FSN chapter 7

2 functions of glycolysis

- to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds - to produce energy

the process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called

- transamination

mRNA translation

-tRNA and ribosomes

what element makes proteins diff from carbs and fat

nitrogen

people with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of

phenylalanine - PKU and PHEN

If carb intake is inadequate, liver is forced to make glucose from

- protein in body tissue and amino acids in body tissue

amino acids in the liver are used for

- protein synthesis - energy needs - conversion to carbs or fat or release into the bloodstream

protein digestion

- proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine - partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK - CCK causes the pancreas to release protein splitting enzymes - trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments

a substance is ____ when it gains 1 or more electrons

- reduced

transfer the hydrogens from energy yielding compounds to oxygen in metabolic pathways of the cells

- riboflavin, niacin - METABOLIC i need it now RN

amino acids (9-11)

- supplied from protein foods and cell synthesis - composed of central carbon, nitrogen group, acid group, hydrogen, side chain - body needs 20 amino acids to function - 11 nonessential (DOES NOT NEED TO BE IN DIET, CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL) - 9 essential (NEEDS TO BE IN THE DIET) - linked together by peptide bonds

the amino group is in what form in the urine

- ammonia

conditionally essential in human diet

- arginine - cysteine - glycine - glytamine - proline - tyrosine

galactosemia

- cataracts - bacterial infections - intellectual disability

denaturation

- destroys proteins function - caused by exposure to acid or alkaline solutions, enzymes, heat, and agitation

marasmus

- develops slowly - severe deficiency of energy, protein, and micronutrients - skin and bones appear

dna transcription

- from nucleus to cytosol via MRNA

to use amino acids

- have their amino group removed - be deaminated

steps to ketosis

- insufficient insulin production - large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells - fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA - citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP - ketone bodies are formed

oxygen

- is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions

when excess protein is consumed

- it is stored as fat - it is used as energy

protein

- made of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) - forms amino acids and are the building blocks for protein synthesis.

to prolong survival during fasting

- nervous system uses less glucose - slowing of metabolic rate - reduction in energy requirements

the nutrient that is composed of 4 elements

- nitrogen, acid, hydrogen , amino acid

kwashiorkor

- occurs rapidly - severe protein deficiency - accompanied by underlying infection or disease - fatty liver - edema - look bloated

protein organization

- primary: determines protein's shape - secondary: spiral like shape by amino acids and weak chemical bonds - tertiary: 3 dimensional folding determines shape and function - quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides interact

which is an example of a catabolic process

- production of atp from fatty acids