freshman year: Spring 2016: Fundamentals of Bio II: exam1

What is balancing selection?

Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies longer than for expected from genetic drift alone.

Thought question: Why does the definition say "because certain features of their phenotypes give them an advantage" and not genotypes?

Because genotypes are not always physically visible, and physical characteristics determine wether the individual mates or not.

Thought question: Why is the gene for PKU more likely to be in genetic equilibrium than genes for diseases that are lethal in childhood (and can't be controlled)?

Because it is rarely passed on to the next generation because individuals with it cannot reproduce

In the film on the minnows in Mexico, why were the individuals in the sexual species so much better at warding off the predator? Under what conditions did genetic drift occur? What kind? What effect did it have? How did the researchers cause gene flow to occur? What effect did it have?

Because the weak and infection prone individuals did not live till reproductive age When the floods raised water levels (immigration of sexual) made them stronger They moved them from one pool to another, made them more diverse and stronger

Why do both p+q=1 and p2+2pq+q2=1?

Because they all equal the total # of times all alleles mentioned can be in a population

Why are bacteria resistant to methicillin also resistant to cephazolin?

Because they are both similar medications with similar effects

If a combination of cephazolin and vancomycin is used to treat young patients like Kayla before the Microbiology report is back, how might vancomycin-resistant strains emerge?

Because through random mutation, a strong enough virus would emerge and survive

Why can evolution be considered a scientific theory?

Can explain a wide variety of observations -Adaptations by populations to their local environment -The diversity of species, some more similar than others -The wide array of fossils, some of species that are not present now Extremely well supported. Hypotheses continue to be generated and tested, refining the theory

What is a scientific theory? What are three characteristics of a scientific theory? How does a scientific theory differ from the popular use of the term as in: "just a theory"?

Can explain a wide variety of observations Generates many hypotheses that can be tested Scientific theories are supported by a great deal of evidence A scientific theory is very well supported whereas a theory in the popular sense is just an unsubstantiated idea.

What are the results of gene flow? Thought question: Under what conditions will gene flow into a population enhance its ability to adapt to its environment and under what conditions will gene flow into a population impede its ability to adapt?

Can make populations more similar than if they were isolated e.g., new mutations can spread to other populations But also prevents populations from becoming fully adapted Helps maintain species' common reservoir of alleles by reintroducing lost alleles. It will help when it is adaptive (ex. better camo) It won't help when it is maladaptive (ex. a dominant disease)

What is genetic drift? What are the three ways it can occur?

Chance events causing changes in allele frequency of a population. Three types: Random fluctuations (esp. in small population) Bottleneck Founder effect

What type of cells of the retina are responsible for color vision?

Cone cells in the retina of the eye allow light of different wavelengths to be interpreted as color in the brain.

Thought question: How are the second and third descriptors of biological evolution related to genetic change over time?

Decent with modification: mutations occur, and favorable mutations are passed on, modifying a species of organisms Over time, different mutations occurred to fill different niches in different ecosystems, creating diversity

Which can genetic drift lead to: an increase or a decrease in the genetic diversity of a population?

Decrease

Which phenotypes (and therefore alleles) have an advantage depends on the ________________. Thought question: What is the difference between the physical environment and the biological environment? (hint: UV radiation would be considered part of the physical environment and a dominant male would be part of the biological environment).

Environment. Physical environment: Forces of nature that shape the landscape of everyday life (food, water, shelter,) Biological Environment: Other alleles in the gene pool, natural biological factors

If a population is not in genetic equilibrium, then it is ____________.

Evolving

How are exaggerated traits or other types of traits involved in each?

Exaggerated traits help male to win fight and so get the female(s). But other kinds of traits can help males compete as well - ex. female mimicry

How is reciprocal altruism similar to genetically-based altruism? How is it different? What must be true of the animals for reciprocal altruism to occur?

Expect a favor in return sometime later different because they are benefitting another at the altruist's short-term expense Must be able to recognize and remember individuals

True or False. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones. True False

False

True or false. The lens is the only structure in the vertebrate eye that focuses light onto the retina. True False

False

How do the Jacana birds demonstrate that gender roles are not always set? What led to this?

Female Jacanas are more aggressive and more brightly colored than males. -to compete for mates -have more eggs, because the eggs have a high mortality rate

Why would females choose males with these exaggerated traits?

Females use the exaggerated trait as basis for choice. If a male can survive with the trait, he must be healthy and have good genes.

What must be true for a mutation to be passed on to the next generation?

For a mutation to be passed on to the next generation, it must be in a gamete

What must be true for a mutation to affect the phenotype?

For mutations to affect a phenotype, they must give rise to an altered gene product.

What is founder effect? The high frequency of Huntington's Disease in a small village in Venezuela is an example of which type of genetic drift? Explain.

Founder effect - when small sample of the original population founds (starts) a new population In the Venezuelan village, one the founders (and ancestors of its current inhabitants) had Huntington's, resulting in a large percentage of the population having the disease (founder effect)

Given the gamete frequencies, how can you calculate the expected offspring genotype frequencies using the rules of probability?

Gametes reflect allele frequencies of parental gene pool. Offspring reflect the allele frequencies of the gametes (given the rules of probability) .5x.5 ect

How does gene duplication occur?

Gene duplication arises from unequal crossing over

What is a gene pool? What is a population?

Gene pool = all of the alleles in the population Population = all members of a species in a given location

What is evolution in general? What must be true for it to be considered biological evolution?

General evolution: Change over time Exs.: of the universe, of languages Biological evolution: -Genetic change over time -Descent with modification "the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today"

You would consider a population to be in genetic equilibrium if what is true? Under what conditions would these things be true?

Genetic equilibrium = no change in allele frequencies

Males with the most elaborate ornamentation may garner the most mates. How might choosing such a mate be advantageous to a female?

He will have stronger genetics, because he was able to survive with those traits

Where is there higher UV intensity, near the equator or near the poles? What about lower UV intensity?

Higher near the equator, lower near the poles

What is the ultimate cause of altruism between kin?

How closely related they are

What is natural selection?

In natural selection, some individuals produce more offspring (that live to reproduce) than do others because certain features of their phenotypes give them an advantage.

Do random fluctuations of allele frequencies occur to a greater degree in small or in large populations?

In smaller populations

Campbell: What is inclusive fitness? Why is it important to understanding how kin selection works?

Inclusive fitness: the theory in evolutionary biology in which an organism's genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behavior. -Inclusive fitness theory suggests that altruism among organisms who share a given percentage of genes enables those genes to be passed on to subsequent generations. -In this way, an altruistic act that supports the survival of a relative or other individual theoretically enhances the genetic fitness of both the recipient of the act and the altruistic organism.

Why does altruism appear to be maladaptive? In an extreme form of altruism, most females don't have ____________. How does kin selection cause the genes for altruism to be passed on?

Increases the fitness of others at a cost to themselves don't have offspring -Genes associated with caring for relatives may be favored by selection. -Altruists pass on those alleles indirectly by helping relatives to survive and reproduce - -Since the relatives are likely to have copies of those alleles.

What is gene flow? What are the ways in which this can occur?

Individuals moving from one population into another population of the same species, mating with individuals there, and causing a transfer of alleles. Can occur by Emigration(leaving) Immigration(entering) Temporary visit (but must mate)

Campbell: How does diploidy help maintain genetic variation in a population?

It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes.

How could a single nucleotide substitution result in a shortened protein product?

It could cause an early stop codon

How has UV intensity influenced the evolution of human skin colors?

It has caused them to produce more melanin to protect from radiation.

What goes into deciding what antibiotic to use on a bacterial infection?

Its selective toxicity.

The enzyme lactase allows one to digest the milk sugar lactose. Did such a mutation lead to lactase persistence into adulthood or lactose intolerance in adulthood? Explain. Did this occur only once or several times?

Lactase persistance in adulthood, the gene for lactase is normally turned off after infancy This occurrence has been found in several different parts of the world, primarily where cattle and cows where raised and this mutation would be advantageous. This implies that this happened several times in separate cultures.

What does MRSA stand for?

MRSA stands for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

This third opsin has a similar wavelength absorption pattern to which opsin found in both dichromats and trichromats?

MWL opsin

How is sexual selection a special case of natural selection? What does it often lead to?

Mates are now the limited resource being competed for. Often leads to the evolution of exaggerated traits. May appear to be maladapted to the environment.

How do you calculate the probability of dual events? (Multiplication or addition)

Multiplication

What is the source of all new alleles?

Mutation

What is a mutation? Are there any organisms that never have mutations?

Mutations are any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations occur in ALL organisms

What does mutation in a regulatory sequence affect?

Mutations can occur in regulatory sequences affect when the transcription of other genes is turned on or off

Can an individual evolve? Why or why not?

No. Evolving involves natural selection and reproduction.

What are three types of mutations within a gene that can add to variation within a population? What are two other types of mutations that can be important in evolution?

Nucleotide substitution, nucleotide deletion, nucleotide insertion. 1.)in a nearby gene that regulates the a gene Ex. Determines when lactase is produced 2.) New copies of a gene (gene duplication) Ex. Red opsins formed this way

What does it mean for a gene to become duplicated?

One gene becomes two genes.

Local farmers think that a commonly used pesticide is responsible for the increase in appearance of frogs with an additional appendage. To test this hypothesis, frogs are injected with a small amount of pesticide mixed in ethanol. The frogs are allowed to produce offspring to test the effect of the pesticide. what would be the best controlled experiment?

One group is injected with ethanol, one group is injected with pesticide, and one group is not injected with anything

Hardy Weinberg Practice A population has 100 members with the following genotypes 80 AA, 10 Aa, and 10 aa (where A is the dominant allele and a is recessive). Is this population evolving or in genetic equilibrium?

Parent generation: A:0.85 a: 0.15 Sperm(.85 and .15) x egg(.85 and .15) p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype=.7225 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype=.255 q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype= .0225 p2=72.25 2pq=25.5 q2=2.25 A=.85 a=.15 Yes it is at equilibrium

Campbell: What are the data of science? What is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?

Quantitative - Definable by numbers/letters Qualitative - Associated with expression of feelings, thoughts and behavior, colors etc

The process of forming proteins from RNA is called______________.

RNA synthesis

What is the difference between relative fitness and inclusive fitness?

Relative Fitness: is the survival and/or reproductive rate of a genotype (or phenotype) relative to the maximum survival and/or reproductive rate of other genotypes in the population. Inclusive fitness: the theory in evolutionary biology in which an organism's genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behaviour.

What is sampling error? How do scientists try to minimize this problem? Thought question: How does a statistical test allow you to recognize that you may be making one of the two types of mistakes?

Sampling error can cause errors in conclusions (why use statistics) Sampling error is a difference between results obtained from testing a subset of a group, and results from testing the whole group. So use large samples and repeat tests to minimize sampling error

What are two types of mistakes one could make interpreting results?

Saying a variable has an effect when it really doesn't Saying a variable doesn't have an effect when it really does

Besides vision as discussed in question 4, what other type of cue do women use as a basis of sexual selection?

Smell

What are the three types of natural selection and how do they differ? Be able to identify each type from a graph or an example.

Stabilizing - selection against both extremes of the range of phenotypes Directional - selection against one extreme Disruptive - selection against the intermediate

What are two types of tests?

Systematic observations: you watch and report Controlled experiments: you manipulate variables

Which opsin duplicated? Once it occurred, what happened to one of the gene copies to produce an opsin that shows a spectral shift of 30nm?

The LWS gene arose through gene duplication and gene mutation of the MWS gene on the X-chromosome. 3 amino acid changes happened, resulting in the shifts. Differences at positions 277, and 285 result in spectral shifts of +16-24nm Difference at position 180 results in a spectral shift of +3-7nm The difference between the sensitivity of the MWS opsin protein and the LWS opsin protein is 30nm (534nm vs. 564nm).

In intersexual selection, which sex chooses, and why?

The females, because they use more energy in reproduction process

If you are given both these expected genotype frequencies in the offspring and also the actual genotype frequency of the parental generation, you should be able to say whether the population is in genetic equilibrium or whether it is evolving.

The genotype frequencies predicted by H-W equation match the actual genotype frequencies. Conclude the population is in genetic equilibrium. It is not evolving.

What is the "Grandma factor"? How does it help explain the evolution of a post-reproductive period in human females through kin selection?

The grandma factor is women living to ages where they can no longer reproduce

In the salmon example, which is the most fit phenotype? The second most fit phenotype?

The most fit is the large male, the second most is the small, female looking male

What could have been the selective pressures that led to the emergence and increased prevalence of this new MRSA?

The other antibiotics where used so much, that only the resistant trains survived

What are the three rules of probability?

The probabilities of all possible outcomes for an event must add up to 1. The probability of outcomes of two independent events both occurring = the individual probabilities of the outcomes multiplied together. 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 whether coins or alleles The probability that either one event or another occurring = sum of individual probabilities 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 as in getting Bb

How do the Hardy-Weinberg relationships help researchers test whether a population is, or has recently been, evolving?

There is a relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies if population is in genetic equilibrium.

What is the basis for termite workers passing on their altruism alleles indirectly?

They are born sterile. Siblings are as closely related to each other as they are to their mother (the queen) or would be to their own offspring.

Thought question: Given that females produce fewer, more energetically expensive eggs compared to the abundant and energetically inexpensive male sperm, what should happen when two flatworm hermaphrodites (are both male and female) mate? For the answer see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3xluIRh1Y.

They fight for who gets to be the male

What was it about the social system of the Belding's ground squirrels (who stays, who moves to other populations) that would lead to the expectation that females would call more than males in both a kin-selection explanation and a reciprocal-altruism explanation? What was needed to distinguish between these two hypotheses? What did Sherman find?

They live in sub-alpine meadows in the far Western United States). Due to the extreme weather, the squirrels hibernate for seven or eight months of the year. The squirrels must enter hibernation with sufficient fat stores to survive this long hibernation. They spend their short active period by initially mating, then eating large quantities of food (mostly seeds, flowers, and vegetation). After mating, some males disperse to new groups and the others often return to hibernation before the young are born. The females establish territories within the social group and have between three and six pups. The pups emerge from their burrows when three to six weeks old and the juvenile males disperse (leave to join new groups) shortly after. The females typically remain in their natal (birth) group for life. The ground squirrels are subject to many dangers. Predators include coyotes, weasels, and raptors. Often, if a squirrel spots a predator, it will stand up on its hind feet and call out an alarm. When others hear the alarm, they quickly retreat to their burrows.

So for genetically-determined altruism to evolve, what needs to be the relationship between the altruist and the individuals it helps?

They must be as closely related as they would be to their offspring

How are vampire bats an example of reciprocal altruism? What is another group of animals where reciprocal altruism is common?

They share blood with others who haven't gotten any Another common example is primates

For natural selection to occur, when does an individual's survival matter and when does it not?

They survival matters up until they reproduce

Campbell: How did researchers test the "good genes" hypothesis in gray tree frogs? What did they find?

They tested how well the offspring survived, grew, and metamorphosis. They found that longer calls had better genes

If there were no genetic variation in a population, would it be able to evolve?

Through random mutations

Why are statistics used?

To reduce the number of times make errors in interpreting results

Are these usually found in both sexes or in only one?

Usually found only in males! Sexually dimorphic

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How does gene duplication make it easier for a new function to evolve?

With two genes, one gene can still perform the old function while the other can mutate without harmful affects. Eventually, the second may have a new function

How did Petrie investigate each of the following, and what did she find: Is female choice occurring in peacocks? What is the basis of this choice? Do the males with longer trains really have better genes?

Yes it is, it is based on the size of trains and the amount of eye spots on them The male with longer traits have better genes

What is a model?

a model is diagram of how a system of thing works

What is a gene? What does it code for?

a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. It codes for proteins

Of the scenarios below, which represents the occurrence of evolution at its smallest scale? a. A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way. b. An individual organism begins as a single cell and develops into an adult, changing dramatically through a series of life stages. c. An adult human moves from near sea level to a city high in the Andes Mountains. Her physiology changes to improve her performance in the thin atmosphere. d. Over many thousands of years, the beak shape of a bird species changes to exploit a new food source.

a. A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way.

Which of the following statements about evolution is true? a.Evolution can result in adaptations. b. Organisms evolve structures in response to needs. c. Evolution is deliberate and purposeful. d. Individuals evolve within the span of their own lifetimes.

a. Evolution can result in adaptations.

Which of the following statements best describes the true nature of natural selection? a. Heritable traits that promote reproduction become more frequent in a population from one generation to the next. b. The strong eliminate the weak in the race for survival. c. Organisms change by random chance. d. Only the strongest survive.

a. Heritable traits that promote reproduction become more frequent in a population from one generation to the next.

Drought kills all the fish. Rain after causes repopulation to small pools from the large pond. What do you expect to see? a. Increased number of parasites in the sexual fish b. Decreased number of parasites in the sexual fish c. Increased number of parasites in the asexual fish

a. Increased number of parasites in the sexual fish

By what means has the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture lead to the current global problem of antibiotic resistance? a. Indiscriminant use of antibiotics selects for resistant bacteria and increases their numbers. b. The overuse of antibiotics significantly increases the bacterial mutation rate, causing more antibiotic-resistance mutations to occur. c. Antibiotic resistance is a fabricated problem used to sell newer and more expensive antibiotics. d. Humans develop an immunity to antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.

a. Indiscriminant use of antibiotics selects for resistant bacteria and increases their numbers.

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and remains in equilibrium, which of the following will be true? a. Individuals survive and reproduce equally well regardless of their genotype. b. The relative frequencies of three genotypes (AA, Aa, aa) will gradually become stabilized at 1:1:1. c. The population organisms will evolve. d. The dominant allele will take over.

a. Individuals survive and reproduce equally well regardless of their genotype.

During the 1950s, a scientist named Lysenko tried to solve the food shortages in the Soviet Union by breeding wheat that could grow in Siberia. He theorized that if individual wheat plants were exposed to cold, they would develop additional cold tolerance and pass it to their offspring. Based on the ideas of artificial and natural selection, do you think this project worked as planned? a. No, because there was no process of selection based on inherited traits. Lysenko assumed that exposure could induce a plant to develop additional cold tolerance and that this tolerance would be passed to the plant's offspring. b. Yes, because this is generally the method used by plant breeders to develop new crops. c. No, because Lysenko took his wheat seeds straight to Siberia instead of exposing them incrementally to cold. d. Yes; the wheat probably evolved better cold tolerance over time through inheritance of acquired characteristics.

a. No, because there was no process of selection based on inherited traits. Lysenko assumed that exposure could induce a plant to develop additional cold tolerance and that this tolerance would be passed to the plant's offspring.

Sometimes critics charge that evolution is based on mere speculation because it cannot be directly observed or experimentally induced. Is this true of evolution by natural selection? a. No. Natural selection changes the traits of some organisms quite quickly, in ways that are clearly adaptive. Scientists have documented such changes in thousands of studies. b. The statement is partly true when applied to natural selection. Natural selection can be observed in bacteria and insects, but not in other organisms. c. Yes, it is technically true. However, the effects of natural selection are very obvious and it is hard to come up with a better explanation for adaptations. d. Yes. Natural selection makes sense, but it works too slowly to produce observable changes in organisms.

a. No. Natural selection changes the traits of some organisms quite quickly, in ways that are clearly adaptive. Scientists have documented such changes in thousands of studies.

Which would be an example of directional selection? a. Skin color as people moved away from the equator b. Male salmon size c. Sickle-cell allele in areas of malaria

a. Skin color as people moved away from the equator

Sickle-cell disease is a debilitating disease that results from being homozygous recessive for the "sickle-cell allele" of a hemoglobin gene. Why is the allele present and even common in many human populations? a. The sickle-cell allele confers malaria resistance to heterozygotes. In some regions where malaria is common, heterozygotes have an advantage over both homozygotes, and their reproductive success maintains the recessive allele at a high frequency in the population. b. Because homozygous recessive individuals die, the recessive allele will eventually be lost from the population. c. In the heterozygous condition, the dominant allele will overcome the recessive allele and only the dominant allele will be passed on to offspring. d. Only homozygous dominant individuals will be able to survive and reproduce.

a. The sickle-cell allele confers malaria resistance to heterozygotes. In some regions where malaria is common, heterozygotes have an advantage over both homozygotes, and their reproductive success maintains the recessive allele at a high frequency in the population.

A theory is a. an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. b. a description of a belief that invokes the supernatural. c. an idea that has been proven. d. a concept in the early stages that still needs to be tested.

a. an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

Genetic mutations __________. a. can occur naturally b. are always passed on to the next generation c. are mainly caused by diseases associated with fetal development d. are most common in body parts that are used frequently

a. can occur naturally

A male loon and a females loon together perform a series of FAPs a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

a. courtship ritual

Groups of male peacocks display their tail feathers to female a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

a. courtship ritual

From a sociobiological perspective, altruism is a behavior that a. has the potential to enhance the altruist's fitness at a later point in time. d. will always be selected against. c. occurs only in the social insects. d. does not have a genetic basis.

a. has the potential to enhance the altruist's fitness at a later point in time.

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the: a. her egg cells b. somatic cells c. all of her cells

a. her egg cells

Large antlers in male elk, which are used for battles between males, are a good example of a trait favored by a. intrasexual selection. b. intersexual selection. c. stabilizing selection. d. disruptive selection.

a. intrasexual selection.

A child with cystic fibrosis can be born to two parents who do not have the disease. This is because the disease _____. a. is caused by a recessive allele b. occurs in individuals who received more than one allele from one or both parents c. is caused by a dominant allele d. requires certain environmental conditions to be expressed

a. is caused by a recessive allele

Altruistic behavior _____. a. is expected when, over the long term, it increases the inclusive fitness of the altruists b. never occurs in natural populations c. is expected when the species as a whole benefits from it d. occurs only when closely related individuals benefit from it

a. is expected when, over the long term, it increases the inclusive fitness of the altruists

mutations occur: a. randomly b. when they are needed for an individual to survive c. when they are needed for a species to survive d. B and C

a. randomly

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes. a. small b. large c. average

a. small

In artificial selection, humans provide the selective pressure for species to change and shape the evolution of various breeds. What provides the selective pressure in natural selection? a. the environment b. scientifically trained humans c. the degree of natural genetic variation in a population d. disease

a. the environment

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, a. the frequency of the green allele will increase. b. the frequency of the brown allele will increase. c. this causes the population to evolve due to gene flow. d. the frequencies of the brown and green alleles will not change. e. this causes the population to evolve due to genetic drift.

a. the frequency of the green allele will increase.

Geneticists studying the gene for lactase did not find any differences in the coding region DNA between people who could digest lactose and people who could not. After they investigated further, they discovered that the difference between lactose-tolerant and lactose-intolerant individuals was due to a mutation located in a. the genetic switch (regulator) for the lactase gene. b. an intron of the lactase gene. c. the gene for glucose production. d. different genes in different individuals.

a. the genetic switch (regulator) for the lactase gene.

DNA carries out two basic functions in cells: (1) information storage and transfer (genes can be copied and passed to offspring) and (2) the "blueprint" function (genes provide instructions for building proteins). The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is _____. a.DNA replication b. transcription c. translation d. mRNA processing

a.DNA replication

Which post-reproductive women in particular? a.Maternal grandmother b. Paternal grandmother

a.Maternal grandmother

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning? a.Through years of field observations, researchers have determined that introduction of a new female changes the behavior of a male gorilla. b.After microscopic examination, a pathologist orders follow-up biochemical tests to determine whether a large mass found in the intestine is a tumor. c.You hypothesize that your car battery is dead after it does not start one morning. d.Researchers conduct a study to determine the efficacy of a weight-loss drug.

a.Through years of field observations, researchers have determined that introduction of a new female changes the behavior of a male gorilla.

Campbell: Natural selection is the form of microevolution most likely to lead to ________________.

adaptation

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of ________________ to the environment.

adaptations

What do p and q stand for? How do they apply to the gametes produced in a population as a whole?

allele frequencies of the dominant allele (p) and the recessive allele (q) equal 1

Kin selection is an indirect form of _____________ selection.

altruism

The recessive allele of a gene causes cystic fibrosis. For this gene among Caucasians, p = 0.98. If a Caucasian population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to this gene, what proportion of babies is born homozygous recessive and therefore suffers cystic fibrosis? a. 0.02 b. (0.02)2 = 0.0004 c. (0.98)2 = 0.9604 d. 2(0.02 × 0.98) = 0.0392

b. (0.02)2 = 0.0004

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a single protein. Approximately how many nucleotide bases would be required to code for a protein chain that is 100 amino acids long? a.100 b. 300 c. 20 d. 4

b. 300

Of the scenarios below, which represents the occurrence of evolution at its smallest scale? a.An adult human moves from near sea level to a city high in the Andes Mountains. Her physiology changes to improve her performance in the thin atmosphere. b. A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way. c. An individual organism begins as a single cell and develops into an adult, changing dramatically through a series of life stages. d. Over many thousands of years, the beak shape of a bird species changes to exploit a new food source.

b. A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way.

According to the findings of researchers in the field known as "evo-devo," what kinds of genetic changes are often involved in reshaping the body forms of organisms? a. One or more mutations re-create the genome of a past ancestor, leading to formation of a "living fossil" species. b. Changes in genes that control development have big effects by altering the developmental process. c. The total number of genes is increased to provide for any increase in an organism's complexity. d. New genes arise and produce new classes of proteins.

b. Changes in genes that control development have big effects by altering the developmental process.

Which type of natural selection is most likely to occur when the environment changes, individuals move to a new environment, or a new, beneficial mutation appears? a. Stabilizing b. Directional c. Disruptive

b. Directional

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails? a. Directional selection b. Disruptive selection c. Stabilizing selection

b. Disruptive selection

Which part of the eye contains the densest concentration of cone cells? a. Lens b. Fovea c. Optic nerve d. Cornea

b. Fovea

Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck? a. Reduction in genetic variability b. Increased population size c. Changes in allele frequency d. Loss of alleles

b. Increased population size

As humans colonized areas further north from Africa, which became the most important factor selecting for lighter skin? a. Lighter skin caused a decrease in breakdown of folate b. Lighter skin allowed an increase in vitamin D synthesis c. Lighter skin caused a decrease in vitamin D synthesis

b. Lighter skin allowed an increase in vitamin D synthesis

Trichromats have a gene for the third opsin that appears to have been derived from the ____ gene through __________________. a. SWS; nucleotide substitution mutations b. MWS; gene duplication c. SWS; gene duplication and nucleotide substitution mutations d. MWS; gene duplication and nucleotide substitution mutations

b. MWS; gene duplication

Which would be a good example of intrasexual selection? a.Bright-colored male bluebirds are more attractive to mates than dull-colored individuals. b. Male elephant seals use their huge bodies to batter each other in battles for access to mates. c. Male elk suffer heavy wolf predation because of their large antlers, producing selection against increased antler size in the population. d. Female birds discriminate among potential mates and choose their partners based on the quality of the song.

b. Male elephant seals use their huge bodies to batter each other in battles for access to mates.

Which would be an example of disruptive selection? a. Skin color as people moved away from the equator b. Male salmon size c. Sickle-cell allele in areas of malaria

b. Male salmon size

A news article discussing the evolution of domestic dogs from wolves included this statement: "On its way from pack-hunting carnivore to fireside companion, dogs learned to love-or at least live on-wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes." What is a more scientifically accurate way to state what happened with dogs? a. Dogs were created at the same time as wolves. b. Some wolves may have had variants in their digestion that allowed them to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes and so were able to survive with humans. c. Dogs mutated to be able to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes. d. Being around humans represented an advantage, so wolves were able to take advantage of that by changing their digestion to be able to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes.

b. Some wolves may have had variants in their digestion that allowed them to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes and so were able to survive with humans.

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions? a. Directional selection b. Stabilizing selection c. Disruptive selection

b. Stabilizing selection

What is an alternative explanation? a.The maternal grandmother is always closer. b. The daughter will be more likely to ask her mother questions than her husband's mother. c. The maternal grandmother knows more about rearing children.

b. The daughter will be more likely to ask her mother questions than her husband's mother.

Which of the following situations could represent kin selection in action? a. When your mother gets old, you help her pay her property taxes. b. You help your brother pay for his children's college tuition, even though he may not be able to pay you back. c. You inexplicably forget to use birth control, and a child results. d. You help your friend with linguistics, and your friend helps you with biology.

b. You help your brother pay for his children's college tuition, even though he may not be able to pay you back.

A hypothesis is a.the same as a theory. b. a proposed explanation for a set of observations. c. a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon. d. an explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

b. a proposed explanation for a set of observations.

A Beldings ground squirrel gives an alarm call even though calling increases its own risk of being eaten a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

b. altruism

A worker bee loses its life defending the hive a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

b. altruism

In this salmon example, the female mimics were better adapted to their _________ environment than were other small males. a. physical b. biological

b. biological

In natural selection, _____ determine which phenotypes are successful. a. future (anticipated) environmental conditions b. current conditions in the local environment c. chance events d. catastrophes that reduce the population to a very small number of survivors

b. current conditions in the local environment

Milk is fortified with Vitamin D in many countries. This will especially help people with ________ in countries nearer to the ________. a. dark skin; equator b. dark skin; poles c. light skin; equator d light skin; poles

b. dark skin; poles

Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by a. the founder effect. b. gene flow. c. mutation. d. natural selection.

b. gene flow.

The sexual fish had a lower parasite load because they had ___________ than did the asexual fish. a. less genetic diversity b. greater genetic diversity c. faster reproduction

b. greater genetic diversity

A(n) _____________ is a testable explanation for an observation. a. observation b. hypothesis c. question d. prediction

b. hypothesis

The survival, through apparently altruistic behavior, of related individuals with common alleles is referred to as _____. a. adaptive radiation b. kin selection c. founder effect d. competitive exclusion

b. kin selection

We would expect populations of plants on new volcanic islands to have ______ genetic variability because of ______________. a. low; bottlenecks b. low; the founder effect c. high; bottlenecks d. high; the founder effect

b. low; the founder effect

What is the term for a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over several generations? a. gene pool b. microevolution c. independent assortment d. macroevolution

b. microevolution

The original source of all genetic variation is _____. a. meiosis b. mutation c. recombination d. natural selection

b. mutation

Which of the following is an example of discovery science? a.testing a possible solution to a video game b. observing what other students in your class are wearing c. determining the fastest route to drive from your apartment to school d. guessing the likely questions on an exam

b. observing what other students in your class are wearing

The smallest unit that can evolve is a _____. a. genotype b. population c. gene d. species

b. population

Imagine a population of birds in which first-year birds can either (1) find a mate and raise an average of three offspring or (2) stay in their parents' territory and help the parents raise two more offspring than the parents would have been able to raise without any help. Based on the theory of kin selection, we would expect that _____. a. most first-year birds would choose to forgo breeding b. the behavior of helping at the nest would not evolve in this population c. most territories would have young birds helping at the nest d. altruistic behavior would be common in this population

b. the behavior of helping at the nest would not evolve in this population

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. Desert pupfish live in springs of the American Southwest. Today there are about 30 species of pupfish, but they all evolved from a common Pleistocene ancestor. The southwestern United States was once much wetter than it is now, and the Pleistocene pupfish flourished over a wide geographic area. Over thousands of years, however, the Sierra Nevada mountain range was pushed upward by geological forces, blocking rainfall from the Pacific Ocean. As the large lakes dried up, small groups of pupfish remained in springs and pools fed by groundwater seepage. Now, although many of these small springs still have pupfish, each population, through evolution, has become very different from populations of pupfish in other springs. The variation in gene pools among the 30 pupfish populations occurred through an evolutionary mechanism called a. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. b. the bottleneck effect. c. random mating. d. directional selection.

b. the bottleneck effect.

In equatorial Africa, ___________ probably led to selection for darker skin. a. skin cancer b. the breakdown of folate (folic acid) in blood c. the synthesis of vitamin D in skin d. all of the above

b. the breakdown of folate (folic acid) in blood

Females are usually the choosier sex because a. they have a more refined sense of beauty. b. they invest more energy in each egg than males invest in each sperm. c. they carry around their offspring for nine months before giving birth, so can't mate as often.

b. they invest more energy in each egg than males invest in each sperm.

Why are bacteria resistant to methicillin and cephazolin not necessarily resistant to vancomycin?

because Vancomycin is not as selective in attacking antibodies

Which of the following statements about adaptation is true? a. Adaptation results when cold temperatures cause mutations for longer fur. b. Adaptation is possible when all the alleles in a gene pool are the same. c. A population that has an increase in frequency of alleles for thicker fur has become adapted to the cold. d. An individual that has learned how to survive cold winters has become adapted to the cold.

c. A population that has an increase in frequency of alleles for thicker fur has become adapted to the cold.

Some butterflies can ingest toxic chemicals from the milkweed plants they feed on and then can store those chemicals in their body. Because toxins stored in the butterflies are toxic to birds, the birds avoid eating the butterflies. Which of the following is the best explanation for this situation? a. Butterflies that stored the chemicals were never eaten by predators, so those butterflies survived. b. Milkweed plants wanted the butterflies to ingest the chemical so they would no longer feed on the plant, but the butterflies fooled the milkweed by storing the toxic chemicals. c. Any butterfly allele that allowed milkweed toxin storage would be likely to persist because butterflies that had it were more likely to survive. d. Butterflies developed a mutation that led them to be able to store the chemical because they needed to avoid being eaten.

c. Any butterfly allele that allowed milkweed toxin storage would be likely to persist because butterflies that had it were more likely to survive.

Why is there female-female competition among Jacanas? a. There is such high mortality of offspring, there was selection among females to fight for several males so she can lay more eggs. b. The males are expending the energy to raise the offspring, so females are free to compete for more males. c. Both A and B

c. Both A and B -There is such high mortality of offspring, there was selection among females to fight for several males so she can lay more eggs. -The males are expending the energy to raise the offspring, so females are free to compete for more males.

Which type or types of natural selection is/are more likely to maintain genetic variation? a. Stabilizing b. Directional c. Disruptive d. A and B e. A and C

c. Disruptive

When the researchers transferred fish from the lower pond to the upper pond, they caused which to occur? a. Natural selection b. Genetic drift c. Gene flow

c. Gene flow

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? a. This is an example of genetic drift. b. Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. c. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. d. Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. e. Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase.

c. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

The increase in parasitism rate in the sexual fish in the newly populated pool was due to ______________ and inbreeding. a. Natural selection b. Genetic drift - random fluctuations c. Genetic drift - founder effect d. Genetic drift - bottleneck e. Gene flow

c. Genetic drift - founder effect

According to "Weighing the Grandma Factor," the presence of post-reproductive women can have what effect on their grandchildren? a. It makes the grandchildren get married earlier and have more children. b. It keeps grandchildren at home longer so they marry later and have fewer children. c. It increases the grandchildren's chances of survival. d. It decreases the grandchildren's chances of survival

c. It increases the grandchildren's chances of survival.

Which of the following statements regarding lactose tolerance is true? a. The ability to hydrolyze lactose would be equally beneficial to all human populations. b. Relatively few people on this planet are lactose intolerant. c. Lactose tolerance has evolved independently in multiple different human populations. d. Lactose intolerance refers to a person's inability to produce the sugar lactose.

c. Lactose tolerance has evolved independently in multiple different human populations.

Natural selection and evolution are two terms that are sometimes confused, even by freshman biology students. What is the relation between natural selection and evolution? a. Any phenomenon that causes evolution is natural selection. b. Natural selection happens over long periods of time; evolution is a short-term process. c. Natural selection is one of several mechanisms of evolution. d. When natural selection is occurring, evolution is not, and vice versa.

c. Natural selection is one of several mechanisms of evolution.

A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month's supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug? a. She should save the drug for later, because if she keeps taking it the bacteria will evolve resistance. b. She should save the drug for use the next time the illness strikes. c. She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant. d. She should save the drug because antibiotics are in short supply and she may need it to defend herself against a bioterrorism incident.

c. She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.

Which would be an example of stabilizing selection? a. Skin color as people moved away from the equator b. Male salmon size c. Sickle-cell allele in areas of malaria

c. Sickle-cell allele in areas of malaria

What is the evolutionary explanation the article gives for this? a. The maternal grandmother will be younger and therefore healthier. b. The women's line of descent would be selected for greater fertility. c. The maternal grandmother knows that the grandchildren are related to her.

c. The maternal grandmother knows that the grandchildren are related to her.

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA? a. an A paired with a T b. a C paired with a G c. a G paired with a T d. all of the above are improper base pairs

c. a G paired with a T

If members of a population have traits that are both heritable and variable among individuals, then _____. a. only neutral evolutionary change can occur over time b. the environment will have no influence on phenotypes c. advantageous traits will probably become more widespread in subsequent generations d. no evolutionary change is likely to occur over time

c. advantageous traits will probably become more widespread in subsequent generations

So if you're not a big male salmon, the best way to leave more offspring is to a. inflate yourself to look bigger so you can win fight for nest. b. swim faster, darting into other males nests and spraying eggs with sperm. c. be small and look like a female so can hang out and spray a few eggs.

c. be small and look like a female so can hang out and spray a few eggs.

Trichomats differ from dichromats because a. cone cells send signals to the brain which are interpreted as different colors, and trichromats have an additional type of cone cell. b. trichromats have an extra opsin that causes the attached retinal to change shape when longer wavelengths of light stimulate it. c. both A and B are true. d. neither A nor B are true

c. both A and B are true. -cone cells send signals to the brain which are interpreted as different colors, and trichromats have an additional type of cone cell. -trichromats have an extra opsin that causes the attached retinal to change shape when longer wavelengths of light stimulate it.

A large population of mice is isolated on an island. There are two varieties of the mice, brown and gray. Their fur colors closely match the gray rock outcrops and brown soils of the island. Hawks are their main predators. This situation most likely reflects the outcome of __________. a. genetic drift b. stabilizing natural selection c. disruptive natural selection d. directional natural selection

c. disruptive natural selection

In a pack of hens, the "alpha" hens has first access to food and roosting sites a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

c. dominance hierarchy

One female in a wolf pack does not allow other females to mate a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

c. dominance hierarchy

Mate-attracting features such as the bright plumage of a male peacock result from a. disruptive selection. b. stabilizing selection. c. intersexual selection. d. intrasexual selection.

c. intersexual selection.

Which of the following statements about the amoeba population described at the end of the tutorial is true? a. It is less vulnerable to extinction because it survived the catastrophe. b. It is healthier than the starting population. c. it is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation.

c. it is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation.

Wheat flour is fortified with folic acid in many countries. This will especially help people with ________ in countries nearer to the ________. a. dark skin; equator b. dark skin; poles c. light skin; equator d. light skin; poles

c. light skin; equator

A particular gene does NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell. This is true for two reasons. First, _____ can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. Second, genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of _____. a. translation ... reverse transcription b. reverse transcription ... mRNA processing c. mRNA processing ... gene regulation d. mRNA processing ... transcription

c. mRNA processing ... gene regulation

When they were first sold, certain insecticides were highly effective in killing mosquitoes. Today, dozens of mosquito generations later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed with the same chemicals. Fewer insects are killed today because _____. a. mosquitoes are deliberately adapting themselves to this man-made change in the environment b. the original spraying has caused a permanent mutation, giving the insects genetic resistance to the spray c. many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics

c. many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics

certainty of paternity is greatest in organisms that a. are promiscuous. c. mate and lay eggs at the same time. d. use internal fertilization. e. have extensive parental care.

c. mate and lay eggs at the same time.

Genetic drift is _____. a. adaptive b. an important microevolutionary mechanism in large populations c. more likely to have an impact on small populations d. the mechanism by which new alleles originate

c. more likely to have an impact on small populations

Which of the following changes in the gene pool results in an adaptation to the environment? a. genetic drift b. sexual selection c. natural selection d. gene flow

c. natural selection

Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in their proper order? a. observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, prediction b. question, observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment c. observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment d. observation, question, prediction, hypothesis, experiment

c. observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

Selection that acts, over evolutionary time, to enhance traits that increase an individual's ability to mate frequently or with quality partners is known as __________. a. stabilizing selection b. directional selection c. sexual selection d. disruptive selection

c. sexual selection

Members of the same population _____. a. share the same genotype b. have the same phenotype c. share a common gene pool d. cannot interbreed under natural conditions

c. share a common gene pool

In songbirds, if a female cannot choose a high-quality male ... a. she will decide not to breed that year. b. she will breed with a lower quality male monogamously. c. she will breed with a lower quality male and mate with higher-quality males on the side.

c. she will breed with a lower quality male and mate with higher-quality males on the side.

A geneticist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the polypeptide encoded by a gene. This mutation probably involved _____. a. deletion of one nucleotide b. insertion of one nucleotide c. substitution of one nucleotide d. alteration of the start codon

c. substitution of one nucleotide

Which of the following is an example of hypothesis-driven science? a. surveying the distribution of various majors at your school b. sequencing the human genome c. testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working d. observing the activities of a pride of lions

c. testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working

A(n) ______________ involves both an experimental group and a control group, which are alike except for the one variable that the experiment is designed to test.

controlled experiment

Using a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling either a 5 or a 6? a. 1/6 b. 1/6 × 1/6 = 1/36 c. 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/3 d. 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3

d. 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3

Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child will be female and that their second-born child will be male? a. 20% b. 50% c. 75% d. 25%

d. 25%

In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). In this case, only homozygous recessive individuals have sickle-cell disease. Heterozygous individuals not only don't have sickle-cell disease, they are resistant to malaria. If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the population is heterozygous and resistant to malaria? a. 16% b. 80% c. 4% d. 32%

d. 32%

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the microevolution of a population of humans? a. Excess ultraviolet radiation causes a major increase in mutation rates within the skin cells of adults. b. Only random mating takes place in all the people that reproduce in North America. c. A plane crashes, killing 212 random individuals out of a total U.S. population exceeding 275 million. d. A colony of twelve humans is established on the moon and remains isolated from Earth.

d. A colony of twelve humans is established on the moon and remains isolated from Earth.

What usually occurs during intersexual selection? a. Neither males nor females participate in sexual selection rituals because they are costly to overall survival. b. Males fight with other males for access to females. c. Males always choose females with whom to mate. d. A member of one sex usually chooses their mate based on queues that exhibit good genes.

d. A member of one sex usually chooses their mate based on queues that exhibit good genes.

How does sexual selection occur in humans? a. A woman can choose a man with different histocompatibility genes based on smell. b. A man can choose a highly fertile female based on facial cues that generally correlate with estrogen levels. c. A woman will choose, based on facial cues, males with different levels of testosterone depending on when she is most likely to conceive. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above. -A woman can choose a man with different histocompatibility genes based on smell. - A man can choose a highly fertile female based on facial cues that generally correlate with estrogen levels. - A woman will choose, based on facial cues, males with different levels of testosterone depending on when she is most likely to conceive.

In some social insects, there are individuals that do not mate or may not be fertile but help look after other members of their group. Which statement regarding this situation is true? a. There is no way that natural selection can act on the genes of nonreproducers since they do not leave offspring. b. The ultimate cause of this behavior is the need to keep their group safe. c. Lack of mating is an agonistic behavior. d. By protecting relatives, the nonreproducers increase the probability that their genes will be passed to the next generation.

d. By protecting relatives, the nonreproducers increase the probability that their genes will be passed to the next generation.

The central dogma describes how the genes in the nucleus work to produce an organism's phenotype. Another way of putting it is that the central dogma follows the flow of information from _____. a.protein to DNA b. protein to RNA c. RNA to ribosomes d. DNA to protein

d. DNA to protein

___________occurs when individuals leave a population and start a new population while ___________ occurs when individuals leave a population and join (or at least mate with) a population that already exists. a. Mutation; founder effect b. Gene flow; founder effect c. Natural selection; gene flow d. Founder effect; gene flow

d. Founder effect; gene flow

Which microevolutionary process is the most likely to make different populations of a species similar to one another? a. Natural selection b. Mutation c. Genetic drift d. Gene flow

d. Gene flow

Each of us is part of the ongoing evolution of the human species. Which of the following forms of microevolution is currently most important in human populations worldwide? a. Natural selection is occurring for traits such as strength and disease resistance. b. New mutations are occurring faster than ever. c. Genetic drift is causing numerous random changes in the human gene pool. d. Global travel and migration are promoting gene flow on an unprecedented scale.

d. Global travel and migration are promoting gene flow on an unprecedented scale.

The sickle-cell allele produces a serious blood disease in homozygotes. Why doesn't natural selection eliminate this allele from all human populations? a. Natural selection is a positive force, so it does not eliminate alleles. b. Natural selection occurs very slowly, but elimination of the sickle-cell allele is expected to occur soon. c. Mutations keep bringing the allele back into circulation. d. In populations where endemic malaria is present, heterozygotes have an important advantage: They are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive and produce offspring that carry the allele.

d. In populations where endemic malaria is present, heterozygotes have an important advantage: They are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive and produce offspring that carry the allele.

Which of the following is a misconception regarding natural selection? a. There is a struggle for existence among individuals because organisms tend to produce far more offspring than the environment can support. b. Natural selection can only act to diminish or amplify heritable traits. c. Individuals do not evolve; populations do. d. Natural selection progressively refines organisms' adaptations, eventually leading to perfection.

d. Natural selection progressively refines organisms' adaptations, eventually leading to perfection.

Which of the following statements about photoreception is true? a. Rod cells are responsible for color vision. b. Cone cells respond to dim light. c. Rods and cones are located at the back of the retina, with their light-sensitive regions pointing towards the source of light. d. The brain combines signals from the different types of cone cells to differentiate the colors of the visible spectrum.

d. The brain combines signals from the different types of cone cells to differentiate the colors of the visible spectrum.

A population of butterflies has an allele B for big spots on the wings and b for small spots on the wings. The table below provides data about this population. Genotype: BB Bb bb # of butterflies: 300 400 300 genotype frequency: 0.3 0.4 0.3 Regarding these data about the butterfly population, which of the following statements is correct? a. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because p 2 and 2pq are different. b. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because half of the heterozygotes are B and half are b. c. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because the number of B alleles is equal to the number of b alleles. d. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because the genotype frequency of bb is greater than it would be in equilibrium.

d. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because the genotype frequency of bb is greater than it would be in equilibrium.

A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs. Generation after generation, she allows only the quietest dogs to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dog with interesting traits, but on average, the dogs still bark at about the same rate as other dog breeds. Which of the following would be a logical explanation for her failure? a. There is no variation for the trait (barking). b. The selection was artificial, not natural, so it did not produce evolutionary change. c. There was no selection (differential reproductive success) related to barking behavior. d. The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait.

d. The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait.

A population is a. a group of individuals of different species living in the same place at the same time. b. a group of individuals of a species plus all of the other species with which they interact. c. all individuals of a species, regardless of location or time period in which they live. d. a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.

d. a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a. an anticodon. b. a base substitution. c. a mutagen. d. a mutation.

d. a mutation.

Microevolution, or evolution at its smallest scale, occurs when a. an individual's traits change in response to environmental factors. b. a community of organisms changes due to the extinction of several dominant species. c. a new species arises from an existing species. d. a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations.

d. a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations.

How do mutations affect an organism? a. they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele b. they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele c. they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect d. all of the above

d. all of the above

UV light causes a. skin cancer b. the breakdown of folate (folic acid) in blood c. the synthesis of vitamin D in skin d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Imagine that your car is stalled and will not start. If you add gasoline to the tank to see if that helps, which step of the scientific method are you performing? a.observation b. prediction c. question d. experiment

d. experiment

There are 300 people (no O allele in population) 200 people have type A blood (AA) 75 have type AB blood 25 have type B blood (BB) What is the actual frequency of the A allele in this population? a. f(A) = (200 + 75)/300 = 0.92 b. f(A) = (200 + 75)/600 = 0.46 c. f(A) = (400 + 75)/300 = 1.58 d. f(A) = (400 + 75)/600 = 0.79 e. f(A) = (400 + 150)/600 = 0.92

d. f(A) = (400 + 75)/600 = 0.79

Elaborate male courtship displays probably evolve when _____. a. they cause mating to be delayed until the period of optimum fertility b. the display requires very little energy to perform c. all males in a population perform the display equally well d. females base their choice of mate on the performance of the display

d. females base their choice of mate on the performance of the display

The Illinois populations of the Greater Prairie Chicken benefited when managers brought in prairie chickens from other populations. This restored genetic variation to the Illinois populations through the process of __________. a. a founder effect b. a bottleneck effect c. mutation d. gene flow

d. gene flow

The evolution of populations due to chance is a. natural selection. b. has more effect in large populations than in small populations. c. gene flow. d. genetic drift. e. genetic variation.

d. genetic drift.

Both bottlenecks and the founder effect are causes of ______________. This type of microevolution also occurs to a greater extent when a population is ____________. a. genetic equilibrium; large b. genetic equilibrium; small c. genetic drift; large d. genetic drift; small

d. genetic drift; small

Reciprocal altruism _____. a. occurs only between relatives b. refers to two animals cooperating c. is determined by kin selection d. is unlikely to occur in populations with little social structure

d. is unlikely to occur in populations with little social structure

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift a. causes populations to become better adapted to their environments. b. has more effect on the evolution of a small population. c. has more effect on the evolution of a large population. d. occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population. e. always increases the frequency of brown alleles in the population.

d. occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population.

A male dog urinates on every tree and fire hydrant it encounters during a walk a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

d. territorial behavior

A male fox sparrow sings loud from a series of perches a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

d. territorial behavior

tRNA molecules work to _____. a. transcribe DNA to mRNA b. translate DNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence c. transcribe the amino acid sequence to DNA d. translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence e. none of the above

d. translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence

______________uses ''if . . . then'' logic to proceed from a general hypothesis to specific predictions of results that can be expected if the general premise is true.

deductive reasoning

Consider the following statement: "If all vertebrates have backbones, and turtles are vertebrates, then turtles have backbones." This statement is an example of

deductive reasoning.

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is ''_________________''

descent with modification.

What are the two types of opsins that dichromats have?

dichromatic: only SWS and MWS opsins

________________ favors phenotypes at one end of a range and is common in periods of environmental change.

directional selection

________________ favors phenotypes at both ends of a range over intermediate phenotypes. This type of selection may occur when the habitat is varied.

disruptive selection

The __________ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.

diversity

Several hens that are unfamiliar with each other fight over food a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

e. agonistic behavior

male moose lower their heads, lock horns, and push against each other a. courtship ritual b. altruism c. dominance hierarchy d. territorial behavior e. agonistic behavior

e. agonistic behavior

What does it mean for the bacteria to be "community-acquired"?

from other people you interact with

What is the difference between genetic drift and gene flow?

genetic drift: leaves and starts a new pop gene flow: new genes enter an allele pool from another population

Researchers set up a study to determine whether large doses of a nutritional supplement would shorten the length of time it takes to recover from a cold. Three thousand volunteers were split into two groups. For two weeks, members of group A took 3,000 mg of the supplement daily. Group B received 3,000 mg of a placebo. At the end of the two-week period, the researchers inserted live cold viruses directly into the noses of all the volunteers. The volunteers in both group A and group B continued to take their daily pills. All the volunteers got colds, and there was no significant difference in the length of time the colds lasted. Which was the experimental group?

group A only

A(n) _____________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments.

hypothesis

What are the three processes that lead to genetic variation from sexual reproduction?

independent assortment of chromosomes crossing over random fertilization.

In controlled experiments, what is a control? If I give you an example of a controlled experiment, you should be able to identify which variables are kept the same and which variable differed. You should be able to identify which is/are the experimental group(s) and which is/are the control group(s). Question: Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent one.

independent variable: a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. -Ex: someone's age might be an independent variable. Other factors (such as what they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch) aren't going to change a person's age. dependent variable: something that depends on other factors. -Ex: a test score could be a dependent variable because it could change depending on several factors such as how much you studied, how much sleep you got the night before you took the test, or even how hungry you were when you took it. Usually when you are looking for a relationship between two things you are trying to find out what makes the dependent variable change the way it does.

Using a type of logic known as ______________, a generalized conclusion can often be drawn from a large number of specific observations.

inductive reasoning

Mendel, Hardy, and Weinberg all applied the rules of probability to ______________.

inheritance

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their ______________ and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

inherited traits

What is the difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection?

intersexual selection: Mate choice by males or females is intrasexual selection: Male-male competition for access to mates

________________ is a type of sexual selection in which individuals of one sex (usually males) compete directly for mates. This may involve ritualized displays or physical combat.

intrasexual selection

n a type of sexual selection often called ______________, individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. This choice is often based on the showy appearance or behavior of the male.

mate choice

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called ________________

natural selection.

Are our behaviors shaped by nurture (environment) or nature (genes)?

nurture

How does a scientific investigation usually start?

observation, which leads into a question

Science is based on _____________________. However, one may ___________ more from observations.

observations. infer

We went through one type of statistical test - the chi-square. Be able to recognize if a chi-square test is done correctly. You should be able to say whether given results support a hypothesis or not.

observed- expected=d d^2 d^2/e= add up that column for total

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more ____________than other members of a population.

offspring

what is a manipulative experiment?

one where you control the variables

what is a natural experiment ?

one where you observe with no interference

So what do p2, 2pq, and q2 each refer to?

p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

Distinguish between results: conclusions: communication:

results: what happened. conclusion: Results support hypothesis? Reject hypothesis? communication: share -Peer-reviewed journal -Combine results to understand system better

What is the relationship between science and morality?

science cannot say what is/isnt moral. However, it can help people make moral decisions using facts

Scientists use a general process known as _____________ to ask and answer questions about nature.

scientific inquiry

In sexual selection, individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates than other individuals. This often results in _______________, differences between the sexes in size, appearance, and behavior.

sexual dimorphism

________________ favors intermediate phenotypes, selecting against phenotypes at both ends of a range and reducing variation.

stabilizing selection

What are systematic observations, controlled experiments? How do they differ from each other? Thought question: Which did our four scientist volunteers use on Monday? Explain.

systematic observation: you observe your subject(s) but do not interferer at all. Controlled Experiments: and variables, see how behavior differers. Interact with subjects on some level

A hypothesis must be __________________--there must be some observation or experiment that could show that it is not true.

testable and falsifiable

What is selective toxicity?

the antibiotics ability to distinguish between the virus cells and the human body cells

What is relative fitness? How does it allow us to quantify the advantage one phenotype has over another? How is it calculated?

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals The fittest individuals in the context of evolution are those that produce the largest number of viable, fertile offspring and thus pass on the most genes [alleles] to the next generation. How it is calculated: Most fit is given a value of 1 (ex. 300/300 survive to the next generation 300/300=1) goes down from there (next produces 50/300= .17)

Who do little better than those salmon that don't even survive to reach the breeding site?

the small males with hooked jaws

A(n) ________ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.

theory

The process of forming RNA from DNA is called_______________.

transcription

What is the additional type of opsin found in trichromats?

trichromatic: LWS opsins .

A scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that

two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable.

Radon is a radioactive gas that seeps into homes from the soil. It is thought to be a leading cause of lung cancer. A research team investigates this theory. They gather large amounts of data on basement radon concentrations and lung cancer rates and conclude that the more radon there is, the more likely lung cancer is to occur. After the study is published, other researchers criticize it by asserting that the studied neighborhoods with higher radon concentrations also have a higher percentage of old people and a higher percentage of cigarette smokers than the low-radon neighborhoods. Both advanced age and cigarette smoking increase the risk of lung cancer. This criticism, if correct, shows that the radon study suffered from __________.

uncontrolled variables

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the ____ of life.

unity

What is the difference between reductionism and systems thinking?

-Reductionism - understand a part Controlled experiments: artificial conditions where control for all but one variable -Systems Thinking - understand a whole Models: ways of representing and/or testing how parts influence one another in the whole.

What does it mean for a hypothesis to be testable?

you have to be able to perform an experiment to either prove or disprove it

Campbell: What is the difference between direct and indirect observations?

-direct observations: experimenter sees results -indirect observations: experimenter has results reported to him/her

Scientists use inductive reasoning to make ________________. What is inductive reasoning?

-hypothesis. -inductive reasoning: drawing generalizations from lots of information. EX: sees a bunch of fish with gills, all fish have gils

Scientists use deductive reasoning to make ________________. What is deductive reasoning?

-predictions -deductive reasoning: drawing a specific conclusion from one or more statements. EX: if i look at more fishes, each will have gills

If I give you an example of an investigation using systematic observations, you should be able to identify -the original observations or question -where inductive reasoning is used -the hypothesis -where deductive reasoning is used -the prediction -the test -the results -the conclusion.

-the original observations or question: reports on something you see -where inductive reasoning is used: sees patterns, makes a general statement. uses it to make a hypothesis -the hypothesis: proposed explanantion of observations -where deductive reasoning is used: specific conclusion from observations. Make predictions. -the prediction: what you think will happen in a test -the test: a way of proving or disproving your hypothesis -the results: what your results of your test are -the conclusion: is you hypothesis correct?

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? a. Green beetles migrate out of the population, and brown beetles migrate into the population. b. Green beetles migrate out of the population. c. A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance. d. Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food. e. Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring.

. Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

What are the three levels of biological evolution? Describe each. How do they relate to one another?

1.) microevolution: -Genetic change within populations -Changes in allele frequencies in the population -Processes: genetic drift, natural and sexual selection, gene flow 2.) speciation -Microevolution can lead to the formation of new species 3.) macroevolution -Multiple speciation events leads to the formation of lineages of species which may show trends

What are the two ways in which sexual selection occurs?

= intrasexual selection Within-sex competition Male-male competition = intersexual selection Between-sex choice Female choice

What is a bottleneck? How are what happened to the greater prairie chickens of Illinois an example of this type of genetic drift? Explain. How did the decrease in genetic diversity probably affect them?

A bottle neck is when a large portion of the population is eliminated. The greater prairie chickens had their numbers cut significantly through the bottlenecking due to lack of resources(land) It caused less favorable traits to sometimes survive, such as less fertile eggs.

What type of protein is embedded in the membrane of these cells and is responsible for determining which wavelengths stimulate the attached retinal and cause the cell to send a signal to the brain?

A cone cell has one type of opsin protein embedded in its membrane. (Dichromats have two types of cone cells Trichromats have three types of cone cells) The type of opsin determines which wavelength of light causes a cone cell to send a signal to the brain The opsin protein makes the retinal molecule bound to it able to be changed when stimulated by photons of particular wavelengths.

What is a frameshift mutation? Is it usually more or less harmful than a substitution? Why?

A frameshift is really bad because it can change the whole meaning of the genetic "sentence" as opposed to 1 letter

What are differences between a hypothesis and a prediction?

A prediction is a guess what might happen based on observation. A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a observation or problem that can further be tested by experimentation. Hypothesis' are also known as educated guesses.

How does a scientific theory differ from the popular use of the term as in: "just a theory"?

A scientific theory is very well supported whereas a theory in the popular sense is just an unsubstantiated idea.

How do you calculate the probability of alternatives? (Multiplication or addition)

Addition The probability that either one event or another occurring = sum of individual probabilities 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 as in getting Bb