FS HN 167 final (exam questions)
The Recommended Dietary Allowanace (RDA) for protein for typical healthy adults in the United States is _____ .
.8 g/kg of body weight
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the minimum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
20
Which of the following is true regarding the MyPlate food guidance plan and foods with empty kcalories?
According to the MyPlate food guidance plan, ice cream and pizza would contain empty kcalories.
You have just finished a light breakfast of toast and jelly. Which of the following series of events proceeds upon digestion/absorption of the meal until it is near time for lunch?
Blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin, glucose is taken up by the cells through the action of insulin, blood glucose levels decline, the pancreas releases glucagon, glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood, blood glucose rises
Jamal wants to know if his current sodium intake is increasing his risk for hypertension (high blood pressure.)
Dietary Guidelines
Which of the following is true regarding cardiovascular disease and strategies for reducing your risk of developing it?
Dietary intake of fat is one of several factors influencing one's risk for developing cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following is not chemically digested in the small intestine but is broken down by intestinal microflora (bacteria) of the large intestine?
Fiber
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fiber?
Fiber has been shown to help lower blood cholesterol and improve GI tract health.
Which of the following would be considered a significant source of added sugar?
Gatorade
What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal?
Glycemic index
The transport of cholesterol to the liver for elimination is accomplished by.......
HDLs
Howard has kept track of his diet for the past week. He wants to know if his average vitamin C intake is adequate to prevent a deficiency.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98% of a population is termed the
Recommended Dietary Allowance
The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally
designed to meet the needs of almost all (~97%) healthy people
fatty acid
does not contain nitrogen
An individual decides to consume large amounts of protein in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. This practice...
does not work because it breaks down extra amino aid rouse for energy or store as fat
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
fats
The chemical digestion of protein starts in the [1] where the [2] causes the molecule to be [3], or unfolded. In the [4], the proteins are broken down to [5] and absorbed into the bloodstream.
The chemical digestion of protein starts in the stomach where the hydrochloric acid causes the molecule to be denatured, or unfolded. In the small intestines, the proteins are broken down to amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream.
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
The vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
If a food label indicates the food has 20% Daily Value for fat, this would indicate...
if you eat one serving of the food you will have eaten 20% of the total amount of fat you should eat each day.
Urea
a product of amino acid breakdown
Denaturation
a result of protein exposed to severe heat
All of the following statements are true about the typical US diet and carbohydrate recommendations EXCEPT:
adults typically eat more fiber than is recommended
Which group consists only of nutrients that are classified as energy-yielding nutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
added sugar
coke made with high fructose corn syrup
milk
complete protein
milk, whole
complete protein
pork
complete protein
illness or disease
condition favoring negative nitrogen balance
body protein
contains nitrogen
essential amino acid
contains nitrogen
Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?
control the passage of food through the GI tract
When the amount of glucose exceeds the amount needed for energy, it may be...
converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles
peanut butter
incomplete protein
wheat
incomplete protein
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with..
insulin resistance
Which of the following would be found in our body, but not our food?
lipoproteins, such as LDL
Which of the following is a feature of polyunsaturated fats?
liquid at room temperature
What is the primary function of insulin?
lowers blood glucose levels
Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat soluble vitamins and large fats?
lymphatic
Particles that are formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile.
micelles
The end product of carbohydrate digestion is.....
monosaccharides
avocados
monounsaturated fatty acid
The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from...
all of the above
Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's basal metabolic rate?
amount of lean body tissue
Which of the following is the role of the pancreas in digestion?
an accessory organ that produces secretions, such as digestive enzymes and bicarbonates
The physical design of the small intestine with its folds of villi and microvilli causes:
an increase in surface area to aid absorption of nutrients
B12
animal product foods
Iron deficiency anemia is ...
assessed by hematocrit or blood hemoglobin.
The amount of ATP produced by aerobic metabolism depends on the:
availability of oxygen
What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?
0.5-2 lbs/week
How many kcals do you have to remove from your diet each DAY (and/or expend extra kcals through more exercise) to lose about 2 pound of bodyfat per WEEK?
1,000
put the following steps in the correct order for the metabolic breakdown of glucose for energy
1. glycolysis 2. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 3. TCA cycle 4. electron transport chain
Patrick is 35 year old male, weighs 180 pounds, is 6 ft, 2 in tall and has a PAL of 1.6. What is Patrick's total energy needs? (Use the "Easy to Use" method for calculating BMR before calculating his total energy needs.)
3140
Carter weighs 200 pounds and is participating in an outdoor basketball tournament on a Saturday in August. Using guidelines for fluid intake during exercise to avoid reduced physical performance, Carter should limit his weight loss to _______ pounds or less.
4
after exercise, with another intense exercise event the same day
5-6 cups of fluid/kg body weight loss
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 75 g of carbohydrates, 20 g of protein, and 30 g of fat?
650
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat?
720
A high energy molecule cells use to power activities that require energy is called......
ATP
Which of the following is true regarding the genetics of fat cell development and obesity?
As an adult, when you gain or lose weight the amount of fat in individual fat cells increases and decrease but the total number of fat cells remains relatively constant.
During exercise, [1] will be broken down to form glucose. The glucose will be used for energy in muscle cells. The glucose [2] be released into the bloodstream to provide fuel for brain cells. An athlete likely to run out of this fuel source would be [3].
During exercise, muscle glycogen will be broken down to form glucose. The glucose will be used for energy in muscle cells. The glucose cannot be released into the bloodstream to provide fuel for brain cells. An athlete likely to run out of this fuel source would be a competitive cyclist.
Which of the following is NOT among the common features of fat-soluble vitamins?
Easily excreted if consumed in excess amounts
Which of the following is not one of the six classes of nutrients?
Fiber
what statement below is false?
Folate is only found in animal products.
What organ is bile stored in?
Gallbladder
Which of the following regulates the pH of the stomach?
Gastrin
Which of the following would go through the metabolic process known as glycolysis?
Glucose
According to the video The Universe Within, the speed skater Bonnie Blair used which of the following for her major energy source?
Glucose from peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
Which of the following statements is true regarding hydrogenation of fats?
Hydrogenation causes the formation of trans-fatty acids.
Which of the following is TRUE about hypertension?
Hypertension is more common in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites
Which of the following is true about material typically found in fecal matter?
Intestinal microfloria (bacteria) are typically found in fecal matter and are considered beneficial. One should strive to promote their growth.
What is the function of intrinsic factor with vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach and helps with the absorption of the vitamin in the intestines.
Which of the following is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?
It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes.
Which of the following is a feature of leptin?
It is produced by body fat and promotes decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure.
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Muscle and liver
A low-protein diet in which corn is a principal food has been found to cause a deficiency of what vitamin?
Niacin
Which of the following is an example of an unrefined food?
Oatmeal
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about basal metabolism?
On average, it increases by about 5-10% each decade after 20 years of age.
Which of the following is true regarding the functioning of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts are cells responsible for the breakdown of bone.
Which of the following overt side effect(s) is likely to appear after a person ingests a high quantity of nicotinic acid?
Painful, tingling, itching sensation
Which of the following defines the body's set point?
Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
Power athletes have [1] need for carbohydrate and [2] need for protein than "normal" (RDA) levels.
Power athletes have the same level of need for carbohydrate and a higher need for protein than "normal" (RDA) levels.
Which of the following is true regarding the incidence of obesity in the United States and the world?
Researchers believe that the recent increase in the incidence in obesity in United States and the world is primarily due to changes in environment factors, such as cost of food and activity levels.
The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin?
Riboflavin
Secretions that aid digestion in the small intestines include the [1] which neutralizes the acid in the chyme; [2] which chemically breakdown nutrients; and [3] which helps divide fats into small droplets.
Secretions that aid digestion in the small intestines include the bicarbonate which neutralizes the acid in the chyme; pancreatic enzymes which chemically breakdown nutrients; and bile which helps divide fats into small droplets.
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?
Small intestine
Matt wants to have a body with less than 10% bodyfat. He has approached you for dietary advice on how to achieve this goal by manipulating his diet. Which of the following is true?
Tell Matt that the amount of fat on the body is not directly related to the amount of macronutrients in the diet.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding vitamin A?
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides vitamin A supplements to children to prevent blindness and infection.
Which of the following is true regarding energy production and control in the body?
The energy from food the body uses is in the carbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
Which of the following describes an association between various methods energy measurement and the actual amount of energy available to the body from foods?
The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry.
Which of the following is true regarding the body's energy source when someone is fasting?
The primary source of energy for the body when fasting is the body's stored bodyfat.
Why is iron toxicity a concern for young children in the United States?
There is concern of acute excess iron intake from children overdosing on dietary supplements.
Which of the following is true regarding fluid regulation in the body?
Thirst is signalled when brain receptors are triggered with a decrease in blood volume.
To improve [1] fitness, it is recommended to raise your heart rate to 60-85% of [2], 5 to 7 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes each time. This is considered your [3].
To improve cardiorespiratory fitness, it is recommended to raise your heart rate to 60-85% of maximum heart rate, 5 to 7 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes each time. This is considered your aerobic zone.
For most nutrients, it is difficult to exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) by consuming food
True
Fruits and vegetables are NOT considered sources of whole grains.
True
Two secretions in the stomach include [1] which prevents [2] and [3] which protects the [4] from gastric juices.
Two secretions in the stomach include hydrocholoric acid which prevents bacteria growth and mucus which protects the stomach lining from gastric juices.
The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis with leads to low levels of acid in the stomach?
Vitamin B12
Supplements of which of the following nutrients may be needed by older adults?
Vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium
Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion?
Vitamin C
when considering the quality of fat, which of the following would be true?
When the quality of a fat increases, the number of calories per gram remains the same.
A provitamin is a
a chemical substance the body can convert to an active form of a vitamin.
Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis?
a copy of the code for protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA to the site of protein production
During low to moderate-intensity exercise, such as hiking, your body will use fatty acids at _______ rate and glucose at ________ rate than during high-intensity exercise, such as running.
a higher, a lower
The body's total daily energy expenditure includes:
basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effect of physical activity.
Vitamin K's chief function is to help the body with ...
blood clotting
The ratio of a person's body weight to height is represented as his or her...
body mass index
The amount of energy expended for a physical activity depends upon the three key factors of
body weight, intensity of activity and duration
Improving muscle conditioning improves...
both strength and endurance
complex carbohydrate
bread
Health benefits from weight loss...
can be achieved with only minor (e.g. 10 pounds) weight loss
pregnancy
condition favoring positive nitrogen balance
Jason has a goal try to to eat fewer total kcalories but really does not want to be hungry between meals. Which of the following would you recommend?
consume some protein at each meal
Vitamin A toxicity is likely to occur from:
consuming high doses of retinal vitamin A supplements
non-essential amino acid
contains nitrogen
Most people in the US need to ____ their salt intake and ____ their potassium intake to meet recommendations for a healthy diet.
decrease, increase
after exercise, with another intense exercise in TWO days
drink to thirst
less than an hour before exercise
drink to thirst
Aerobic metabolism can use fat and carbohydrate, but not protein, to generate energy.
false
Cooking a protein lowers the quality of the protein.
false
Corn oil naturally contains significant amounts of hydrogenated fat.
false
Five hundred extra kcalories of potatoes is more likely to cause weight gain than is 500 extra kcalories of lean chicken.
false
Physical performance is improved by consuming a very low fat diet (less than 10% of calories) for endurance athletes (marathon runners).
false
Vitamin A deficiency in the world has been essentially eliminated because worldwide fortification and supplementation efforts have been able to reach even the most impoverish and rural children of the world.
false
Vitamin and mineral supplements have been shown to consistently enhance athletic performance and supply a boost in energy availability.
false
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?
fat, carbohydrate, and protein
What vitamin is involved mainly with new cell formation, especially of red blood cells, digestive tract cells and normal neural tube formation early in pregnancy?
folate
folate
fruits and vegetables
According to the Nova video titled Obesity, 70-80% of one's weight is predetermined by;
genetics
Which of the following is converted to pyruvate before it is converted to acetyl CoA?
glucogenic amino acids
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?
glycogen
Which of the following, does an endurance athlete need to focus on restoring prior to the next workout?
glycogen stored in the muscle and liver
Iodization of salt has been successful in reducing the incidence of:
goiter
Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals, but NOT vitamins?
has variable rate of absorption
Iron sources include:
heme iron from animal products
Evidence that there may be a genetic factor influencing obesity is suggested by:
identical twins have similar body weights
Which of the following is a result of regular exercise?
increased bone density
maintain iron carrying capacity
iron
What happens to the nitrogen part of the amino acid if an amino acids is used to produce ATP for energy?
it is converted to urea and excreted in the urine
during exercise
keep fluid loss to less than 2% of body weight
The slow movement of food stuff through this portion of the digestive tract favors the growth of microflora.
large intestine
In general, minerals in plant foods have an absorption rate that is ________ that in animal foods.
lower than
Of the following athletes, who is LEAST likely to benefit from creatine supplements?
marathon runner
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of a person's fitness?
maximum heart rate
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions within cells?
metabolism
riboflavin
milk
The food source with the most bioavailable form of calcium is:
milk products
canola oil
monounsaturated fatty acid
olive oil
monounsaturated fatty acid
Which of the following does NOT occur when blood calcium levels drop too low?
more calcium is excreted in the urine
Essential nutrients...
must be consumed from food or drink
Which of the following would describe the state of nitrogen balance of a person who ingested 16 g of food nitrogen and lost 19 g of nitrogen?
negative balance
Which of the following may be used to determine the quantity of protein an individual needs?
nitrogen balance
William has a BMI of 26.5 kg/m2. He would therefore be classified as:
overweight
An aerobic reaction is one that requires
oxygen
bone density...
peaks at about 20 years of age.
release of the hormone ghrelin
promotes hunger
sight and smell of food
promotes hunger
Which of the following has been shown to be most effective in reducing hunger and maintaining satiety?
protein
niacin
protein rich foods
Americans are urged to eat more fish due to its high content of:
omega- 3 fatty acids
Select the food item from the following that does NOT contain cholesterol.
peanut butter
The rhythmic contractions that move ingested food along the GI tract are called...
peristalsis
corn oil
polyunsaturated fatty acid
what is the structure of an enzyme?
protein
If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid:
protein synthesis will be limited
An amino acid not used to build a body protein will first be subjected to
removal of its amino group
cheese
saturated fatty acid
coconut oil
saturated fatty acid
steak
saturated fatty acid
Which of the following is generally NOT associated with a regular program of physical fitness?
reduced bone density
One of the key drugs currently available on the market today to treat obesity, works by ....
reducing the amount of kcalories available to the body by blocking the absorption energy yielding nutrients, such as fats in foods.
Vitamin D deficiency disease in children:
rickets
When Vitamin C intake is very low (below 10 mg per day), the symptoms of _______ begin to appear.
scurvy
release of hormones CCK and peptide YY from GI tract
signals sufficient food intake
stomach distension triggers stretch receptors
signals sufficient food intake
Where is the primary location for the chemical digestion of fat in the GI tract?
small intestines
maintain fluid balance
sodium
All of the following are behavior modifications for losing weight except:
taking smaller portions of food but always eating everything on the plate quickly.
Which of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?
there is a significant reduction in the duration of the cold
The energy used to digest, absorb, metabolize and store food is called .......
thermic effect of food
When water soluble vitamins are consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess?
they are excreted primarily in the urine
John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?
tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries
Major differences between the nutritional needs of a serious athlete and a casual exerciser are the amount of _____ and _______ needed in the diet.
total energy and fluids
An individual can be considered metabolically fit, even with a BMI in the overweight or obese category.
true
Increasing potassium in one's diet is linked with lowering blood pressure.
true
Most of the fluid lost each day is lost via...
true
The body is able to adjust the rate of absorption of minerals from the GI tract based on the body's need.
true
There is approximately 3500 kcalories in one pound of body fat.
true
Vegetable oils, such as peanut, cotton, and corn oils, are good sources of vitamin E.
true
When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used to synthesize niacin?
tryptophan
needed for vision and to maintain cells that line the body surface (epithelial)
vitamin A
sweet potatoes
vitamin A
All of the following are advantages of vegetarian diets EXCEPT...
vitamin B12 is higher
What vitamin is involved extensively in amino acid metabolism?
vitamin B6
Which of the following has been shown to increase the bioavailability of non-heme iron when consumed at the same time?
vitamin C
collagen formation
vitamin C
Elderly are often at risk for deficiency of this vitamin due to limited sunlight exposure and restricted intake of milk.
vitamin D
In its role as an antioxidant, this vitamin guards cell membranes, DNA, and cholesterol and thus helps prevent heart disease, cancer, and other chronic diseases.
vitamin E
canola oil (what vitamin)
vitamin E
With a deficiency of this vitamin, even a bruise or small scratch could cause you to bleed to death:
vitamin K
cabbage
vitamin K
milk, fortified
vitamins A and D
What are the end products from the metabolism of energy yielding nutrients?
water, carbon dioxide, and energy ATP
Which of these is a polysaccharide that can be digested by human digestive enzymes?
starch
Can the protein from hamburger be converted to body fat?
yes
Sally consumes 1800 kcalories which includes 60 grams of fat. What percent of her kcalories is from fat?
~30%
naturally occurring sugar
strawberry
dissaccharide
sugar
After you cook an egg, which of the following will happen to the egg's protein?
the 3D shape of the protein will be lost
The MyPlate icon is designated to illustrate....
the proportions of food from each group that make up a healthy diet
About 95% of lipids in food and the human body are:
triglycerides
Cholesterol is a lipid, but not a fatty acid.
true
Sally consumes 1800 calories and 60 grams of fat per day. What percent of her calories is from fat?
~30%
Tamara is trying to decide which two cereal provides the best nutritional value.
Daily Values
Food labels provide different types of nutrition information. They are required to have a Nutrition Facts panel, which provides information about the amounts of specific nutrients compared to [1] in a standard serving and [2], which provides information of products in order of their prominence by weight. Food labels may contain [3], which are descriptors with standard definitions established by the FDA or [4], which refer to relationships between nutrients or food components and a disease or health condition that has been reviewed by the FDA
Food labels provide different types of nutrition information. They are required to have a Nutrition Facts panel, which provides information about the amounts of specific nutrients compared to Correct Daily Value in a standard serving and Correct ingredient list, which provides information of products in order of their prominence by weight. Food labels may contain Correct nutrient content claims, which are descriptors with standard definitions established by the FDA or Correct health claims, which refer to relationships between nutrients or food components and a disease or health condition that has been reviewed by the FDA.
Which of the following is true regarding high-fructose corn syrup versus sugar?
High-fructose corn syrup and sucrose have similar ratios (1:1) of fructose to glucose.
What blood cholesterol carrier is associated with an increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis?
LDL
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of atherosclerosis?
Oxidized LDL cholesterol promotes inflammation and the formation of foam cells in artery walls.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range is [1] for carbohydrates; [2] for lipids; and [3] for proteins.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range is 45-65% of total kcalories for carbohydrates; 20 to 35% of total kcalories for lipids; and 10 to 35% of total kcalories for proteins.
Sharon loves milk and drinks more than the typical person. She is concerned she is getting too much calcium.
Tolerable Upper Limit
Which of the following would be a source of naturally occurring sugar?
milk