FSN chapter 7
2 functions of glycolysis
- to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds - to produce energy
the process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called
- transamination
mRNA translation
-tRNA and ribosomes
what element makes proteins diff from carbs and fat
nitrogen
people with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of
phenylalanine - PKU and PHEN
If carb intake is inadequate, liver is forced to make glucose from
- protein in body tissue and amino acids in body tissue
amino acids in the liver are used for
- protein synthesis - energy needs - conversion to carbs or fat or release into the bloodstream
protein digestion
- proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine - partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK - CCK causes the pancreas to release protein splitting enzymes - trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments
a substance is ____ when it gains 1 or more electrons
- reduced
transfer the hydrogens from energy yielding compounds to oxygen in metabolic pathways of the cells
- riboflavin, niacin - METABOLIC i need it now RN
amino acids (9-11)
- supplied from protein foods and cell synthesis - composed of central carbon, nitrogen group, acid group, hydrogen, side chain - body needs 20 amino acids to function - 11 nonessential (DOES NOT NEED TO BE IN DIET, CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL) - 9 essential (NEEDS TO BE IN THE DIET) - linked together by peptide bonds
the amino group is in what form in the urine
- ammonia
conditionally essential in human diet
- arginine - cysteine - glycine - glytamine - proline - tyrosine
galactosemia
- cataracts - bacterial infections - intellectual disability
denaturation
- destroys proteins function - caused by exposure to acid or alkaline solutions, enzymes, heat, and agitation
marasmus
- develops slowly - severe deficiency of energy, protein, and micronutrients - skin and bones appear
dna transcription
- from nucleus to cytosol via MRNA
to use amino acids
- have their amino group removed - be deaminated
steps to ketosis
- insufficient insulin production - large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells - fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA - citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP - ketone bodies are formed
oxygen
- is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions
when excess protein is consumed
- it is stored as fat - it is used as energy
protein
- made of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) - forms amino acids and are the building blocks for protein synthesis.
to prolong survival during fasting
- nervous system uses less glucose - slowing of metabolic rate - reduction in energy requirements
the nutrient that is composed of 4 elements
- nitrogen, acid, hydrogen , amino acid
kwashiorkor
- occurs rapidly - severe protein deficiency - accompanied by underlying infection or disease - fatty liver - edema - look bloated
protein organization
- primary: determines protein's shape - secondary: spiral like shape by amino acids and weak chemical bonds - tertiary: 3 dimensional folding determines shape and function - quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides interact
which is an example of a catabolic process
- production of atp from fatty acids