FRIDAY (1/31) QUIZLET ONLY: Insight learning, cognitive map & latent learning
Cognitive Map
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment, like exploring a maze. As Tolman's rats were exploring the maze, they were making mental maps.
Latent Learning
Cognitive Map is related to "latent learning" -Tolman did not know the rats had been making cognitive maps and the rats may not have known either. However, when Tolman offered cheese (a reward) at the end of the maze, he then was able to see that the rats had in fact made a cognitive map. This is called latent learning.
Positive Punishment vs Negative Punishment
Know these examples
Positive Reinforcement vs Negative Reinforcement
Know these examples
Insight
Occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem The "ah-ha" moment Wolfgang Kohler is known for his studies of insight learning in chimpanzees It's not REMEMBERING an answer like you do on a quiz, but when you create a whole NEW SOLUTION to a problem
Overjustification
The overuse of bribes and rewards If someone is often rewarded (extrinsic motivation) for doing something they already enjoy (intrinsic motivation), then that person will only do it for reward and not for enjoyment Kids who enjoyed drawing and art were rewarded for doing it. After receiving the rewards, they did it less when not being rewarded. Changes intrinsic to extrinsic
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake You take AP Psych to learn more about psychology and because it is interesting Jordan, Kobe, and Iverson played basketball for the love of the sport and wanted to be the best
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment You take AP Psych to drop a FIVE on the AP exam in May Some NBA players are only playing the game because they make millions of dollars doing it
Locus of control
a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment Julian Rotter
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determinate our fate "I failed the test because Highfill made the test too hard." "We lost the game because the referees suck" "I'm unlucky"
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate "I failed the test because I didn't study enough" "We lost the game because we didn't practice hard enough or watch enough film"