où, rimant au milieu des ombres fantastiques, Comme des lyres, je tirais les élastiques De mes souliers blessés, un pied près de mon cœur ! -- 5.ii This poem can best be described as a celebration of: A. the love of a woman. B. the cycle of nature. C. the comforts of home. D. the joys of freedom.

D. the joys of freedom.

derivational morphology

Derivational morphology focuses on ways in which morphemes can be combined in order to form new stems or words. For example, the root noun child can combine with the adjectival morpheme -ish to become a new adjective, childish. The addition of derivational morphemes does not always change the syntactic category of a word; for example, the adjective happy can combine with the prefix un- to form a new adjective, unhappy. Understanding the principles of a language's derivational morphology aids in understanding how roots and morphemes such as these can combine to form new words.

surrealism

Dictated by thought, without censorship coming from reason and without any aesthetic or moral concerns, the act of writing is released from form and content popular in 20th century

who wrote the first encyclopedia

Diderot and D'Alembert in 1751

discourse analysis

Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations. When you do discourse analysis, you might focus on: The purposes and effects of different types of language The objects of discourse analysis are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk

ethnolinguistics

Ethnolinguistics studies language in relation to ethnic types and behaviour, especially with reference to the way social interaction proceeds.

francophone countries

Europe France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Switzerland Africa Algeria, Benin, Burkina, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo), Republic of the Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Réunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia Americas and the Caribbean Canada, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique Australia and the Pacifics French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu

diderot

FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT - A French scholar who was the primary editor of the Encyclopédie, a massive thirty-five-volume compilation of human knowledge in the arts and sciences, along with commentary from a number of Enlightenment thinkers. The Encyclopédie became a prominent symbol of the Enlightenment and helped spread the movement throughout Europe. In the 1740s, Diderot began producing his own philosophical tracts, often publishing anonymously. His first, for instance, Pensées Philosophiques, was published without an author in 1746. In it, Diderot critiqued Christianity and competing ideologies of the Enlightenment, like deism. The work was considered too controversial and was subsequently burned by the French government. Diderot also dabbled in other forms of writing, once writing a novel for his lover to back up his boast to her that writing a novel was easy. Diderot and d'Alembert became resolved to compile their own work detailing the arts, sciences, and early industry. The enormous project eventually attempted to document all human knowledge in general. Indeed, Diderot intended the project, which he titled the Encyclopedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, as a compilation of knowledge for its own sake, stating it was meant 'to further knowledge, and, by so doing, strike a resounding blow against reactionary forces in church and state.' 28 volumes of the Encyclopedia were published, all compiled, written, and worked on by Diderot.

Olympe de Gouges : déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne

FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT The 18th century social reformer and writer was one of France's first major advocates for the rights of women and other underrepresented groups. In her publications, de Gouges advocated for the rights of orphaned children, divorced and widowed mothers, and black slaves, and she advocated for making both divorce and maternity hospitals more accessible to women.While Olympe de Gouges supported a government that represented the will of the people and their rights, she also supported the monarchy and opposed the violent faction of revolutionaries that had taken control of Paris. As a result, she was arrested by this faction, and in 1793 was publicly executed by guillotine on a large scaffolding in the center of Paris. Known works:Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen: De Gouges wrote this in 1791, in the middle of the violent French Revolution, right after the revolutionaries had published their demands for fair rights to all male citizens called the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'. De Gouges argued that the full rights of citizenship should be granted to French women as well, and added that illegitimate children should be legally recognized in terms of inheritance and rights.

Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (French: 26 November 1857 - 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major founders (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology. One of his translators, Roy Harris, summarized Saussure's contribution to linguistics and the study of "the whole range of human sciences. It is particularly marked in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, sociology and anthropology." Although they have undergone extension and critique over time, the dimensions of organization introduced by Saussure continue to inform contemporary approaches to the phenomenon of language. Prague school linguist Jan Mukařovský writes that Saussure's "discovery of the internal structure of the linguistic sign differentiated the sign both from mere acoustic 'things'... and from mental processes", and that in this development "new roads were thereby opened not only for linguistics, but also, in the future, for the theory of literature". Ruqaiya Hasan argues that "the impact of Saussure's theory of the linguistic sign has been such that modern linguists and their theories have since been positioned by reference to him: they are known as pre-Saussurean, Saussurean, anti-Saussurean, post-Saussurean, or non-Saussure".

how was english language influenced by french

Following the Norman Conquest of Britain in 1066, French began to influence English. French became the language of government and "high society", while English remained the language of the people. The reason why meat is called a different word from the animal it derived is because it was killed by English servants and served to French. Animal name was English, meat name was French.

forensic linguistics

Forensic linguistics. It is a branch of applied linguistics. There are principally three areas of application for linguists working in forensic contexts: understanding

french syntax

French adjectives often follow subject Possessive adjectives agree with nouns they qualify french articles have gender/number and are often present

courtly literature

French epics and romances from the Middle-Age

future tense

French morphology requires the tense of two or more verbs in a sentence to agree by following the logic of temporal order. The expression "dès que" indicates a future action that will happen prior to the subsequent action in the sequence. The first verb in this sentence is therefore in the future anterior tense and the second verb is in the future tense.

cesar

French sculptor. Nouveau Réalisme movement. Used welded metal and junk metal and created fantastical sculptures.

classical french

French was affirmed over latin Characteristic of "new" form of language was developed in the works of this period Famous authors during this time Marguerite de navarre; 1492-1549; Heptameron Francois Rabelais, 1495-1553; pantagruel, gargantua Clement marot; 1496-1544, epitres, eppigrammes Blaise du Montluc, 1502-1572, commentaires Jean calvin, 1509-1564, christian institution Joachim du Bellay, 1522-1560, defense and illustration of the french language, regrets Pierre de ronsard, 1524-1585, odes, loves of marie, loves of helene Louise Labbe, 1526-1566, legies, sonnets Remy bellau, 1528-1577, les bergeries Michel de montaigne, 1533-1592, essais Jean-antoine du Baif, 1532-1589, love of Meline Robert Garnier, 1534-1590, antigone, bradamantes, les juives Abbe de Brantome, 1540-1614, life of illustrious women Guillaume de bartas, 1544-1590 the creation of the world Pierre de l'estoile, 1546-1611, Journal

courtly literature

French; described the ideal of chivalry in ballads; favorite theme was the cycle of Arthurian legends

bronze age

From 3300 Bc to 1200 BC

roman empire rule over western europe

From 3rd century BC to 476 AD

renaissance period

From the end of the 15th century to the early 17th century

grammar

Grammar is a language system, a set of principles (rules) that underlie a language. Mental Grammar - the knowledge of language that allows a person to produce and understand utterances. Grammar can be described as having different parts or subfields: • phonetics • phonology • morphology • syntax • semantics • pragmatics

flaubert

Gustave Flaubert was at the height of his writing career during the mid-19th century. As a novelist, he excelled in literary realism and is considered one of the most powerful realist novel writers in the history of France. Madame Bovary was his first novel and it garnered him a great deal of attention. Scholars purport that Flaubert created characters that were as real as is possible; his words were effectively exact and his characterizations were incredibly life-like. Madame Bovary is a masterpiece in its own right and serves as the perfect example of literary realism. As Flaubert's first novel, it was published in 1856. The plot is about Emma Bovary, a young wife who engages in affairs and lives beyond her means as a way to ignore her boring life. When the novel first came out as a series in La Revue de Paris, Flaubert was sued by the authorities because of its promiscuous nature. Ironically, the lawsuit brought the book so much attention that it become a bestseller after it was combined into a single volume

zola

He liked to write about the poor, lowliest parts of French society. He became the leading naturalist writer of his time, and was particularly famous for writing explicit and grotesque scenes. He wrote about menstruation, orgasms and other taboo bodily functions. He scandalized many readers, but his novels were so popular he became a wealthy man. Known work: - He published his first novel, La Confession de Claude in 1865. The novel was seedy and controversial, and earned him a reputation with the public, and the police. - Les Rougon Macquart: massive 20 novel series The first book of the series was published in 1870, and he continued to produce almost one novel every year until finishing them in 1893. It followed a family, with each novel focusing on a different member of the family. Zola also called the series the 'Natural and Social History of a Family under the Second Empire' of Napoleon III. In the series, Zola wrote using the style known as Naturalism. Naturalism is a style of writing in which the author observes the world like a scientist or reporter, and simply delivers the facts. - Fruitfulness Labor Truth, and the unfinished Justice: Near the end of his life, Zola intended to write four 'gospels' to explain his own philosophical principles. - Famously titled J'accuse, Zola denounced the high-ranking officers, and the French War Office, of lying and wrongfully framing Dreyfus. Zola had long been convinced of Dreyfus's innocence, and openly proclaimed, 'By the name I have for myself, by my works... I swear that Dreyfus is innocent. May it all crumble, may my works perish if Dreyfus is not innocent!'. As the most famous writer in France, 'J'accuse' shook the nation and the world. Zola's writing style was a success, and he quickly became the most popular writer in France. He married Alexandrine Zola, but also carried on a fourteen-year affair with one of his housemaids, Jeanne Rozerot, who had Zola's only children, Denise and Jacques. - one of the most prominent French novelists of the late 19th century - noted for his theories of naturalism as expressed in 'Les Rougon-Macquart.' - In 1865 he published his controversial first novel, La Confession de Claude. In the following years he continued his journalism career in while publishing two novels. In 1868, he decided to write a large-scale series of novels, Les Rougon-Macquart. As the founder of the naturalist movement, Zola also published several treatises to explain his theories on art. - Zola died suddenly on September 28, 1902. His chimney flue was blocked, and he asphyxiated on coal gas. The death was ruled an accident, but many believed that he had been sabotaged by anti-Dreyfussards who purposely blocked the flue.

francoprovencal

Middle zone, includes rhone, south of vichy, Lyon, geneve, grenoble Influenced by both

victor hugo politically

Opposed imperialism and exiled because he hated on Napolean III

main people of realism

Honore de Balzac and Emile Zola

Comprehensible Input Hypothesis

Hypothesis that successful acquisition of meaningful language occurs when a student is exposed to input that is just a little above the learner's present level. krAshens theory

cset.60 Select the best translation for the followin Il me reste 25 euros A. I have 25 euros left B. He leaves me 25 euros C. There remains 25 euros D. He owes me 25 euros

I have 25 euros left --- He leaves me 25 euros--Il me laisse 25 euros He owes me 25 euros--il me doit 25 euros

idiolect

Idiolect (section Forensic linguistics): the people who speak the language. This contrasts with a view among non-linguists, at least in the United States, that languages as ideal systems exist

Assonance

Il s'agit de la répétition de sons voyelles à des fins d'harmonie. Exemple : « Les couchants langoureux des pensives zélandes »

Conjugation

In French, a verb is inflected to reflect its mood and tense, as well as to agree with its subject in person and number. Following the tradition of Latin grammar, the set of inflected forms of a French verb is called the verb's conjugation.

e muet

In French, the letter e is often silent, such as at the end of a word, as in collège. There are several rules governing when e muet must be retained and when it must be deleted. Note however that retention or deletion depends on the rapidity of speech, stylistic emphasis, and the type of consonants that precede or follow the e muet. When the e is pronounced, as for example the vowel in the last word of "suivez-le", it is represented by the phonetic symbol /ə/. The deletion and retention of e muet: 1. Phrase-final e muet is always dropped, unless it is the direct object pronoun le. ex: la terminale; prochaine; la sociologie MAIS: quitte-le; faites-le 2. Within a word or phrase, the e muet is always dropped if it is preceded by a single consonant. ex:rapidement; lentement; sous le bureau; dans le cahier; prends le livre * If, however, there are two consonants preceding the e muet, it is retained so as to avoid three consonants coming together. ex: simplement; mercredi; gouvernement; appartement 3. With certain sequences of words that occur very frequently, the pattern of retention and deletion remains invariable. ex:je ne je te parce que de ne Je ne sais pas. Je te dis qu'il n'est pas très intelligent. Je redouble parce que j'ai raté tous mes examens. Il est important de ne pas sécher les cours.

code switching

In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation

catalan

In roussilin Mediterranean coast Part og langue d'oc Marti is martin Corsica langyage became french i 1769 Under pisa then genoa, pisa has greater influence Very tuscan

literature cortoise

Influenced by the literature of the pay d'oc Expressed delicate sentiments, with refined expressions not known by the previous chansons des gestes The poet; was called a troubadour in the south, minstrel.trouvere in the north, The poet would untiringly share his thoughts eiyh eomrn in a language filled with subtleties, with enthusiasm has the noble castle society (?) **these epics were written during the crusades wgeb men were far away and their spouses stayed alone intheir domains; wanted love stories, not stories of war and mens' adventures Influenced by poesie midi; introduced in the king's court by Marie de Champagne, daughter of Alienor d'aquitaine Had noble authors like christian of troyes Characterized before everything else by the painting of l'amour courtois Works in lit courtois Tristan: by anglo-normand authors Beroul and Thomas Lancelot and Perceval by Christian of Troyes Aucassin et Nicolette Le Roman de la Rose:

Activities to build phonemic awareness

Isolation: recognize individual sounds in a word Identity: recognize same sounds in different words Categorization: recognize a word with a sound that doesn't mtch the sounds in other words Blending: combine phonemes to form a word, then write and read the word Segmentation: break a word into separate sounds, saying each sound Deletion: recognize he word that remains when a phenome is removed from another word Addition: make a new word by adding a phenome to an existing word Substitution: substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word

prothesis

It is the addition of a sound/letter at the beginning of words. In Spanish and French an e is often added to words that in Latin began in sch, such as escuela and escole (later: ecole) for schola. The opposite is Aphaeresis.

irony

Its primary definition is "the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning," sometimes called verbal. Responding "How nice!" to unpleasant news is an example. There is also situational, in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected, and dramatic, which occurs when a situation is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.

venir (devenir, maintenir, retenir, revenir, tenir)

Je viens / deviens / tiens Tu Viens / deviens / tiens Il Vient / devient / tient Nous Venons / devenons / tenons Vous Venez / devenez / tenez Ils Viennent / deviennent / tiennent

important linguists

John Langshaw Austin Leonard Bloomfield Franz Bopp Noam Chomsky David Crystal Daniel Everett M.A.K. Halliday Louis Hjelmslev Roman Jakobson Sir William Jones Pāṇini Charles Sanders Peirce (Founder of Semiotics/Semiology) Kenneth L. Pike Rasmus Rask Edward Sapir Jacob Grimm (1822) identified this process in his 'Germanic Grammar'. Karl Verner (1846-96), a Danish linguist, made a correction of Grimm's law and showed that it only worked for those words where p, t, k occurred in a stressed root syllable already in Sanskrit. Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist (1857-1913), is mainly remembered for his 'Course in General Linguistics', and is, together with Franz Boas (1858-1942) ('Handbook of American Indian Languages' - 1911) and Edward Sapir ('Language'), a pioneer of modern linguistics. Ferdinand de Saussure (founder of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major founders (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology August Schleicher John R. Searle Claude Lévi-Strauss Nikolai Trubetzkoy Noah Webster Benjamin Lee Whorf

sartre

La Nausée, L'Âge de raison, L'Existentialisme est un humanisme. Wrote about the conflict between mauvaise foi and the authentic self.

andre breton

La vie mode d'emploi

Montesquieu: De l'esprit des lois

Known works:- his first work, Persian Letters, caused a small uproar in Paris. The book satirized Parisian culture and French attitudes during the reign of King Louis XIV by following two Persian travelers as they visited the city. The work contained particularly biting criticism of Christianity and Catholicism in particular. Though Montesquieu originally published the work anonymously, his identity as the author was soon discovered and he quickly became famous throughout the city.- most important and influential work was published in 1748, The Spirit of Laws. - separation of power between these branches. The system only worked, according to Montesquieu, if each branch had defined duties and the opportunity to check the power of the other two branches. - Montesquieu's political views have played a huge role in shaping the structure of several modern western governments - indeed, the structure of the U.S. government is largely based on his writing- he considered women inferior to men. Furthermore, he did not consider all men equal, and he believed slavery to generally be a good thing. His democracy, it seems, was not for all and only meant for those he considered his equalsFRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT - The foremost French political thinker of the Enlightenment, whose most influential book, The Spirit of Laws, expanded John Locke's political study and incorporated the ideas of a division of state and separation of powers. Montesquieu believed that a central government could have too much power. Montesquieu's work also ventured into sociology: he spent a considerable amount of time researching various cultures and their climates, ultimately deducing that climate is a major factor in determining the type of government a given country should have.

locutionary meaning

LITERAL MEANING This term is used to describe the literal meaning of a word or phrase (e.g. "It's raining" is a statement of fact about an ongoing event happening now).

most famous chansons de geste

La Chanson de Roland and it deals with Charlemagnes military campaign in Spain in 778

malraux

La Condition humaine; L'Espoir

latin words from langue d'oc

Latin origin words from this region in france Pere, mer, tel, chevre, mer, chef, nef, cle, pre, -er infinitives A vowel stayed like in latin Latin consonants are better conserved

intermediate stage L2 learners

Learner can participate in conversation. They may even sound fluent. They can identify their own mistakes. Large gaps in vocabulary and syntax errors present.

early production stage learner l2

Learner may begin to use gestures, short phrases and words to communicate. At this stage, learner will enjoy rhymes, songs, poetry.

To demonstrate your understanding of the phonological principle of "liaison" in French, write a response, in either French or English, in which you: • explain the principle of liaison; • state two circumstances in which liaison must be made and give an example of each; and • state two exceptions to the principle of liaison and give an example of each.

Liaison is the "linking" of the normally mute final consonant of one word to the initial vowel sound of the next word (including words starting with a mute "H"). It is done to avoid having two vowel sounds run together, thereby facilitating pronunciation of the phrase. Liaison must be made in the following two circumstances (among others): 1. Between articles/numbers/adjectives and nouns/adjectives example: Les hommes (the "s" at the end of "les" is pronounced as a "z" sound). 2. Between pronouns and other pronouns or between pronouns and verbs example: Nous en avons ("nous" and "en" linked and "en" and "avons" linked) Liaisons may not be made in the following circumstances (among others): 1. Before an aspirated "H" example: Les hamburgers (The "s" at the end of "Les" is not pronounced in this case.) 2. After the word "et" (and) example: et un autre (The "t" at the end of "et" is not pronounced, but the "n" at the end of "un" is pronounced.)

function

Literature has great function in developing human's feelings, ideas, and interests.

chansons des gestes

Long epic poems sung by jugglers in the forests or at popular meetings About the exploits of exceptional men, written in a way that could be understood by the people Includes: La geste de Charlemagne La chanson de rolan La geste de Doon de Mayence (one of Renaud de Montauban, later on became the novel Quatre Fils Aymon) La geste de Guillaume d'orange** **(remade by Victor Hugo in Legends of the Century and in Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube Aimeri de Narbonne)

19th century lit

The Population had access to education and lots of political upheaval Romanticism

1800s famous authors

Marcel Proust, Albert Camus, Boris Vian, Romain Gary, Emile Ajar, Jean-Paul Sartre,

imperative marcher

Marche (drop s) Marchez Marchons

example of phonetic change

Merger loss of a phonological distinction like a consonant deletion Old English pronounced "kn" and "gn", Modern English doesn't pronounce with one "knowledge" and "gnat" French pronounce "gros" - "gro" and chaud "sho

Father of Impressionism

Monet

I. Complete the exercise that follows. The study of morphology is an important part of the study of language. Using your knowledge of linguistics, write a response, in either French or English, in which you: • define morphology; and • explain two central concepts of morphology (e.g., morpheme, affix, inflectional vs. derivational morpheme, free vs. bound morpheme, root, stem, allomorph, back formation) and provide one example of each.

Morphology is the study of the parts of words and how those parts combine. One central concept of morphology is the difference between a bound and a free morpheme; a bound morpheme cannot stand on its own, but a free morpheme can. Another central concept of morphology is the idea of an affix. An affix is a bound morpheme that gets attached to a word; it can be attached at the beginning or end of a root word. When it is attached to the beginning of the word, it is called a prefix, and when it is attached to the end of a word, it is called a suffix. The word unthinkable contains examples of free and bound morphemes and of affixes. It has a free morpheme (think) and two bound morphemes that are affixes (the prefix -un and the suffix -able).

Complete the exercise that follows. The study of morphology is an important part of the study of language. Using your knowledge of linguistics, write a response, in which you: • define morphology; and • explain two central concepts of morphology (e.g., morpheme, affix, inflectional vs. derivational morpheme, free vs. bound morpheme, root, stem, allomorph, back formation).

Morphology is the study of the parts of words and how those parts combine. One central concept of morphology is the difference between a bound and a free morpheme; a bound morpheme cannot stand on its own, but a free morpheme can. Another central concept of morphology is the idea of an affix. An affix is a bound morpheme that gets attached to a word; it can be attached at the beginning or end of a root word. When it is attached to the beginning of the word, it is called a prefix, and when it is attached to the end of a word, it is called a suffix. The word unthinkable contains examples of free and bound morphemes and of affixes. It has a free morpheme (think) and two bound morphemes that are affixes (the prefix -un and the suffix -able).

neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings, especially the brain's control over the processes of speech and understanding.

types of linguistics

Neurolinguistics studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings, especially the brain's control over the processes of speech and understanding. Ethnolinguistics studies language in relation to ethnic types and behaviour, especially with reference to the way social interaction proceeds. Styling, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts in regard to their linguistic and tonal style. Study of language as used in artificial contexts such as literature and judicial speech. Theoretical linguistics is the branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to Clinical Linguistics apply linguistic theories and methods to the analysis of disorders of spoken, written or signed language Cognitive linguistics (CL) an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from both psychology and linguistics. It describes Comparative method (linguistics) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational Corpus linguistics is the use of large computerized bodies of text or "corpora" for linguistic description and analysis Forensic linguistics. It is a branch of applied linguistics. There are principally three areas of application for linguists working in forensic contexts: understanding Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is part of the overall approach Idiolect (section Forensic linguistics): the people who speak the language. This contrasts with a view among non-linguists, at least in the United States, that languages as ideal systems exist Historical linguistics also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: Etymology also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information to be available Study of language as used in artificial contexts such as literature and judicial speech Pragmatics: Study of how we communicate in language, with emphasis on speech act theory

noam chomsky

Noam Chomsky (born in 1928) formulated the "universal grammar theory" that states that there is a single set of rules from which all the grammatical sentences in a language can be derived.

silent letters

One of the difficulties with French pronunciation is that it is not a phonetic language. A phonetic language (e.g., Spanish, Arabic) is one in which each letter has a single corresponding sound; in other words, spelling matches pronunciation. Other languages, like French and English, are not phonetic: they have letters that can be pronounced in different ways or sometimes not at all. There are three categories of silent letters in French. E muet / Elision H muet and aspiré Final consonants: D, G, M, N, P, S, T, X, Z. The letters M and N are usually silent, but remember that they cause the vowel preceding them to be nasal. The words plus and tout that have their own pronunciation rules. Many exceptions are proper names or words borrowed from other languages. Some exceptions: Sud, un Grog, Amen, Forum, un slip, un cap, un fils, un autobus, le tennis, brut, ouest, huit, Ct endings (direct, strict), pt endings (concept, sept), Six , index, Aix, gaz. The basic rule of French pronunciation is that the final consonant is not pronounced, but there are many exceptions. The letters B, C, F, K, L, Q, and R are usually pronounced at the end of a word. Tip: Since B, K, and Q are rare as final consonants, some people find it helpful to use the word CaReFuL to remember the most common of the usually pronounced final consonants.

pleiade

Part of literary protest movement to use french Poets of this movement Ronsard Baif Belleau Grammarians Pontus de Tyard Peletier du Man

what was the academy

Plato founded the first higher education institution in the Western World in Athens

cezanne

Post-impressionist painter. Said to have formed the bridge between impressionism and Cubism of the 20th century.

meigret

Published a french grammar book in french Explained "bon usage" et "mauvais usage" Graphic system for French pronunciation that is close to contemporary pronounciation

assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds

which early works were rewritten in latin?

Rewritten in latin 310, Epitres by Auson 430-486 Lettre by Sidoine Apollimaire History of the Francs, Gregoire de Tours 538-594 Tapissiere de Bayeaux

rodin

Rodin's sculptures are noted for both their realism and sense of emotion. They are also noted for a sense of movement and unconventional staging, creating the sense that Rodin managed to somehow sketch a scene in bronze. Known works: Burghers of Calais, completed in 1889. It depicts a scene from French history. In 1347, King Edward III laid siege to the town of Calais but offered to spare the townspeople if six of the city's leaders would offer themselves to be executed. Six men volunteered and left to sacrifice themselves to save their town, only to be saved at the last minute by the Queen of England. This sculpture depicts the men as they are leaving Calais, assuming that their lives are about to end.

Coined by linguist Norm Chomsky, a sentence's most basic units of meaning "you no go" - almost like caveman speak

Root Morpheme

semiotics

Semiotics investigates the relationship between signs and what they signify more broadly. From the perspective of semiotics, language can be seen as a sign or symbol, with the world as its representation.

ingenu

Satirical novel by Voltaire. Tells the story of Huron, un amérindien, who travels across the Atlantic to England then France in the 1690s. He's wrongfully imprisoned as a jansenist after showing empathy for those fleeing religious persecution. He views European society through a more "natural" way, causing confusion especially in terms of religion. This lends to satirical commentary on religion and society.

Semantics

Semantics is the study of intension, that is, the intrinsic meanings of words and phrases. Much of the work in the field of philosophy of language is concerned with the relation between meanings and the word, and this concern cross-cuts formal semantics in several ways. For example, both philosophers of language and semanticists make use of propositional, predicate and modal logics to express their ideas about word meaning. Semantics, examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language. According to Charles W. Morris, pragmatics tries to understand the relationship between signs and their users, while semantics tends to focus on the actual objects or ideas to which a word refers, and syntax (or "syntactics") examines relationships among signs or symbols. Semantics is the literal meaning of an idea whereas pragmatics is the implied meaning of the given idea.

Semiotics

Semiotics investigates the relationship between signs and what they signify more broadly. From the perspective of semiotics, language can be seen as a sign or symbol, with the world as its representation.

back formation

Shortened words created by dropping the affix from a longer word. EX. typewriter / typewrite babysit/babysitter

oxymoron

Similar to paradox, this rhetorical device uses contradiction, but is more compressed than a paradox. It is a figure of speech that produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, such as in the phrase "cruel kindness" or "to make haste slowly," or more famously in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet when Romeo utters the lines "O loving hate" and "O heavy lightness" in the opening scene.

chansons des gestes

Song of Heroic deeds in the 11th century

homograph

Spelled same, different meaning

structural ling

Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is part of the overall approach

stem

Stem is any morpheme which a syntactical affix can be added to."Disagree" is a stem because it is a verb and by adding "ment" it changes to an adjective.dis/ment are affixes.

theory if comprehensible input

Stephen Krashen's theory states language students must understand the message conveyed to them. Students acquire language by hearing and understanding messages slightly above their current level. A learner can understand the one level up from the language the learner can reproduce. (Input+1).

langue d'oc

Still spoken, in concurrence with french, by some of the population 1963: 12m people can understand 8 million estimated to speak today 2 mil can understand in plain times Older generations tend to be able to speak it better Rural more often Divisions inside occitan North: limousin, ayuvergnat, provencal alpin South: languedoc, provencal, nicart, maritime West: gascon (pronounce h) like a latin f, bearnais Scaliger, humaniste during renaissance Mistral, Oc Dialects Language of troubadours meridionaux Gained prestige for literary works in the middle ages Fragmentation of many dialects, provencal, languedocien, auvergnat, limousin, gascon happened in middle of xix century Young provencal poets like frederic mistral, met in a castle to create felibrige Pleiade was renaissance for a commoon language Unified orthography allowed for pronounciation to be universal These works never unified a political force tp impose the maillane dialect as a comunnal base for all of occitan Need to have written communal language There's not just one langue d'oc, have to choose one model for dialect; maillane, motherland of mistral Felibrige had impact putside of provence because of the fame of mistral Mistral won nobel prize in 1904 President stopped presidential wagon in october 1913 to invite ppl to lunch Institute of occitan language End of xix century Graphe to resembke the graph of these troubadours, before the dialectic fragmentation 1935, louis alibert published occitan grammar book of 500 pages, langudocien Allowed for variances of each dialect It was improved in 1945 by the institute d'etudes occitanes, in toulouse Robert lafont, applied same graph to provencal speakers, 1951 70s there was an effort to make a reference book as a base of communal occitan

styling

Styling, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts in regard to their linguistic and tonal style. Study of language as used in artificial contexts such as literature and judicial speech.

langue d'oc

Sud Very romanized Influenced by wisigoths North of bnordeaux

langue d'oil

Suffered the most from invasion in terms of language The number of speakers was more reduced here than other places Infiltrated by ile de france Saintonge: unsure how to qualify what they speak Dialects of oil North: haut-normand, picard, wallon Picard developed during the middle ages Had a more serious rivalry/was a contender to become the communal language It was a chancellor language and of great literary prestige They have a spirit of contradiction Picard: canter pour chanter; keval pour cheval; canchon pour chanson; vaque pour vache, cherf pour cerf, chite pour cite In cotes du nord et morbihan theres a series of plural words distinguised from singular words Cheval-cheveaux Aux ending Ryusseau, copeau, couteau, oiseau, agneau, pourceau Yaou pronounciation for oiseau, oise East: lorrain roman, bourguignon, bourbonnaisl franc-comtois is a transitional dialect in franco-provencale zone Central: francien, dialect of ile de france, orleanais, berrichon, champenois, near the belgian border West: bas-normand, gallo, mayennais, meanceau, angevin, tourangeau--close to francien Anglo-normand is attached ti this group of the west, it's still soken in Jersey, guernesey, sercq Poitevin and saintongeais were formed in contrast to the transitional dialects with the zone d'oc

what is a syntax

Syntax is the systematic orderly arrangement of words and phrases in order to form sentences. It explains the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences. Simply put, it is the study of the rules for forming admissible sentences. Whereas, semantics is the study of language meanings - the meanings of words, phrases, sentences, or texts. To convey meaning is one of the main functions of syntax. In literature, writers utilize syntax and diction to achieve certain artistic effects like mood, tone etc. Like diction, syntax aims to affect the readers as well as express the writer's attitude. According to Charles W. Morris, syntax (or "syntactics") examines relationships among signs or symbols. In linguistics, syntax refers to the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Adjective: syntactic.More simply, syntax can be defined as the arrangement of words in a sentence. The term syntax is also used to mean the study of the syntactic properties of a language. Syntax is one of the major components of grammar. Traditionally, linguists have recognized a basic distinction between syntax and morphology (which is primarily concerned with the internal structures of words). Syntax is the study of language structure and phrasal hierarchies, depicted in parse tree format. It is concerned with the relationship between units at the level of words or morphology. Syntax seeks to delineate exactly all and only those sentences which make up a given language, using native speaker intuition. Syntax seeks to describe formally exactly how structural relations between elements (lexical items/words and operators) in a sentence contribute to its interpretation. Syntax uses principles of formal logic and Set Theory to formalize and represent accurately the hierarchical relationship between elements in a sentence. Abstract syntax trees are often used to illustrate the hierarchical structures that are posited. Thus, in active declarative sentences in English the subject is followed by the main verb which in turn is followed by the object (SVO). This order of elements is crucial to its correct interpretation and it is exactly this which syntacticians try to capture. They argue that there must be a formal computational component contained within the language faculty of normal speakers of a language and seek to describe it.

aristotle writings

The Oreganon and Sophistical Refutations

pragmatic competence

The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning

enjambment

The continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.

francoprovencal

The countries in which francoprovencal is spoken: France: Lyon, Savoie, north of Dauphine, parts of Forez and Franche-Comte; Meriodionale Suisse-Romane: municipality of Neuchatel, Vaud, Geneva, Fribourg, Valais; Section septentrionale Italy: Val d'Aoste Andre Martinet named rhodanien Who speaks francoprovencal? Number of speakers are shrinking Patois still isn't dead 1975, there was Sainte-Thurin, a small commune of 300 inhabitants in the valley department 96% of inhabitants in the Loire Department understood francoprovencal, 73% could speak it Progressive abandonment of the dialect by the population How to recognize francoprovencal? How to recognize the variety of francoprovencal Savoie: no ca-, cha; has the -th like in english Influenced early by northern speakers L becomes R

deep structure

The deep structure is the abstract structure that allows the native speaker of a language to know what the sentence means. It may then be said that the deep structure expresses the semantic contents of a sentence

phonomes

The distinctly different sounds that distinguish one word from another.

ESTATES GENERAL

The first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate). Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to his government's financial problems, the Estates-General sat for several weeks in May and June 1789 but came to an impasse as the three estates clashed over their respective powers. It was brought to an end when many members of the Third Estate formed themselves into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution

s'attendre a vs s'attendre

The given sentence is incorrect because it mixes up the use of the two verbs attendre, meaning "to wait,"and s'attendre à, meaning "to expect." The sentence requires use of the verb s'attendre à and this verb is always followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.

pejoration

The gradual change of a word's meaning across time that ultimately leaves it having a more negative meaning than its origin

analogy

The illustration of one idea by a more familiar or accessible idea that is in some way parallel. In his novel Cocktail Hour, P.G. Wodehouse uses the example of a man expecting to hear a rose petal drop in the Grand Canyon to illustrate the futility of a novelist hoping for swift success: "It has been well said that an author who expects results from a first novel is in a position similar to that of a man who drops a rose petal down the Grand Canyon of Arizona and listens for the echo." Simile and metaphor are examples of this term.

illocutionary act

The intention behind someone's locutionary speech act. The basic purpose of a speaker in making an utterance and attitudes that accompany it.

past participle

The past participle, called le participe passé in French, is very similar in French and English. The French past participle usually ends in -é, -i, or -u, while its English equivalent usually ends in -ed or -en. The past participle has three main uses in French:1. With an auxiliary verb, the past participle forms compound tenses such as the passé composé:J'ai travaillé hier.I worked yesterday.Il est arrivé à midi.He arrived at noon.2. With être, the past participle is used to conjugate the French passive voice.Le ménage est fait tous les jours.The housework is done every day.Ce film sera suivi d'une discussion.This movie will be followed by a discussion.3. Standing alone or with être, the French past participle may be an adjective. Note that in some instances, the participe passé must be translated by the English present participle.Fatigué, je suis rentré à minuit.Tired, I went home at midnight.Le garçon déçu a pleuré.The disappointed boy cried.Le chien assis sur le canapé est mignon.The dog sitting (seated) on the couch is cute.Je ne vois pas d'homme agenouillé.I don't see a kneeling man.Ce livre est écrit en espagnol.This book is written in Spanish.Sais-tu si le débat est terminé ?Do you know if the debate is finished?Note:When used in the passive voice or as an adjective, the past participle needs to agree in gender and number with the word it modifies, following the normal rules of adjective agreement.In the compound tenses, it may or may not need to agree, depending on certain factors - learn more.La voiture est lavée par mon fils.The car is washed by my son.Les solutions proposées sont parfaites.The proposed solutions are perfect.Elles sont allées à la banque.They went to the bank.Où est Lise ? Je l'ai vue ce matin.Where is Lise? I saw her this morning.The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending of a verb and adding é, i, or u to -er, -ir, and -re verbs, respectively:-ER verbsVerb parler (to talk)Remove erAdd éPast participle parlé (talked)-IR verbsVerb réussir (to succeed)Remove irAdd iPast participle réussi (succeeded)-RE verbsVerb vendre (to sell)Remove reAdd uPast participle vendu (sold)Most irregular French verbs have irregular past participles:acquérir > acquisapprendre > apprisatteindre > atteintavoir > euboire > bucomprendre > comprisconduire > conduitconnaître > connuconstruire > construitcourir > courucouvrir > couvertcraindre > craintcroire > crudécevoir > déçudécouvrir > découvertdevoir > dûdire > ditécrire > écritêtre > étéfaire > faitinstruire > instruitjoindre > jointlire > lumettre > mismourir > mortoffrir > offertouvrir > ouvertnaître > néparaître > parupeindre > peintpouvoir > puprendre > prisproduire > produitrecevoir > reçusavoir > susouffrir > souffertsuivre > suivitenir > tenuvenir > venuvivre > vécu voir > vu vouloir > voulu

phonemic split

The phonemic change whereby one phoneme splits into two different ones; often combined with 'phonemic merger'

Complete the exercise that follows. To demonstrate your understanding of the linguistic structures of French and English, write a response, in either French or English, in which you: • describe the formation of the present participle for regular verbs in French; • describe the way in which French uses the present participle in its verbal form to express a simultaneous action performed by the subject of a sentence, and give one example and its English equivalent; and • describe two distinct ways in which the present participle in English is expressed in French without the use of a present participle or gerund, and give one example of each with its English equivalent.

The present participle for regular verbs is formed by dropping the -ons from the end of the first-person, plural form of the present tense of the verb and replacing the -ons with -ant. In order to express simultaneous actions, the present participle representing one of the actions must be preceded by the preposition "en" while the other action is represented by conjugating its verb in the present tense as in the example that follows: J'écoute toujours de la musique en étudiant = I always listen to music while studying. In English, the present participle is often used to describe what is happening now, whereas the French normally use the present tense, as in the example that follows: Je danse = I am dancing. Another situation in which the present participle in English is expressed in French without the use of a present participle or gerund occurs when giving opinions about activities, as in the following example: J'adore nager = I love swimming.

rousseau main works

The social contract, a discourse upon the origin and the foundations of inequality upon mankind

function of language

The purposes in which we use language to communicate. We use language for a variety of formal and informal purposes, and specific grammatical structures and vocabulary are often used with each language function. Some examples include: Compare and contrast Persuasion Asking questions Expressing likes and dislikes Cause and effect Summarizing Sequencing Predicting Agreeing/disagreeing Greeting people/introductions

signified and signifier

The signified is the concept to which a string of sounds refer, the signifier is the string of sounds, the linguistic form. The linguistic sign is the relationship between the signifier and the signified.

phontactics

The study of consonant clusters of a particular language.

sychronic study

The study of language that limits its concerns to a particular point in time without regard for how it developed. To look at language as a slice of frozen history.

euphemism

The substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be harsh, blunt, or offensive. Break wind, the birds and the bees, and cold turkey are examples for flatulence, sex and reproduction, and a quick, complete withdrawal from the use of an addictive substance, respectively. The opposite is dysphemism, defined as the substitution of a harsh, disparaging, or unpleasant expression for a more neutral one.

example of free and bound morpheme and affixes

The word unthinkable contains examples of free and bound morphemes and of affixes. It has a free morpheme (think) and two bound morphemes that are affixes (the prefix -un and the suffix -able).

theoretical linguistics

Theoretical linguistics is the branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to Clinical Linguistics apply linguistic theories and methods to the analysis of disorders of spoken, written or signed language

accents

There are four French accents for vowels and one accent for a consonant. For specific information on what the accents do to change the pronunciation of the letters they modify, please see the appropriate letter pages. The accent aigu ´ (acute accent) can only be on an E. At the beginning of a word, it often indicates that an S used to follow that vowel, e.g., étudiant (student). The accent grave ` (grave accent) can be found on an A, E, or U. On the A and U, it usually serves to distinguish between words that would otherwise be homographs; e.g., ou (or) vs où (where). The accent circonflexe ˆ (circumflex) can be on an A, E, I, O, or U. The circumflex usually indicates that an S used to follow that vowel, e.g., forêt (forest). It also serves to distinguish between homographs; e.g., du (contraction of de + le) vs dû (past participle of devoir). The accent tréma ¨ (dieresis or umlaut) can be on an E, I, or U. It is used when two vowels are next to each other and both must be pronounced, e.g., naïve, Saül. The cédille (cedilla) is found only on the letter C. It changes a hard C sound (like K) into a soft C sound (like S), e.g., garçon. The cedilla is never placed in front of E or I, because C always sounds like an S in front of these vowels. It is essential to put accents in their proper places - an incorrect or missing accent is a spelling mistake just as an incorrect or missing letter would be. The only exception to this is capital letters, which are often left unaccented

source language

There are several theories about the source of language, they include: 1. The divine source 2. The natural sound source 3. The social interaction source 4. The physical adaptation source 5. The tool-making source 6. The genetic source

1st literary works

Tribal sagas, prayers, mythic and tales carrying moral and spiritual values

tristan

Tristan: by anglo-normand authors Beroul and Thomas and is only pieces of it*** The legend of tristan was remade as a novel in xiii century

What is the meaning of present participle in English? What do French do differently?

Turns the verb into a noun, usually French just use infinitive form of verb

old french languages

Up to roughly 1340, the Romance languages spoken in the Middle Ages in the northern half of what is today France are collectively known as "ancien français" ("Old French") or "langues d'oïl" (languages where one says "oïl" to mean "yes"); following the Germanic invasions of France in the fifth century, these Northern dialects had developed distinctly different phonetic and syntactical structures from the languages spoken in southern France. The language in southern France is known as "langue d'oc" or the Occitan language family (a language where one says "oc" to mean "yes"), also known under the name of one of its dialects, the Provençal language). The Western peninsula of Brittany spoke Breton, a Celtic language. Catalan was spoken in the South, and Germanic languages and Franco-Provençal were spoken in the East. The various dialects of Old French developed into what are recognised as regional languages today. Languages which developed from dialects of Old French include Bourguignon, Champenois, Franc-Comtois, Francien (theoretical), Gallo, Lorrain, Norman, Anglo-Norman (spoken in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066), Picard, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Walloon.

imperative aller

Va (drop s) Allons Allez

imperative, vouloir

Veuille / Veux Voulons Voulez

dumas

Works include - The Three Muscateers - The Counte of Monte Cristo - The Man in the Iron Mask - The Last Cavalier Known for - Plays - Historical fiction novels - Romantic style - writing about crime and scandals such as Lucrezia Borgia

sade

Writer and philosopher famous for his libertine sexuality. Wrote "Justine." Proponent of extreme freedom and unrestrained morality. Works were very scandalous.

VIE de saint leger

Written by un Bourgiognon, manuscipt written by provencal scribe

vie de saint alexis

Written in Normandie

spic of gilgamesh

Written in Sumerian language around 2nd millenium BC, talks about Gilgamesh's adventures in Mesopotamia

Cantilene de Sainte Eulali

Written in the Abbey of Saint Amands

rabelais

Wrote Gargantua et Pantagruel. Tells the story of the two giants (a father and son). Pantagruel grows to be very scholarly. The books are filled with satire, crudity, and violence and were stigmatized just before the Wars of Religion.

enlightenment question theology?

Yes, went toward secular and republican principles

bound and free morpheme

a bound morpheme cannot stand on its own, but a free morpheme can.

similie

a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared. That explicit comparison often takes the form of the word like or as. To build on the example in the previous slide, "she is like a rose" and "as thorny as a rose bush" are examples of simile.

grapheme

a letter or number of letters that represent a phoneme or sound

free morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone as a word eg woman is a free morpheme, but womanly can be created eg book eg cycle

paradox

a statement that seems self-contradictory or absurd but may in reality express a truth or tension. William Wordsworth offers an example in his poem My Heart Leaps Up with the line "the Child is the father of the Man." This expression defies common sense on a literal level, but expresses a deeper truth that our dominant character traits are formed when we are young, and they continue to shape our experiences as adults. Comes from the Greek meaning "beyond belief."

balzac

a écrit "La Comédie Humaine," a multivolume collection of short novels about people during the Restoration and the July Monarchy. Explored how society after the Revolution became dominated by money

affix

affix is a bound morpheme that gets attached to a word; it can be attached at the beginning or end of a root word.

18th century

age of enlightenment

17th century

age of reason

imperative, avoir

aie ayon sayez

diachronic

also historical linguistics Synchrony and diachrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. Historical linguistics also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: Etymology also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information to be available Study of language as used in artificial contexts such as literature and judicial speech

prefix

an affix attached at start of word

suffix

an afix attached at end of word

pragmatics

aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language The branch of linguistics focusing on what is NOT explicitly stated and how we might interpret utterances in situational (social, physical, cultural) contexts.

similarities french and english syntax

both have subject/verb/object syntax both have present, past, future tenses both have passive/active voice both place adverb next to word it modifies

Speech Act Theory

branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words According to philopsopher JL Austin, Speech Act Theory intends to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how hearers infer intended meaning from what is saidExamines what we say, how we say it and what it really means

bound morpheme

cannot stand alone must be bound to another word, ie prefix of suffix

cset.64 Select the response that is not a French cognate A. La chirurgie B. La pilule C. La lecture D. Le vertige

c. lecture lecture means reading it's a faux amies

performative utterance

call to action sentences which are not only describing a given reality, but also changing the social reality they are describing.

pierre de ronsard

chief among the French Renaissance group of poets known as La Pléiade With a group of fellow students he formed a literary school that came to be called La Pléiade, in emulation of the seven ancient Greek poets of Alexandria: its aim was to produce French poetry that would stand comparison with the verse of classical antiquity. works - his first collection of poems, Odes - Les Amours - Bocage ("Grove") of poetry of 1554 and Meslanges ("Miscellany"): nature poems - Hymne du Ciel" ("Hymn of the Sky"), celebrating natural phenomena, abstract ideas like death or justice, or gods and heroes of antiquity; these poems were published as Hymnes

diachronic

considering phenomena, such as languages, as they change over time

pragmatic

context contributes to meaning.

derivational process

derivation is the process of creating a new word out of an old word, usually by adding a prefix or a suffix

surface structure

determines phonetic form

litterature bourgeoisie

e roman de renart, 57 poemes that take place in animal scenes Les fabliaux, short poems of 300-400 verses that are satirical

manger sur la puce

eat hastily

verbs conjugated like amener

emmener, mener, peser, acheter Emmener (to take); j'emmène, tu emmènes, il emmènenous emmenons vous emmenez ils emmènent Ammener (to bring something), j'amène, tu amènes, il amène, nous amenons, vous amenez, ils amènent j'achète, tu achètes, il achète, nous achetons, vous achetez, ils achètentent Mener (to lead); je mène; tu mènes; il mène; nous menons; vous menez; ils mènent Peser (to weigh); je pèse, tu pèses, il pèse, nous pesons, vous pesez, ils pèsent in last syllable changes to è grave in every form except nous/vous

to do tobacco (literal), to have a huge success

faire un tabac

sartre

famous 20th-century existentialist who authored many works, including plays, novels, screenplays, stories and philosophic essays. Two of his most famous philosophical works are 'Existentialism and Humanism' and 'Being and Nothingness.' Existentialism is a philosophy that recognizes a person as free to decide the course of his or her own life and actions. In other words, I'm in charge of me, and you're in charge of you!According to Sartre's existential philosophy, there are two types of reality. There is the reality of existence in itself, and the reality of existence for itself. Admittedly, this stuff gets rather tricky, so hold on!If something exists in itself, it simply is because it is. Rather than living consciously for itself, it is an object of consciousness.On the contrary, if something exists for itself it has consciousness and choice. It has a desire for being. It is not bound to some predetermined path of what it should be. According to Sartre and his existential cronies, absolute freedom to choose is what makes us human. Sartre takes the position that we all have traded in life for what he coined bad faith. To Sartre, bad faith is the belief that things have to be a certain way. In short, we are victims to circumstance rather than victors with consciousness. Sartre argues that we have done this due to anguish. Anguish is caused by the reality that we are free to choose.Sartre argued that anguish can ultimately propel us to live freely. To him, the anguish of knowing we are mortal should push us to grab every opportunity we can. Since life is short, we should live it to the fullest!

critical period linguistics

first few years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful.

pragmatics

focuses on LANGUAGE as a took for communication and is concerned with how different types of sentences or phrases are used in different contexts and for different purposes (speaker's intended meaning rather than the literal meaning of an utterance)

charles martel

frankish ruler; reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm. He stopped the Muslim invasion at Poitiers. AKA "the Hammer" (le marteau). Also known for defeating the Muslim onslaught at the Battle of Tours (732).

polysemous

having multiple meanings

style

he choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work

surface structure

how a sentence is worded Grammatical structure that actually occurs. In some types of grammar, a representation of the sequence of syntactic elements that constitute a sentence

1. Confidence 2. Cognition 3. Family/ Peer Support 4. Effort / Motivation 5. Age

impact l2 acquisition

sois soyons soyez

imperative, etre

illocutionary act

implying something in what we say The intention behind someone's locutionary speech act. The basic purpose of a speaker in making an utterance and attitudes that accompany it.

illocutionary act

implying something in what we say social function of what is said

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Phonological awareness:

includes phonemic awareness, can involve rhymes, words, syllables, onsets, rimes Onset: initial consonant sound of a syllable Rime: part of a syllable that contains the vowel and everything that follows it Identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language--words, syllables, onsets, and rimes

simple sentence

independent clause- contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought

linguistic interference

influence on one language on another in speech (as in second language acquisition research), or to the influence of one language on another in language change (as in historical linguistic research)

considérer - considère, considères, considère, considérons, considérez, cosidèrent espérer - j'espère, tu espères, il espère, nous espérons, vous espérez, ils espèrent régler - je règle, tu règles, il règle, nous réglons, vous réglez, ils règlent répéter - je répète, tu répètes, il répète, nous répétons, vous répétez, ils répètent sécher - je sèche, tu sèches, il sèche, nous séchons, vous séchez, ils sèchent

last é changes to è in every verb form, except nous / vous

masculine ending/affixes

le from-age / le cour-age le monu-ment / le bati-mentle senti-ment le cout-eau / le chateau / le chapeau le tele-phone le romant-isme , Le rac-isme le micro-scope , le tele-scope

a common mistake after an expression of quantity is to use du, de la, or desBUT only use de or d'

mistake w/ expressing quantity

faire le singe

monkey around

People may add an accepted affix to a new base to create a new word. Ex. "Ese" + "Mother" = 'Motherese"the cooing language moms use to talk to their babies

morphological change example

Philippe Delerm

most famous minimalist writer

atomistic

most linguists thought of language as a collection of speech sounds, words, and grammatical endings

metaphors

nonliteral interpretations of sentences

folk etymologies

nonscientific speculations about the origins of words and sometime misinterpret

ir verbs conjufated like ouvrir

ouvrir- to open ouvre ouvres ouvre ouvrons ouvrez ouvrent --- découvrir- to discover je découvre tu découvres il découvre nous découvrons vous découvrez ils découvrent -- couvrir - to cover je couvre tu couvres il couvre nous couvrons vous couvrez ils couvrent -- souffrir - to suffer je souffre tu souffres il souffre nous souffrons vous souffrez ils souffrent -- offrir - to offer j'offre, tu offres, il offre, nous offrons, vous offrez, ils offrent

irregular ir verbs

partir - to leave je pars tu pars il part nous partons vous partez ils partent

French Subtest II 10 California Subject Examinations for Teachers Test Guide 11. Read the poem below, "Le Chêne et le roseau" (1668) by Jean de La Fontaine; then complete the exercise that follows. Le chêne un jour dit au roseau : « Vous avez bien sujet d'accuser la nature ; Un roitelet pour vous est un pesant fardeau ; Le moindre vent qui d'aventure Fait rider la face de l'eau, Vous oblige à baisser la tête ; Cependant que mon front, au Caucase pareil, Non content d'arrêter les rayons du soleil, Brave l'effort de la tempête. Tout vous est aquilon, tout me semble zéphyr. Encor si vous naissiez à l'abri du feuillage Dont je couvre le voisinage, Vous n'auriez pas tant à souffrir : Je vous défendrais de l'orage ; Mais vous naissez le plus souvent Sur les humides bords des royaumes du vent. La nature envers vous me semble bien injuste. - Votre compassion, lui répondit l'arbuste, Part d'un bon naturel ; mais quittez ce souci : Les vents me sont moins qu'à vous redoutables ; Je plie, et ne romps pas. Vous avez jusqu'ici Contre leur coups épouvantables Résisté sans courber le dos ; Mais attendons la fin. » Comme il disait ces mots, Du bout de l'horizon accourt avec furie Le plus terrible des enfants Que le Nord eût portés jusque-là dans ses flancs. L'arbre tient bon ; le roseau plie. Le vent redouble ses efforts, Et fait si bien qu'il déracine Celui de qui la tête au ciel était voisine, Et dont les pieds touchaient à l'empire des morts. Using your knowledge of literature, write a response, in either French or English, in which you: • identify and discuss the attitude of "Le Chêne"; and • explain how the poet's use of register conveys the attitude you have identified. Be sure to give specific examples from the text to support your answer

personification of these parts of nature metaphor for resistance of difficulty or challenges le chene wants to confront the wind, show its might the roseau folds and bends to the wind, does not resist but adapts the roseau warns the chene to wait until the end than a great wind from the north comes ---- n the fable "Le Chêne et le roseau," La Fontaine contrasts the attitudes of the two main characters through their use of language and register. The character of the "Chêne" displays an attitude of superiority and conceit that contrasts with the humility of the "roseau". He compares himself to mountains in terms of his size. He also sees himself as a protector of all things and is proud of his strength and power. He tells the "roseau" that his best refuge would be "...à l'abri du feuillage / Dont je couvre le voisinage, / ....Je vous défendrais de l'orage". The use of the word "couvre" in line 12 shows the sense of dominion felt by the "Chêne" as well as his feeling of self-importance in being able to protect weaker beings such as the "roseau". Like a king, the "Chêne" also feels that he is invincible. He contrasts the effect of the wind on him with its effect on the "roseau" to underline his strength and ability to withstand attacks from outside forces when he states in line 10, "Tout vous est aquilon, tout me semble zéphyr". He is ultimately unable to see his own vulnerability as a result of his attitude of superiority. La Fontaine demonstrates the contrast in attitude between the two characters through the use of register change. He employs a pompous speaking style characterized by complex poetic imagery and hyperbole to make simple concepts more important, thereby inflating his own self-importance. For example, instead of simply describing the fact that the "roseau" bows down in the wind, he states "le moindre vent...vous oblige à baisser la tête" (lines 4-6).

setting

place

how to do negation of infinitive

place the ne pas before the infinitive ex."ne jamais laisser un enfant seul"

folk etymology

popular but false history of a word Words may develop from a neutral meaning to a worse or a better meaning (villain, e.g., originally meant farm labourer) or from bad to neutral or less bad as 'mischievous' that developed from 'disastrous' to 'slightly annoying'. Words may also be reshaped because of popular misunderstanding such as (a) 'bride-goom' from bride + guma (man) into bridegroom (literally the bride's serving lad) or (b) asparagus being misnamed sparrow-grass

compounding

recombining old words to form new ones with new meanings, eg afternoon, sailboat, offshore

Phonics:

relationship between phonemes and graphemes

comprehensible input

stephen Krashen's theory of comprehensible input posits that oral communication skills develop best when language learners are exposed to language structures that are just beyond their level of comfort within the second language (i.e., at the i + I level, where i represents the learners' current second-language level)

phonology

study SOUNDS of a LANGUAGE

morphology

study of word forms and how they relate

Coined by linguist Norm Chomsky, the form of a sentence that is seen or heard, the dressed up version of communication.

surface structure

pop in 20th century

surrealism

plato

symposium

coherence

text appearing as single unit

pragmatics

that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors. In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology.

Phonemic awareness:

the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking It is the idea that a language influences an speaker's thoughts and behavior. It is the theory of linguistic relativity. It states that the structure of a language affects cognitive processes of the speaker.

umlaut

the orthographic symbol placed above vowel graphemes to indicate pronunciation back of mouth to front of mouth

anaphora

the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences the deliberate repetition of the first part of a sentence to achieve an artistic effectEx. MLK's I Have A Dream in which King repeats the phrase over and over as well as "Let freedom ring..."

syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Grapheme:

the smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of the word, eg "b" "s" "ea"

MORPHEME

the smallest units of MEANING in a language

morpheme

the smallest units of MEANING in a language

drift

the spread

Morphology

the study of the parts of words and how those parts combine.

phonetics

the study of the sounds of a language

poser lapin a quelq'un

to stand someone up

Most famous romantic writer

victor hugo

forms of vieux, beau, nouveau

vieux beau nouveau vieux beaux nouveaux vieil bel nouvel vieille belle nouvelle vieilles belles nouvelles

structuralist

view of language as a system in which each element of sound and meaning is mainly defined by how it relates to other elements

Neogrammarians

went beyond idea that soundshifts represented only a tendency, and claimed that sound laws have no exceptions Linguistics is a natural science, laws of sound change were unchanged natural laws

genetic relationship of a language

when languages either came from one another or originated from the same language

diglossia

when two languages are used by the same community

inflectional affixes

word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but don't change the meaning of a word

etymology

word origin appears in square brackets after the pronunciation and part of speech of the word

tone

writer's attitude toward or feelings about the subject matter and audience

style

writing style is the manner of expressing thought in language characteristic of an individual, period, school, or nation.