FSOT 2

New Democrat

A term created by the Democratic Leadership Council in 1992, it denotes a less liberal, centrist Democrat.

On background

A term for when sources are not specifically named in a news story

victimless crime

A term sometimes used for various acts that are considered crimes under the law but apparently have no victim. One such crime is prostitution, which is viewed by some as a commercial exchange between two consenting adults.

power elite

A term used by the American sociologist (see sociology) C. Wright Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely knit group of people who tend to dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, and government elites who control the principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence the decisions of the policymakers.

shaft graves

A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151)

Han

A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164)

Nullification

A theory first advanced by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson that the states had the right to "nullify" (that is, declare null and void) a federal law that, in the states' opinion, violated the Constitution. The theory was revived by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina in opposition to federal efforts to restrict slavery. The North's victory in the Civil War determined once and for all that the federal Union is indissoluble and that states cannot declare acts of Congress unconstitutional, a view later confirmed by the Supreme Court. (Ch. 3)

narrow construction

A theory of interpretation of the Constitution that holds that the courts, particularly the Supreme Court, should be bound by the exact words of the Constitution, or by the original intent of the framers of the Constitution, or a combination of both. (Compare broad construction.)

Party eras

A time period characterized by national dominance by one political party. There have been four major party eras in American history - the era of good feeling, the Republican era following the Civil War, the Democratic era following the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and the Republican era following the election of Richard Nixon.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer, wrote Jungle Book

Stanley, Henry Morton (1841-1904)

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. (p. 732)

Ilkhanate of Persia

Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258.

pork

Budget items proposed by legislators to benefit constituents in their home state or district. Such expenditures are sometimes unnecessary but are passed anyway because they are politically beneficial.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

Tikal

Built by Mayans (300-900BCE) a bustling trading city with a population nearing 40,000 with many large buildings.

sweetener amendment

Amendment to a bill proposed in hopes of attracting the support of the bill's opponents. This includes appropriations earmarked for the district of a bill's opponent, for example.

saving amendment

Amendment to a bill proposed in hopes of softening opposition by weakening objectionable elements of the bill.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)

Plurality system

An electoral system, used in almost all American elections, in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority of the votes. (Ch. 7)

Wire Service

An electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations

Diocletian

An emperor, reigned (284-305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator.

Incas?

An empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges, and including parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The Spanish conquered them in 1533.

Neo-Assyrian Empire

An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)

Offsets

An environmental rule that a company in an area with polluted air can offset its own pollution by reducing pollution from another source in the area. For instance, an older company that can't afford to pay for new antipollution technologies may buy pollution credits from a newer company that has reduced its source of pollution below the levels required by law. (Ch. 21)

Religious right

An evangelical conglomeration of ultraconservative political activists, many of whom support the Republican Party.

What did Napoleon not accomplish?

An expansion of freedom of speech

Which of the following battles marked the final German offensive?

Battle of the Bulge

One of the first European composers to experiment with romanticism in music was?

Beethoven

Selective attention

Paying attention only to those parts of a newspaper or broadcast story with which one agrees. Studies suggest that this is how people view political ads on television. (Ch. 10)

Cassaks

Peasant adventures with agricultural and military skills, recruited to concur and settle newly settled lands in southeast Russia and Siberia.

What set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French?

Peasants had less rice to eat bc the French exported most of it

How were Muhammad Ali's policies and European colonial policies similar?

Peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. (p. 900)

What what the Thirty Years' war a conflict over?

Religion, Territories, and Power among European ruling families

What was NOT a social change during the French Revolution?

Religious fever gripped the nation strengthening the catholic church.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)

Tianamen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. (p. 862)

Troy

Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B.C.E., as reported in Homer's epic poems. (p. 76)

Dunkirk

Site of English retreat out of France in WWII.

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856)

socialism

Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s. (709)

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

What was France's Vietnam?

The Algerian war, starting in 1954. Harsh crackdown on Algerian militants lead to independance for Algeria in 1962.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)

Organizational Campaign

That part of a political campaign involved in fund-raising, literature distribution, and all other activities not directly involving the candidate.

Media Campaign

That part of a political campaign waged in the broadcast and print media

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

Warsaw Pact

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)

Who does the Freedom of Information Act apply to?

The 1966 Act applies only to federal agencies. However, all of the states, as well as the District of Columbia and some territories, have enacted similar statutes to require disclosures by agencies of the state and of local governments, though some are significantly broader than others. Many combine this with Open Meetings legislation, which requires government meetings to be held publicly.

Which ammendments deal with due process?

The 5th and the 14th.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)

Senate confirmation

The process outlined in Article Two of the Constitution, giving the Senate the authority to approve appointments made by the president.

Political Socialization

The process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations; the learning process by which people acquire their political beliefs and values.

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Virginia Plan

initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central gov with a bicamerl legislature, the lower house to be elected by the voters and the upper chosen by the lower, representation based on wealth or population

What is the proper matching of realism vs romanticism to Daguerre Charles Dickens and Ludwig van Beethoven?

Louis Daguerre â€" realism, Charles Dickens â€" realism, Ludwig van Beethoven- romanticism

The elected ruler of France who declared himself emperor was?

Louis Napoleon

Which long-ruling French monarch decided to repeal the Edict of Nantes?

Louis XIV

Sun king

Louis XIV called himself this with his grandeur of Versailles, etc.

What were three major components of romanticism?

Love of natures beauty, value of common people, glorification of heroes and heroic actions

Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971)

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

Capital of Angola

Luanda

Alexander the Great

Macedonia. He conquered Persia and ruled over Greece, allowing Greek culture to prosper.

Upanishads

Made in 800-400BCE refers to the the practice of disciples gathering fro religious discussion.

Battle of Trafalgar

Major british naval victory over Napolean.

Aswan Dam

Major dam on the Nile River in Egypt.

Mississippi/Missouri River system

Major river system of North America, which runs from Minnesota and North Dakota to Gulf of Mexico. Played central role in American economy, military strategy and culture.

Bavaria

Major state in Southwestern Germany, next to Austria and Czech Republic

The purpose of propaganda during WWI was to...?

influence public opinion

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)

Baltic Sea

Between Europe and Sacandanavia

Push Polls

"Polls" taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate

Asiatic Huns

200-600CE. Lead to decline of all 3 classical civilizations

Partion of Poland

3 separate divisions of polish territory b/w Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Approx. how many people live in Asia?

3.9 billion.

Approx. how many people live in South America?

330 Million.

When did the 100 years war take place?

Towards the end of the middle ages between France and England.

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. (p. 658)

Cortez?

A spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs.

Pizarro?

A spanish explorer who conquered the Incas of Peru.

Nationalization of the Bill of Rights

A judicial doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation.

Remedy

A judicial order preventing or redressing a wrong or enforcing a right. (Ch. 14)

Chandragupta Maurya

A king who reigned (322-298BCE) who starved himself to death after becoming a Jainist monk.

School district

A special-district government responsible for administering public schools. (Ch. 3)

Persian empire

Tried to conquor Greece in 5th Century, but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon.

Spanish America War

Between Spain and the US. US won, got Philippines and puerto rico and permitted american intervention in the caribean

Straight ticket

Voting for candidates who are all of the same party. For example, voting for Republican candidates for senator, representative, and president. See also Split ticket (Ch. 7)

Second Treatise of Civil Government

Written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas More

Wrote Utopia. Would not recognize Henry VIII as head of Chruch in England. Was beheaded for this, and later made a Saint.

Sophocles

Wrote the plays Oedipus the King and Antigone, he introduced the third actor into his plays

Niccolo Machiabelli

Wrote “the prince†which increased how to take and maintain power

open, closed, and restricted rules in the House?

Bills favorably reported by committee are placed on the House or Senate calendar, which, in spite of its name, is simply a listing without chronological order. Many bills die on the calendar because they are never considered on the floor. In the House, the Rules Committee acts as a "traffic cop." Its rules are instructions which determine if and when a bill will be considered on the floor, and how. A closed rule forbids amendments and speeds consideration. A restricted rule allows only certain amendments to be considered. An open rule, of course, permits unlimited amendments. The Senate has no Rules Committee but instead relies on a unanimous consent agreement negotiated between the majority and minority leaders to govern consideration of a bill. The Senate also differs in permitting filibusters, which allow senators to delay or even kill bills by unlimited debate, though unlimited debate may be prevented if 60 senators vote for cloture. Cloture was once rare but is becoming more common. The Senate also allows unlimited amendments, which encourages riders: amendments unrelated to the substance of a bill, slipping in "back-door" legislation.

What key factor led to th eformation of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entete?

Bismark's fear of France's army and Britain's fear of Germany's empire

Battle of Omdurman

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)

How were the unifications of Italy and Germany similar?

Both use military to unify territories

How were the books Les Miserables and Frankenstein different?

Both were written by British authors

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)

Shi'ite Islam

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

What event led to the War of the Spanish Succession?

Charles II made Louis XIV's grandson his heir, added to the Bourbon power

bay

part of a large basin of water that extends into a shoreline, generally smaller than a gulf

Confucianism

Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)

King Otto I

He led an army to support the Pope in the 960's against the Lombard Magnates and was crowned by the pope the First Holy Roman Emperor.

Two-party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in state or national elections. Third parties have little chance of winning. (Ch. 7)

take care clause

Article 2, Section 3; the presidents take care that the laws are faithfully executed, even if they disagree with the purpose of those laws

St. Benedict

He started an order of Monks and provided a set of regulations for them stressing poverty, chastity, and obedience.

King Alfred

He stopped the Norse/Viking invasion of England in the 800's.

Standing

A legal concept establishing who is entitled to bring a lawsuit to court. For example, an individual must ordinarily show personal harm in order to acquire standing and be heard in court. (Ch. 14)

What was Hitler's prime reason for wanting to take Poland?

He wanted the Polish Corridor and the port city of Danzig

Fourth Lateran Council

Identified the 7 sacraments and reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation

Battle of the Bulge

Last major offensive of Germany in WWII. Patton drove them back, but heavy casualties on both sides.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)

Municipal corporation or municipality

A legal term for a city. It is chartered by the state to exercise certain powers and provide certain services. See also Special-act charter; General-act charter (Ch. 3)

Ashur

Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)

Which president decided to annex the republic of Hawaii?

President McKinley

Tomas de Torquemada

Chief judge of the spanish inquisition, known for his severity.

president pro tempore

Individual chosen to preside over the Senate whenever the vice president is unavailable to do so. Chosen by the senate from among its members.

Rig Vedas

Indo-Aryan work 1400-900BCE with 1028 hymns tot he gods.

Which of the following motivated Japan to build an empire?

"Japan was overcrowded and faced shortages of raw materials, Japan wanted the rich European colonies of Southeast Asia, Japan took over Manchuria and later fought for the heartland of China

The title of Hitlers book Mein Kampf in English is?

"My Struggle"

cavalry warfare

"New skill of warfare developed by Assyrians.

Yankee

"Originally a nickname for people from New England, now applied to anyone from the United States. Even before the American Revolutionary War, the term Yankee was used by the British to refer, derisively, to the American colonists. Since the Civil War, American southerners have called all northerners Yankees. Since World War I, the rest of the world has used the term to refer to all Americans.

Egyptian religion and Egyptian Book of the Dead

"Part of elaborate religion in which chief god was Re, the sun god.

Bronze Age

"- 3500 to 1200 BCE

Sumeria

"- 3500 to 2350 BCE

writing

"- enabled people to keep records, pass on learning and transfer information

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

"1.Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy

right-wing

"A descriptive term for an individual or a political faction that advocates very conservative policies. Right-wing groups generally support free enterprise. In the United States, the right wing generally argues for a strong national defense program and opposes federal involvement in promoting social welfare. (Compare left-wing.)

Supreme Court

"A federal court; the highest body in the judicial branch. The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and eight associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. (See photo, next page.) They serve on the Court as long as they choose, subject only to impeachment. Each state also has a supreme court; these courts are all courts of appeals, primarily hearing cases that have already been tried. The federal Supreme Court (“the†Supreme Court) has the final word on interpretation of all laws and of the Constitution itself.

un-American

"A term used, primarily by extreme conservatives, to attack principles or practices considered to be at odds with the values of most Americans. Many object to the use of the term on the grounds that it is vague, shortsighted, and intolerant.

Scholastic Aptitude/Achievement Test

"A test that purportedly measures the aptitude of high-schoolers for college. Originally devised in 1926, it was not widely employed by colleges to select students until the 1950s and 1960s.

Egypt (the Nile River)

"Agricultural settlement emerged 5500 bce.

Pledge of Allegiance

"Also called the “Pledge to the Flag.†The American patriotic vow, which is often recited at formal government ceremonies, including Independence Day ceremonies for new citizens: “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.â€

early China (Yellow River)

"Also known as Huang Ho River.

North American Free Trade Agreement

"An agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to establish free trade. It took effect in 1994 and is designed to eliminate trade barriers between the three nations by 2009.

Pentagon

"An immense five-sided building in Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., that serves as headquarters for the Department of Defense.

Indus valley civilization (Indus River)

"Arose around 2600 bce.

self-incrimination

"Being forced or coerced to testify against oneself. Self-incrimination is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Which countires are part of French Indo China?

"Cambodia Laos and Vietnam

pyramids

"Gigantic tombs designed to provide resting place for pharoahs after they died.

history v. prehistory

"History goes back to a little more than 5000 years ago.

What would an absolute monarch most likely say?

"I am the State"

states' rights

"Rights guaranteed to the states under the principle of federalism. Under the Constitution, states have considerable autonomy to pass, enforce, and interpret their own laws and to pursue their own public policy programs. Proponents of states’ rights argue that the states should be governed with a minimum of interference from the federal government.

Fertile Crescent (Tigris-Euphrates river system)

"Settlement began as early as 8000 BCE.

Epic of Gilgamesh

"Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria.

Amazon

"Source: Glacier-fed lakes in Peru

Brahmaputra

"Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet

primaries

"State elections of delegates to the nominating convention that chooses a major party’s presidential candidate. In some states, delegates are elected by popular vote; in other states, party caucuses or miniconventions choose delegates.

Sundiata

"The Lion Prince" (1230-1255) who ruled Mali and made it into a great nation.

Assyrians

"WorldÂ's first true empire (large state created by conquest of neighbors)

civilization

"complex forms of social and political organization; practice of agriculture; advanced tool use; and the rise of cities

Mesopotamia

"land between the rivers", located in between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

metallurgy

"science of extracting and refining metal from raw ore; began in Middle East and China between 4000 and 3000 b.c.e.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Theravada Buddhism

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)

Features of civilization

(1) Economic system able to make basic goods and services available; (2)Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, and protecting people from outside threats, (3) Moral code in the form of a shared religion, and (4) Intellectual tradition that includes a written language and encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science and the arts.

Zhou Dynasty

(1029-258 BCE) No strong central govt. Ruled by regional princes and royal families

Eleanor of Aquitane

(1122-1204) liberally supported romantic poets & entertainers. The most celebrated woman of her time supporting chivalry, good manners, refinement, and romantic love.

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

English Bill of Rights?

(1689): It is one of the basic documents of English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts.

Marbury v. Madison?

(1803) landmark case in United States law wherein the U.S. Supreme Court established judicial review as a legitimate power of the Court on constitutional grounds.

Nomination Campaign

That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election

Miller v. California Decision?

(1973) was an important United States Supreme Court case involving what constitutes unprotected obscenity for First Amendment purposes. The decision reiterated that obscenity was not protected by the First Amendment and established the Miller test for determining what constituted obscene material.

Texas v. Johnson Decision?

(1989), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag in force in 48 of the 50 states. Justice William Brennan wrote for a five-justice majority in holding that the defendant's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Han Dynasty

(200BCE- 200CE) Strong centralized govt. Spread borders. Not as violent.

Qin Dynasty

(221-202 BCE) Very strong centralized govt. Spread boundaries to include Hong Kong. Started to build great wall

St. Augustine

(354-430CE) bishop of North Africa city of Hippo. Put Platonist, Manichaeanistc, and Hellenistic teachings into Christianity.

Sino-Japanese War?

(August 1, 1894 - April 1895) was a war fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan over control of Korea. The principal result was a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan. Faced with these repeated defeats, China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, 1895, agreeing to stay out of Korea and ceding a large portion of eastern Manchuria, including the Liaodong (literally: Eastern Liaoning) portion of the modern Liaoning province, to Japan. Additionally, the island of Taiwan (Formosa) was also ceded to the Japanese. Chinese defeat at the hands of Japan highlighted the failure of the Qing army to modernize and resulted in increased calls within China for accelerated reform. It also encouraged imperialist demands laid on the dynasty by western powers, particularly Britain, France, Germany, and Russia. For example, Russia, after the diplomatic slap in the face given to Japan in the Triple Intervention after the war, moved almost immediately to occupy the entire Liaodong Peninsula and, especially to fortify Port Arthur despite vigorous protests from China, Japan, and the United States — all three favoring an Open Door Policy in Manchuria.

quorum

(KWAWR-uhm) The minimum number of members of a committee or legislative body who must be present before business can officially or legally be conducted. In the United States Congress, for example, either house must have a majority (218 in the House of Representatives, 51 in the Senate) to have a quorum.

manslaughter

(MAN-slaw-tuhr) The unlawful killing of a person, without malice or premeditation. Involuntary manslaughter is accidental, such as running into someone with a car. Voluntary manslaughter is committed in the “heat of passion,†as in a spontaneous fight in which one person is killed by a strong blow. Manslaughter is usually considered less serious than murder. Both murder and manslaughter are types of homicide.

Medicare

(MED-i-kair) A federal program providing medical care for the elderly. Established by a health insurance bill in 1965, as part of President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, the Medicare program made a significant step for social welfare legislation and helped establish the growing population of the elderly as a pressure group. (See entitlements.)

nolo contendere

(NOH-loh kuhn-TEN-duh-ree, kuhn-TEN-duh-ray) A plea that can be entered in a criminal or civil case, by which an accused person neither admits guilt nor proclaims innocence of a charge. Nolo contendere is Latin for “I do not wish to contend.â€

political action committee

(PAC) Fundraising apparatus of interest groups; donations are regulated by federal law; contribute heavily to the reelection campaigns of representatives and senators sympathetic to the PAC's political agenda.

patronage

(PAY-truh-nij, PAT-ruh-nij) The power of a government official or leader to make appointments and offer favors. Once in office, a politician can use patronage to build a loyal following. Though practiced at all levels of government, patronage is most often associated with the machine politics of big cities. (See spoils system.)

probate court

(PROH-bayt) A court that has jurisdiction over wills, estates, and guardianship of children.

misdemeanor

(mis-di-MEE-nuhr) A minor crime, punishable by a fine or a light jail term. Common misdemeanors, such as traffic violations, are usually dealt with informally, without a trial. (Compare felony.)

Miranda decision

(muh-RAN-duh) A decision by the United States Supreme Court concerning the rights of persons in police custody. In the case of Miranda versus Arizona, in 1966, the Court ruled that, before questioning by the police, suspects must be informed that they have the right to remain silent and the right to consult an attorney, and that anything they say may be used against them in court. The Miranda ruling protects a suspect’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The Miranda warning, a written statement of these rights, is normally recited by a police officer before interrogating the suspect in police custody.

referendum

(ref-uh-REN-duhm) A direct popular vote on an issue of public policy, such as a proposed amendment to a state constitution or a proposed law. Referendums, which allow the general population to participate in policymaking, are not used at the national level, but are common at the state and local levels. A referendum is often used to gauge popular approval or rejection of laws recently passed or under consideration by a state legislature. A referendum can also be used to initiate legislative action.

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)

Smithsonian Institution

(smith-SOH-nee-uhn) A group of over a dozen museums and research and publication facilities, such as the National Air and Space Museum, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of History and Technology, the National Zoo, and the National Gallery of Art. Many of the Smithsonian’s buildings are on the Washington Mall. The institution is named after James Smithson, an Englishman whose bequest enabled its founding in the nineteenth century.

subpoena

(suh-PEE-nuh) An order of a court, a legislature, or a grand jury compelling a witness to be present at a trial or hearing, under penalty of fine or imprisonment. Subpoena is Latin for “under penalty.â€

water wheel

A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)

Personal Campaign

That part of a political campaign concerned with presenting the candidate's public image

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351) Chinggis Khan's grandson who consolidated Mongol rule all over China.

Capital of Chad

- N'Djamena

Capital of Cyprus

- Nicosia

Capital of Canada

- Ottawa

Capital of Burkina Faso

- Ouagadougou

Capital of Cambodia

- Phnom Penh

Capital of Benin

- Porto-Novo

Capital of Czech Republic

- Prague

Capital of Cape Verde

- Praia

Capital of Ecuador

- Quito

Capital of Dominica

- Roseau

Capital of Antigua and Barbuda

- Saint John's

Capital of Costa Rica

- San Jose

Capital of El Salvador

- San Salvador

Capital of Chile

- Santiago

Capital of Dominican Republic

- Santo Domingo

Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Sarajevo

Capital of Bulgaria

- Sofia

Capital of Fiji

- Suva

Capital of Estonia

- Tallinn

Capital of Bhutan

- Thimphu

Capital of Albania

- Tirane

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

Manchu dynasty

17th century Chinese dynasty which greatly expanded China's control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Library of Ashurbanipal

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)

Capital of Austria

- Vienna

Capital of Cote d'Ivoire

- Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)

Capital of Cameroon

- Yaounde

Capital of Armenia

- Yerevan

Capital of Croatia

- Zagreb

Capital of Ethiopia

- Addis Ababa

Capital of Algeria

- Algiers

Capital of Andorra

- Andorra la Vella

Capital of Eritrea

- Asmara

Capital of Azerbaijan

- Baku

Capital of Brunei

- Bandar Seri Begawan

Capital of Central African Republic

- Bangui

Capital of China

- Beijing

Capital of Belize

- Belmopan

Capital of Colombia

- Bogota

Capital of Brazil

- Brasilia

Capital of Congo, Republic of the

- Brazzaville

Capital of Barbados

- Bridgetown

Capital of Belgium

- Brussels

Capital of Argentina

- Buenos Aires

Capital of Burundi

- Bujumbura

Capital of Egypt

- Cairo

Capital of Australia

- Canberra

Capital of Denmark

- Copenhagen

Capital of Bangladesh

- Dhaka

Capital of East Timor (Timor-Leste)

- Dili

Capital of Djibouti

- Djibouti

Capital of Botswana

- Gaborone

Capital of Cuba

- Havana

Capital of Afghanistan

- Kabul

Capital of Bolivia

- La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)

Capital of Equatorial Guinea

- Malabo

Capital of Bahrain

- Manama

Capital of Belarus

- Minsk

Capital of Comoros

- Moroni

Emperor Menelik

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)

Napoleon Bonaparte

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

The Romans were influenced by what two major groups?

1) Greeks 2) Etruscans

Two main rivers in Mesopotamia

1) Tigris River 2)Euphrates River

Who were the two main gods of Zorostrianism?

1)Ahura 2)devil

What were the 3 holiest cities of Islam?

1)Mecca 2)Medina 3)Jerusalem

Five prophets of Islam

1)Noah 2)Abraham 3)Moses 4)Jesus 5)Mohammad(last and greatest prophet)

Two main architectural styles of this era:

1)Romanesque 2)Gothic

Two main oponnents during the Punic Wars?

1)Rome 2)Carthage

Two main branches of Islam:

1)Sunni 2)Shiites

What year did Mexico separate from Spain?

1810. It's war to win its freedom ended in 1821.

Mesolithic Era

10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Also called Middle Stone Age. Ancient cultural stage, or level of human development, that existed between the Paleolithic Period, with its chipped stone tools, and the Neolithic Period, with its polished stone tools. Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, and lasted until about 2700 BC. Although culturally and technologically continuous with Paleolithic peoples, Mesolithic cultures developed diverse local adaptations to special environments. The Mesolithic hunter achieved a greater efficiency than did the Paleolithic and was able to exploit a wider range of animal and vegetable food sources.

Magna Carta

1215 document that guaranteed British freemen the right to trial by jury and the right of the Great Council (which represented English nobility) to approve taxes proposed by the monarchy.

Dates of the Ottoman Empire?

1299-1922. Capital was Istanbul.

Romanov

1613-1917

Commonwealth

1649 brief Republic established between Britain and Ireland. Later say resoration of the Monarchy.

British Empire

16th - 20th century. Colonized much of the world. Became the Commonwealth after decolonization.

Elizabeth I

16th-17th century queen of England during Renaissance. Shakespere and defeat of the Spanish Armada.

French revolution

1789 - 1799

When was the red cross founded?

1863

First geneva convention? The last?

1864. 1949. These conventions set norms for international law.

Meiji Restoration

1868 when last Shogun was overthrown in Japan and Emperor took over. Marked opening of Japan to the West.

Mustafa Kemal (ataturk)

1881-1938; founder of modern republic of Turkey, followed Western Ideals

Klondike gold rush

1890 rush for gold in Northwestern canada

Hague Conventions?

1899 and 1907 conventions were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law.

School of National Learning

18th century ideology which enforced Japans historical uniqueness and revived indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.

Paris Peace conference (1919)?

1919 conference at the end of WWI. The League of Nations was created. Can also refer to the 1947 treaty ending WWII.

What year was the UN founded?

1945 in San Francisco.

When did the Nuremburg Trials take place?

1945-1946. They were the first international war crimes trials.

Irish potato famine

19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US

What year was pakistan partitioned?

1947, immediately fought war with india overt kashmir.

Truman Doctrine

1947; Us would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by communist expansion

Sputnik

1st man made object sent into space; made by USSR; 1957; orbited Earth

What year was Sputnik Launched?

1957

Vatican II

1960s liberalization and modernization of church.

When did the Berlin Wall exist?

1961 to 1989.

When did the second war between india and pakistan begin?

1965

Sparta/Athens

2 leading city states. Classical Mediterranean civilizations. Sparta military aristocracy culminating a slave population

What year did Bangladesh become independant?

1971, resulting in the third india - pakistan war.

Collapse of Communism

1989-91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end.

What year did India and Pakistan become nuclear powers?

1998, nearly resulting in a war in 1999.

Approx. how many people live in the E.U.?

460 Million.

Solicitor General

4th-ranking member of the Dept. of Justice; responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the US gov't to the Supreme Court

Neolithic Era

5,000 or 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. Also called New Stone Age. Final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans, it was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. Preceded the Bronze Age, or early period of metal tools.

Battle of Marathon

5th century battle in which Greeks defeated larger army of Persian empire.

Which was resulted in the beginning of the modern state system in Europe?

7 years war

Approx. how many people live in Africa?

900 million.

Justinian

: period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive and when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east and the chalcedonia west became insurmountable.

Il-Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

National Labor Relations Act (or Wagner Act)?

A 1935 United States federal law that protects the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. The Act does not, on the other hand, cover those workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. (p. 892)

Hannibal

A Carthage military commander. Marched troops through the alps and defeated many Roman armies. Returned to Carthage and failed as an administrator. Voluntary exiled himself to the Seleucid Court where he was a military adviser.

Yellow River

A Chinese river whose source is the high plateau of Tibet that is loaded with loess, a rich soil.

diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103

Vishnu

A Hindu god that had its own devotional cult. The preserver of the world.

Ahisma

A Jainism principle: the non violence towards all living things.

Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)

Stare decisis

A Latin term meaning "let the decision stand." The practice of basing judicial decisions on precedents established in similar cases decided in the past. (Ch. 14)

Writ of habeas corpus

A Latin term meaning "you shall have the body." A court order directing a police officer, sheriff, or warden who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner before a judge and show sufficient cause for his or her detention. The writ of habeas corpus was designed to prevent illegal arrests and imprisonment. (Ch. 2)

nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388)

Ordinance

A law passed and enforced by a city government. (Ch. 3)

Wall-of-separation principle

A Supreme Court interpretation of the establishment clause in the First Amendment that prevents government involvement with religion, even on a nonpreferential basis. (Ch. 18)

Opinion of the Court

A Supreme Court opinion written by one or more justices in the majority to explain the decision in a case. See also Concurring opinion; Dissenting opinion (Ch. 14)

Taftian Theory

A Theory that holds that the president is limited by the specific grants of executive power found in the Constitution

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Office-bloc ballot

A ballot listing all candidates for a given office under the name of that office; also called a "Massachusetts" ballot. See also Party-column ballot (Ch. 8)

Party-column ballot

A ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of that party; also called an "Indiana" ballot. See also Office-bloc ballot (Ch. 8)

Work ethic

A belief in the importance of hard work and personal achievement. (Ch. 4)

Sound bite

A brief statement no longer than a few seconds used on a radio or television news broadcast. (Ch. 10)

Per curiam opinion

A brief, unsigned opinion issued by the Supreme Court to explain its ruling. See also Opinion of the Court (Ch. 14)

Political culture

A broadly shared way of thinking about political and economic life that reflects fundamental assumptions about how government should operate. It is distinct from political ideology, which refers to a more or less consistent set of views about the policies government ought to follow. Up to a point people sharing a common political culture can disagree about ideology. See also Political ideology (Ch. 4)

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)

Quorum call

A calling of the roll in either house of Congress to see whether the number of representatives in attendance meets the minimum number required to conduct official business. (Ch. 11)

write-in candidate

A candidate for public office whose name does not appear on the ballot (usually because he or she has not secured the nomination of a political party) but whose name must be written on the ballot by voters.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

Quasi-judicial

A characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them judicial power to interpret regulations they create.

Quasi-legislative

A characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them legislative powers to issue regulations.

Special-act charter

A charter that denies the powers of a certain named city and lists what the city can and cannot do. See also General-act charter (Ch. 3)

Political efficacy

A citizen's belief that he or she can understand and influence political affairs. This sense is divided into two parts--internal efficacy (confidence in a citizen's own abilities to understand and take part in political affairs) and external efficacy (a belief that the system will respond to a citizen's demands). (Ch. 4)

Party Identification

A citizen's personal affinity for a political party, usually expressed by his or her tendency to vote for the candidates of that party

Oak Ridge

A city in Tennessee, where uranium for the atomic bomb was produced during World War II. Since that time, the government has maintained a variety of nuclear research facilities in Oak Ridge. (See also Manhattan Project.)

most-favored-nation status

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)

Chivalry

A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society.

slush fund

A collection of money by a political official or administration that is used to make payments for various services. Though slush funds may be used for legitimate purposes, such as paying state employees, the term is generally used to describe money that is not properly accounted for and is being used for personal expenses and political payoffs. Money raised for political campaigns has come under increasing public scrutiny to ensure that it is not misused.

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)

Mandate

A command, indicated by an electorate's votes, for the elected officials to carry out their platforms

National committee

A committee of delegates from each state and territory that runs party affairs between national conventions. (Ch. 7)

State Department

A common name for the Department of State.

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Sequential referral

A congressional process by which a Speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting, or may refer parts of a bill to separate committees. (Ch. 11)

Multiple referral

A congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees that consider it simultaneously in whole or in part. For instance, the 1988 trade bill was considered by fourteen committees in the House and nine in the Senate simultaneously. (Ch. 11)

Teller vote

A congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the "yeas" first and then the "nays." Since 1971 the identities of members in a teller vote can be "recorded." See also Voice vote; Division vote; Roll-call vote (Ch. 11)

Voice vote

A congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval; allows members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills. See also Division vote; Teller vote; Roll-call vote (Ch. 11)

Purposive incentive

The benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle from which one does not personally benefit. (Ch. 9)

Roll-call vote

A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names. When roll calls were handled orally, it was a time-consuming process in the House. Since 1973 an electronic voting system permits each House member to record his or her vote and learn the total automatically. See also Voice vote; Division vote; Teller vote (Ch. 11)

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148)

Unanimous decisions

A decision made by the Supreme Court that has no dissent. A unanimous decision by the Court is 9-0.

Malay Peoples

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

Minority opinion

A dissenting opinion written by a justice representing a minority point of view in the losing side of a Supreme Court decision.

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

Secret Service

A division of the United States Department of the Treasury, responsible for apprehending counterfeiters; investigating a variety of federal crimes; and protecting presidents and their families, presidential candidates, and foreign dignitaries visiting the United States.

Sovereign immunity

A doctrine that a citizen cannot sue the government without its consent. By statute Congress has given its consent for the government to be sued in many cases involving a dispute over a contract or damage done as a result of negligence. (Ch. 14)

press release

A document offering an official comment or position

Petition of Right?

A document produced by the English (pre-British) Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. It was addressed to Charles I of England in 1628 in an attempt to seek redress on the following points: forced loans, arbitrary arrest, imprisonment contrary to the Magna Carta, arbitrary interference with proeprty rights, lack of enforcement of habeas corpus, forced billetting of troops, imposition of martial law, exemption of officials from due process.

United States Information Agency

A federal agency responsible for spreading information favorable to the United States around the world.

Revenue sharing

A law providing for the distribution of a fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the states for spending on almost any government purpose. Distribution was intended to send more money to poorer, heavily taxed states and less to richer, lightly taxed ones. The program was ended in 1986. (Ch. 3)

Office of Economic Opportunity

A federal agency, founded in the 1960s as part of the War on Poverty conducted by President Lyndon Johnson. The OEO distributed federal money to a variety of local programs designed to promote educational opportunities and job training among the poor and to provide legal services for the poor. The OEO was abolished in the middle 1970s, and its programs have been curtailed or scattered among other federal agencies, particularly the Department of Health and Human Services.

Uncle Sam

A figure who stands for the government of the United States and for the United States itself. Uncle Samâ€"whose initials are the abbreviation of United Statesâ€"is portrayed as an old man with a gray goatee who sports a top hat and Stars and Stripes clothing. During World War I and World War II, posters of Uncle Sam exhorted young men to join the armed forces. (Compare John Bull.)

Stavisky Affair?

A financial and political scandal that shook France in 1934. Serge Alexandre Stavisky, a swindler associated with the municipal pawnshop of Bayonne, sold huge quantities of worthless bonds. Despite a shady past he had connections with many persons in responsible positions. Faced with exposure in Dec., 1933, he fled but was discovered by the police at Chamonix (Jan., 1934); he either committed suicide or was murdered by the police. Extremists, particularly of the right, accused the Radical Socialist government of Camille Chautemps of corrupt deals with Stavisky and forced its resignation. The rightists further alleged that Stavisky had been murdered to protect influential persons connected with him. Édouard Daladier, the new premier, used force to repress bloody riots staged (Feb. 6-7, 1934) in Paris by extremists (chiefly royalists), but he too had to resign. He was replaced by Gaston Doumergue and a national unity cabinet. After a long trial (1935-36) of 20 defendants, none of them politically important, 11 of the accused, including Stavisky's widow, were acquitted. Some of the politicians so wildly accused of corruption—notably Chautemps—were later cleared. The affair had the unfortunate effect of discrediting not only the Radical Socialist party but also parliamentary democracy in general.

Republic

A form of democracy in which power is vested in representatives selected by means of popular competitive elections. See also Representative democracy (Ch. 2)

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. (p. 701)

Yellow Journalism

A form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late-nineteenth century that featured pictures, comics, color, and sensationalized, oversimplified news coverage

Robert's Rules of Order

A handbook for running meetings effectively and efficiently, based on the procedures used in the British parliament. The principles included in the handbook are applicable to any decision-making organization, from Congress to community club committees. The handbook sets the guidelines for such issues as leading debates; recognizing speakers; defining the role of the chair and other officers; proposing, seconding, and voting on motions; and writing and amending constitutions and bylaws.

Moses

A hebrew man born in Egypt who was responsible for getting monotheism in the mainstream of the world.

Name-request job

A job to be filled by a person whom a government agency has identified by name. (Ch. 13)

Muckraker

A journalist who searches through the activities of public officials and organizations seeking to expose conduct contrary to the public interest. The term was first used by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 to warn that antibusiness journalism, while valuable, could be excessively negative. (Ch. 10)

separation of powers

A fundamental principle of the United States government, whereby powers and responsibilities are divided among the legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch. The officials of each branch are selected by different procedures and serve different terms of office; each branch may choose to block action of the other branches through the system of checks and balances. The framers of the Constitution designed this system to ensure that no one branch would accumulate too much power and that issues of public policy and welfare would be given comprehensive consideration before any action was taken.

Unified government

A government in which the same party controls both the White House and both houses of Congress. When Bill Clinton became president in 1993, it was the first time since 1981 (and only the second time since 1969) that the same party was in charge of the presidency and Congress. See also Divided government (Ch. 12)

tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)

Axum

A great Christian kingdom of Ethiopia about 400CE with a prominent sea port known for trade.

Julius Caesar

A great Roman general of daring acts, later becoming emperor of Rome. Upon declaring himself as dictator he was assassinated.

Salamis

A great naval victory by the Athenians over the Persians under Xerxes (480BCE) that some historians think saved Western Civilization.

Golden Horde

A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, and Hungary. (1237-1242).

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

Axis Powers?

A group of countries that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.

Political party

A group of people joined together by common philosophies and common approaches with the aim of getting candidates elected in order to develop and implement public policy. It is characterized by an organization that is responsible to the electorate and has a role in government.

Pluralism

A group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. No single group emerges, forcing the groups to compromise.

Private bill

A legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters rather than with general legislative affairs. The main kinds include immigration and naturalization bills (Ch. referring to particular individuals) and personal-claim bills. See also Public bill (Ch. 11)

Public bill

A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern. A bill involving defense expenditures is a public bill; a bill pertaining to an individual's becoming a naturalized citizen is not. See also Private bill (Ch. 11)

ranking member

A legislator on a committee who belongs to the majority party and, by virtue of seniority, ranks first after the committee chairman. The most senior member representing the minority party is the ranking minority member of the committee.

Loose construction

A liberal interpretation of the Constitution.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)

Line officer?

A line officer (or otherwise termed "officer of the line") is a military officer who is trained to command a warship, ground combat unit, or combat aviation unit. Officers who are not line officers are those whose primary duties are in non-direct combat specialties (as opposed to those assigned to non-combat duties for a given tour or rotation) such as chaplains, lawyers, supply officers and medical officers (both nurses and doctors). The navy refers to them as Staff Officers. In the United States military, qualified line officers, regardless of rank, would in times of combat have authority over higher ranking non-line officers.

Special-district government or authority

A local or regional government with responsibility for some single function such as administering schools, handling sewage, or managing airports. (Ch. 3)

Sponsored party

A local or state political party that is largely staffed and funded by another organization with established networks in the community. One example is the Democratic party in and around Detroit, which has been developed, led, and to a degree financed by the political-action arm of the United Auto Workers. (Ch. 7)

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68)

VENONA project?

A long-running and highly secret collaboration between United States intelligence agencies and the United Kingdom's MI5 and GCHQ that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several Soviet intelligence agencies, starting in the 1940s.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A major achievement of the government under the AOC. It set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which a territory could apply for statehood. It also contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment. It abolished slavlery in the Northwest territories (northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, up to the Canadian border).

National Organization for Women

A major feminist organization, founded in the middle 1960s, when the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission failed to enforce a clause in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender. One of its founders was Betty Friedan. NOW has worked to promote occupational opportunities for women and has supported legislative proposals that would guarantee women equality with men.

Borobodur

A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)

Social status

A measure of one's social standing obtained by combining factors such as education, income, and occupation. (Ch. 5)

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409)

National convention

A meeting of party delegates elected in state primaries, caucuses, or conventions that is held every four years. Its primary purpose is to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to ratify a campaign platform. (Ch. 7)

Republican

A member of the Republican party.

Pyramid structure

A method of organizing a president's staff in which most presidential assistants report through a hierarchy to the president's chief of staff. (Ch. 12)

Random Sampling

A method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

Safety net

A minimum government guarantee that ensures that individuals living in poverty will receive support in the form of social welfare program.

First Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

National chairman

A paid, full-time manager of a party's day-to-day work who is elected by the national committee. (Ch. 7)

Political machine

A party organization that recruits its members by dispensing patronage--tangible incentives such as money, political jobs, or an opportunity to get favors from government--and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. (Ch. 7)

Machine

A party organization that recruits its members with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Renaissance (European)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445)

Ways and Means Committee

A permanent committee of the House of Representatives, which makes recommendations to the House on all bills for raising revenue. The committee is the principal source of legislation concerning issues such as taxation, customs duties, and international trade agreements

Progressive

A person who believes that moral rules are derived in part from an individual's beliefs and the circumstances of modern life. Progressives are likely to favor government tolerance and protection of individual choice. (Ch. 4)

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)

Nonviolent civil disobedience

A philosophy of opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully violating it and allowing oneself to be punished as a result. (Ch. 19)

Epicureanism

A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good.

Stoicism

A philosophy that stressed leading virtuous lives and not letting both good and bad things in life affect one too much.

Middle America

A phrase coined by Joseph Kraft in a 1968 newspaper column to refer to Americans who have moved out of poverty but are not yet affluent and who cherish traditional middle-class values. (Ch. 5)

on the Hill

A phrase referring to Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., where Congress meets: “They’re debating that nuclear waste issue on the Hill today.â€

Silent majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s. (Ch. 5)

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)

Service strategy

A policy of providing poor people with education and job training to help lift them out of poverty. (Ch. 17)

Wye River Accords?

A political agreement negotiated to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 28 September, 1995 brokered by the United States between Israel and the Palestine Authority completed on October 23, 1998. It was signed by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat. It was negotiated at Wye River, MD (at the Wye River Conference Center) and signed at the White House with President Bill Clinton playing a key role as the official witness. On November 17, 1998, Israel's 120 member parliament, the Knesset, approved the Wye River Memorandum by a vote of 75-19. With the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in September of 2000, and the counter-attacks by the Israel Defense Forces, the Wye River's understandings and goals remain un-implemented.

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)

Public-interest lobby

A political organization the stated goals of which will principally benefit nonmembers. (Ch. 9)

One-Partyism

A political system in which one party dominates and wins virtually all contests

smoke-filled room

A popular expression used to describe a place where the political wheeling and dealing of machine bosses (see machine politics) is conducted. The image originated during the Republican presidential nominating convention of 1920, in which Warren G. Harding emerged as a dark horse candidate.

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)

Zimbabwe

A powerful kingdom in East Africa with a magnificent stone complex from (900-1200CE)

Recess appointment

A presidential appointment made when the Congress is not in session that usually lacks enough votes in the Senate for confirmation. The position must be confirmed by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress, or the position becomes vacant.

Nonpartisan Primary

A primary used to select candidates regardless of party affiliation

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)

Legislative Veto

A procedure by which one or both houses of Congress can disallow an act of the president by a simple majority vote; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

Senatorial Courtesy

A process by which presidents, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senators in whose state the vacancy occurs

Regional Primary

A proposed system in which the country would be divided into five or six geographic areas and all states in each region would hold their presidential primary on the same day

Shays's Rebellion

A rebellion in 1787 led by Daniel Shays and other ex-Revolutionary War soldiers and officers to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. The revolt highlighted the weaknesses of the Confederation and bolstered support for a stronger national government. (Ch. 2)

city-state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)

Pollution allowances (or banks)

A reduction in pollution below that required by law that can be used to cover a future plant expansion or sold to another company whose pollution emissions are above the legal requirements. (Ch. 21)

papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. (p. 44)

Press briefing

A relatively restricted session between a press secretary or aide and the press

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Which of the following events occurred after the US joined the war?

The bulgarians and turks surrendered

Literacy test

A requirement that citizens pass a literacy test in order to register to vote. It was established by many states to prevent former slaves (most of whom were illiterate) from voting. Illiterate whites were allowed to vote by a "grandfather clause" added to the law saying that a person could vote, even though he did not meet the legal requirements, if he or his ancestors voted before 1867. (Ch. 6)

Poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote. It was adopted by many states to prevent former slaves (most of whom were poor) from voting. It is now unconstitutional. See also Grandfather clause; Literacy test (Ch. 6)

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. (p. 396)

Political editorializing rule

A rule of the Federal Communica-tions Commission that if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply. (Ch. 10)

Right-of-reply rule

A rule of the Federal Communications Commission that if a person is attacked on a broadcast (Ch. other than in a regular news program), that person has the right to reply over that same station. (Ch. 10)

What would Metternich most likely not agree with?

A ruler should never violate the constitution of his or her country

Whip

A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking, rounds up members when important votes are to be taken, and attempts to keep a nose count on how the voting on controversial issues is likely to go. (Ch. 11)

English Civil War?

A series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between English Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642 - 1645) and the second (1648) Unlike other civil wars in England which focused on who ruled, this war also concerned itself with the manner of governing the British isles. Accordingly, historians also refer to the English Civil War as the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell was leader of the Parlimentarians.

Procedural due process

A series of steps that are established by the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments that protect the rights of the accused at every step of the investigation.

Political agenda

A set of issues thought by the public or those in power to merit action by the government. (Ch. 15)

Medicaid

A shared program between the federal and local governments that covers hospital and nursing home costs of low-income people.

Party dealignment

A shift away from the major political parties to a more neutral, independent ideological view of party identification.

Party Realignment

A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections

Perks

A short form of perquisites, meaning "fringe benefits of office." Among the perks of political office for high-ranking officials are limousines, expense accounts, free air travel, fancy offices, and staff assistants. (Ch. 12)

maroon

A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (p. 834)

Appeal of June 18?

A speech on June 18th, 1940 by Charles de Gaulle, calling on the French to resist Germany.

Norm

A standard of right or proper conduct that helps determine the range of acceptable social behavior and policy options. (Ch. 5)

Mohica

A state around (300-700CE) leaving a large artistic legacy, depicting a complex and diverse society.

Srivijaya

A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)

National Party Platform

A statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention

Town or township

A subunit of county government in many eastern and Midwestern states. (Ch. 3)

Medici's

A succesful family who owned Medici bank in Florence (like Fuggers in England)

Poll

A survey of public opinion. See also Random sample (Ch. 5)

Seniority

A system guaranteeing that those who serve in office the longest get preferential treatment. In Congress, those representatives who serve the longest get seniority in their committee assignments.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)

Regressive tax

A tax that is imposed on individuals regardless of how much they earn, such as a sales tax.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)

Unit Rule

A traditional party practice under which the majority of a state delegation can force the minority to vote for its candidate

Age of enlightenment?

A trend in the 18th century in European philosophy, often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, "The Enlightenment." This movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as courageous and elite, and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny (which they believed began during a historical period they called the "Dark Ages"). This movement also provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, the Latin American independence movement, and the Polish Constitution of May 3, and also led to the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism.

open primary

A type of direct primary open to voters regardless of their party affiliation. Voters need not publicly declare their party affiliation but must vote for candidates of only one party. The opposite is a closed primary, in which only registered members of a party may vote.

Stratified Sampling

A variation of random sampling; census data are used to divide a country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas are then randomly selected in proportion to the total national population

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)

contract of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)

Party polarization

A vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators. (Ch. 11)

Prospective Judgment

A voter's evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

Proportional Representation

A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party

nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)

Social movement

A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order. The civil rights movement of the 1960s was such an event, as are broadly based religious revivals. A social movement may have liberal or conservative goals. (Ch. 9)

union shop

A workplace where an employee must pay dues or their equivalent to the union, but may not be fired if he or she fails to maintain membership in good standing in the union for any reason other than failure to pay such dues.

libel

A written, printed, or pictorial statement that unjustly defames someone publicly. Prosecution of libel as a punishable offense puts some measure of restriction on freedom of the press under the First Amendment.

thirteenth amendment

Abolished slavery

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Act that finally made the Fifteenth Amendment a reality. As a result of this act, any state not eliminating the poll tax and literacy requirements would be directed to do so by the federal government. It also resulted in the establishment of racially gerrymandered congressional districts in the 1980s and 1990s.

Norris-La Guardia Act (1932)

Act that prohibited employers from punishing workers who joined unions and gave labor the right to form union.

Reapportionment Act of 1929

Act that provides for a permanent size of the House and for the number of seats, based on the census, each state should have.

Simpson-Marzzoli Act (1987)

Act that resulted in more than 2 million illegal aliens who were living in this country since 1982 being allowed to apply for legal status.

Rashid al-Din

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. (p. 334)

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)

Tulip Period

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)

recaptives

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. (p. 655)

Leonid Brezhnev

After Khrushchev until 1982. Invaded Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Iron Age

After the bronze age, used iron to make tools around 2000 BC

Policy agenda

Agenda that results from the interaction of linkage institutions.

Munich Pact

Agreement between Britain and Germany in 1938 in which Chamberlain gave Hitler Czechoslavakia. Known as pure appeasement.

unanimous consent decree

Agreement passed by the Senate that establishes the rules under which a bill will be debated, amended, and voted upon.

three-fifths compromise

Agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention between southern and northern states. The south wanted slaves counted among the population for voting purposes but not for tax purposes; the North wanted the exact opposite. Both sides agreed that 3/5ths of a state's slave population would be counted toward both Congressional apportionment and taxation.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963

Agreement that banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968

Agreement that stopped and monitored the spread of nuclear weapons to countries who did not have the bomb.

Separation of church and state

Also known as the "establishment clause," it is part of the First Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting the federal government from creating a state-supported religion.

The Edict of Emancipation was issued by?

Alexander II

keiretsu

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

What caused the japanese emperor to have reduced power after the war?

Allies' insistence

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)

US Vs. Nixon

Allowed for executive privledges but not in criminal cases

Line item veto

Allows the president to veto selectively what he considers unnecessary spending items contained in legislation. It was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Hunting and gathering societies

Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area.

Charlemagne?

Also known as Charles the Great, he was king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Europe and is today regarded as the founding father of both France and Germany and sometimes as the Father of Europe. His was the first truly imperial power in the West since the fall of Rome.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)

Marble cake federalism

Also known as cooperative federalism, it developed during the New Deal and is characterized by the federal government's becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally states' powers.

Arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

Bantu

An African people who migrated throughout Africa (2000-1000BCE) spreading agriculture while displacing hunter gatherers.

Mayans?

An American Indian people of Yucatán and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy; noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system. They existed at least as early as 1000 BC, and were in decline by the time of Spanish arrival in 1500s. Their society was arranged around kindoms and large cities.

Indus

An Indian River whose source is the Himalayas an is known for its wildness.

Bhakti

An Indian movement that sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam.

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)

Raja

An Indo-Aryan Chief

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )

machine, political

An administration of elected public officials who use their influential positions to solidify and perpetuate the power of their political party, often through dubious means. Machine politicians make free use of the spoils system and patronage, rewarding loyal party supporters with appointed government jobs. Other machine methods include gerrymandering election districts; planting party representatives in neighborhoods; making deals with judges, lawyers, and other professionals; and “buying†votes by offering social services to potential voters. When machine politics was especially strong in the United States, during the latter half of the nineteenth century, politicians would go so far as to offer beer for votes and would embezzle large amounts of public money. Machines also dominated party caucuses and conventions, thereby affecting politics at all levels of government.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

An agency of the United States government responsible for licensing and regulating nuclear power plants. Created in 1974, along with the Energy Research and Development Administration, it replaced the Atomic Energy Commission.

Peace Corps

An agency of the United States government that sends American volunteers to developing nations to help improve living standards and provide training. Created by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, under the auspices of the Department of State, the Peace Corps provides an opportunity to share American wealth, technology, and expertise. During the cold war it also served as a means for spreading American influence and values in the hope of preventing developing nations from allying themselves with the Soviet Union.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

An agency of the United States government, charged with directing civilian programs in aeronautics research and space exploration. NASA maintains several facilities, most notably the Johnson Space Center in Houston (which selects space crew personnel and is responsible for ground direction of space flights), and the launching pads at Cape Canaveral in Florida.

National Labor Relations Board

An agency of the United States government, charged with mediating disputes between labor and management, and responsible for preventing unfair labor practices, such as the harassment of labor unions by business corporations. The NLRB attempts to maintain a position of neutrality, favoring neither labor nor management.

plea bargain

An agreement that permits a defendant to plead guilty to a lesser charge instead of pleading not guilty to a more serious one. Plea bargaining is usually undertaken by a prosecutor to obtain important information from a defendant or to avoid a long and costly trial

Military-industrial complex

An alleged alliance among key military, governmental, and corporate decision-makers involved in weapons procurement and military support systems. The phrase was coined by Dwight D. Eisenhower, who warned Americans about its dangers. (Ch. 20)

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Workfare

An alternative to the traditional welfare, where an individual is trained to work instead of receiving welfare.

Rider

An amendment on a matter unrelated to a bill that is added to the bill so that it will "ride" to passage through the Congress. When a bill has lots of riders, it is called a Christmas tree bill. (Ch. 11)

Sparta

An ancient Greek city-state, rival of Athens. Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian war.

Market (television)

An area easily reached by a television signal. There are about two hundred such markets in the country. (Ch. 10)

Basque region

An area in Northern Spain that has demanded own state.

Ratings

An assessment of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group. Such ratings are designed to generate public support for or opposition to a legislator. (Ch. 9)

Network

An association of broadcast stations (radio or television) that share programming through a financial arrangement

Monetary policy

An attempt to alter the amount of money in circulation and the price of money (Ch. the interest rate) to affect the economy. (Ch. 16)

public defender

An attorney who is appointed and paid by a court to defend poor persons who cannot afford a lawyer.

Lucy

An australopithecus female skeleton found in Ethiopia.

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)

Mary shelley wrote

An early gothic horror story about a monster created from corpses

Monetarism

An economic philosophy that assumes inflation occurs when there is too much money chasing too few goods. Monetarism suggests that the proper thing for government to do is to have a steady, predictable increase in the money supply at a rate about equal to the growth in the economy's productivity. (Ch. 16)

Supply-side theory

An economic philosophy that holds that sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. (Ch. 16)

Import Substitution Industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)

Safe seat

An elected official who, as an incumbent, has an easy reelection as a result of his incumbency or the political makeup of the district.

Primary election

An election prior to the general election in which voters select the candidates who will run on each party's ticket. Before presidential elections, a presidential primary is held to select delegates to the presidential nominating conventions of the major parties. See also Closed primary; Open primary (Ch. 8)

Simple resolution

An expression of opinion either in the House of Representatives or the Senate to settle housekeeping or procedural matters in either body. Such expressions are not signed by the president and do not have the force of law. See also Concurrent resolution; Joint resolution (Ch. 11)

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

Means test

An income qualification that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs reserved for lower-income groups. (Ch. 17)

Sophomore surge

An increase in the votes that congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection. (Ch. 18)

think tank

An institution in which scholars pursue research in public policy. Largely funded by endowments and grants, think tanks work to improve public awareness of policy issues (through publications) and to influence the government to act upon issues of national importance. (See power elite.)

Mediterranean Sea

An intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization.

Lobby

An interest group organized to influence government decisions, especially legislation. To lobby is to attempt to influence such decisions. A lobbyist is a person attempting to influence government decisions on behalf of the group. (Ch. 9)

WTO

An international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade. (p. 889)

Position issue

An issue dividing the electorate on which rival parties adopt different policy positions to attract voters. See also Valence issue (Ch. 8)

Valence issue

An issue on which voters distinguish rival parties by the degree to which they associate each party or candidate with conditions, goals, or symbols the electorate universally approves or disapproves of. Examples of such issues are economic prosperity and political corruption. See also Position issue (Ch. 8)

Political question

An issue that the Supreme Court refuses to consider because it believes the Constitution has left it entirely to another branch to decide. Its view of such issues may change over time, however. For example, until the 1960s the Court refused to hear cases about the size of congressional districts, no matter how unequal their populations. In 1962, however, it decided that it was authorized to review the constitutional implications of this issue. (Ch. 14)

seasoning

An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)

omnibus bill?

An omnibus spending bill is a bill that sets the budget of many departments of the United States government at once. It is one possible outcome of the budget process in the U.S. Every year, Congress must pass bills that appropriate money for all discretionary government spending. Generally, one bill is passed for each sub-committee of the U.S. House Committee on Appropriations. Ordinarily, each bill is passed separately — one bill for Defense, one for Homeland Security, and so on. appropriations bills into one omnibus spending bill. Some of the reasons that Congress might not complete all the separate bills include partisan disagreement, disagreement amongst members of the same political party, and too much work on other bills. When Congress does not or cannot produce separate bills in a timely fashion (by the beginning of the fiscal year on October 1), it will roll many of the separate. Often times, omnibus spending bills are criticized for being full of pork (unnecessary/wasteful spending that pleases constituents). The bills regularly stretch to more than 1,000 pages long, and often have not even been read in full by the people voting for them. Nevertheless, they have grown more common in recent years. The most recent one is for fiscal year 2005.

Open rule

An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the legislative floor. See also Closed rule; Restrictive rule (Ch. 11)

Restrictive rule

An order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the legislative floor. See also Closed rule; Open rule (Ch. 11)

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality (809)

Veterans of Foreign Wars

An organization of American veterans who have taken part in a foreign military campaign or expedition of the United States. Like the American Legion, it usually takes pro-defense stands on foreign policy issues.

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)

National Rifle Association

An organization that acts as a powerful lobby against governmental restrictions on the private ownership of guns. NRA supporters argue that “guns don’t kill people; people kill people.†They often cite the Second Amendment to the Constitution, which states: “A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.â€

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

An organization that promotes the rights and welfare of black people. The NAACP is the oldest civil rights organization in the United States, founded in 1909. Among the NAACP’s achievements was a lawsuit that resulted in the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Brown versus Board of Education, in 1954, which declared the segregation of public schools unconstitutional. (See also W. E. B. DuBois and separate but equal.)

Raiding

An organized attempt by voters of one party to influence the primary results of the other party

pressure group

An organized group that tries to influence the government to adopt certain policies or measures. Also called an interest group. (See lobby.)

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

Oval Office

An oval-shaped room in the White House that serves as the official office of the president of the United States. Since the presidency of Richard Nixon, the term has been used to refer to the president himself: “The order came directly from the Oval Office.â€

Press Conference

An unrestricted session between an elected official and the press

patron/client relationship

Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons (149

Paleolithic Era

Ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools, 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago. Use of fire and tools for making shelters.

Wari

Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314)

mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)

ayllu

Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

Great War

Another name for WWI

Spoils system

Another phrase for political patronage--that is, the practice of giving the fruits of a party's victory, such as jobs and contracts, to the loyal members of that party. (Ch. 13)

Question

Answer

statute of limitations

Any law that places a time restriction during which a lawsuit must be brought to court or a crime must be prosecuted.

Plank

Any of the principles contained in a political party's platform.

When was the renaissance?

Approx. 1300 to 1600. It was preceded by the Middle (or Dark) ages and preceded the Modern age.

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)

Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)

Oman

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury. Defended Church against interference from the King. Murdered.

Gothic

Architectural developed in the Middle age in Western Europe/ Flying Buttress

Falkland Islands

Argentina tried to seize them, Britain recaptured them in 1982.

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)

national supremacy article

Article 6; "This Constiution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made...under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every States shall e bound thereby; any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding"

Seven continents

Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia, in order of size. Asia also being the most populous.

Rule of Four

At least 4 justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard

Fredrick Nietesche

Athiest German philosopher, known as a existentialist

What statement summarizes the Schlieffan plan that Germany created to prepare for a 2 front war?

Attack France first, then Russia

What event occurred on the day described as "a day which will live in infamy"?

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Which of the following was the location of a Nazi extermination camp?

Auschwitz

What country suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy?

Austria

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Authorized Congress to impose and collect federal income taxes.

Sequester

Automatic, across-the-board cuts in certain federal programs that are triggered by law when Congress and the president cannot agree on a spending plan. (Ch. 16)

Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy?

Before the start of WWII, Chamberlain gave The Rhineland in Chekoslovakia to Hitler, thinking it would avert war. This was supported by the British people. Reasons for the support of appeasement include: Memories of the First World War, Fear of strategic bombing, The flaws of the Treaty of Versailles, The Communist threat, Failure to recognise the evil of Nazism, Support for the League of Nations, and time needed to rearm after WWI. The policy was a failure, and Britain declared war after Hitler invaded poland.

reconquest of Iberia

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)

Divine right of kings

Belief that rebellion against the king is a sin, in particular by Louis XIV of France.

strict constructionism

Belief that the Constitution should be read in such a way as to limit as much as possible the powers of the federal government. Strict constructionists emphasize the importance of the Tenth Amendment, which reserves to all states and powers not explicitly granted the federal government.

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. (p. 215)

Material incentives

Benefits that have monetary value, including money, gifts, services, or discounts received as a result of one's membership in an organization. (Ch. 9)

Il Duce was the title of which of the following leaders?

Benito Mussolini

Joesph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)

Ethiopia

Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN

Socrates

Born 1460BCE. Greek philosopher. One of the founders of western philosophy. Duty to improve soul.

Gheghis Khan

Born in 1170’s. Elected supreme Mongol ruler in 1206 then began the Mongol ride to world power.

How were France and Russia similar during the 1800's?

Both had policies that encouraged industrialization

How did the Allies respond to Wilson's vision for peace? (3)

Briatin and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war-making power

Iconoclasm

Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 839)

Where was Hadrian's wall located?

Britian

Benjamin Disraeli

British PM who expanded rule over colonies.

Margaret Thatcher

British PM who stressed private enterprise and attacked socialism and welfare state.

Cecil Rhodes Asante

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Vietminh

COMMUNIST DOMINATED VIETNAMESE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, OPERATE OUT OF CHINA IN WWII, GUERILLA TACTICS

World Bank

Called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, it provides monetary assistance to nations for the development of industries and aims to stimulate economic growth of third-world nations.

Chan Buddhism

Called “Zen†, meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty, popular among the rich.

Pierre Trudeau

Canadian PM who made French an official language to appease Quebecois secessionists.

pardon

Cancellation of criminal punishment. Presidents and governors have the power to grant pardons to those awaiting trial and to those convicted of crimes.

high culture

Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Mero?

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

Silk Road

Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. (p. 203)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Case that established the principle that the federal government was supreme over the state.

What is the oldest branch of christianity?

Catholicism.

Battle of Manzikert

Celtic Turks defeated the Byzantines, the Byzantine Empire was lost

Delhi Sulatanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

unwritten Constitution

Certain deeply ingrained aspects of our government which are not mentioned in the Constitution, such as political parties; political conventions; and cabinet meetings.

National Security Council

Chaired by the president, it is the lead advisory board in the area of national and international security. The other members of the council include the vice president, secretaries of state and defense, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and chair of the joint chiefs of staff.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

McCarthyism

Charges that unfairly or dishonestly tarnish the motives, attack the patriotism, or violate the rights of individuals, especially of political opponents. Refers to the numerous unsubstantiated accusations of communism made against public and private individuals by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s. (Ch. 18)

What was the first european empire after the fall of the Romans?

Charlemagne, who ruled a very weak, decentralized empire, with no taxes. After his death, the empire was split under the treaty of Verdun, and eventually dissolved.

Charles Martel

Charles "The Hammer" Martel this Frank established the Carolingian Empire and defeated the Gaul's in the Battle of Tours.

Who were realist writers? (3)

Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Honore de Balzac

Suspect classifications

Classifications of people on the basis of their race and ethnicity. The courts have ruled that laws classifying people on these grounds will be subject to "strict scrutiny." (Ch. 19)

Friedrich Engels

Collaborated with Marx on Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.

Fall of Rome

Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)

What country did Confucianismism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

China by Confucius. Social harmony, importance of families.

What country did Taoism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

China by Lao-Tzu. Harmony with Nature.

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 351)

Sui Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty (589-618CE) that reunified China under Yang Jian and built the Grand Canal.

Tang Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty (618-907CE) that developed the equal field system and believed that it was the center of civilization.

Xia Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty by legendary king Yu in 2200BCE

Kuomintang

Chinese Nationalist political party during Chinese civil war. Later defeated by Mao and fled to Taiwan

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen. (p. 768)

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

split ticket voting

Choosing candidates from different parties for offices listed on the same ballot.

Midterm Election

Election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term

Nestorians

Christian Sect cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions

Indulgence

Church selling freedom from purgatory. Attack by Martin Luther of this practice began the reformation.

Who can legally violate equal opportunity laws?

Churches. They can discriminate in hiring based on religion.

Iron Curtain Speech

Churchill phrase; division b/w free and repressed society

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793)

Chang'an

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Aleandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

Moche

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)

What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america?

Colonization of America.

Kiev

Comercial city in Uklraine established by Scandonavians in the 9th century. Bemace the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12 centuryl

McGovern-Frasier Commission

Commission that brought significant representation changes to the Democratic Party. It made future conventions more democratic by including more minority representation.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Khmer Rouge

Communist movement in Cambodia led by Pol Pot that killed 2-4 million.

Red tape

Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done. (Ch. 13)

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)

During the 19th century, what happened in Europe? (3)

Conflict between conservative and liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, and the decline of established empires

Vietnam War

Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States. (p. 838)

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)

project grants

Congress appropriated funds of a certain sum, allocated to gov units based on applications

Who does the General Accounting Office (GAO) report to?

Congress, on government expenditures and other assignments.

Select committees

Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose. See also Standing committees; Joint committees (Ch. 11)

Majority-minority districts

Congressional districts designed to make it easier for citizens of a racial or ethnic minority to elect representatives. (Ch. 11)

Oversight

Congressional review of the activities of an agency, department, or office

By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the ?

Conservatives

Mass media

Consisting of television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, they reach a large segment of the population. It is also considered one of the linkage institutions.

Twenty-fifth Amendment

Constitutional amendment outlining the criteria for presidential selection and presidential disability.

State of the Union Address

Constitutional requirement imposed on the president to deliver an annual report regarding the current state of the nation to Congress. Traditionally, the president delivers the State of the Union Address every January, in the form of a speech before a joint session of Congress.

Napoleon's invasion of Russia was motivated by?

Czar Alexanders resumed trade with England

Inquisition

Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain.

Trial Court

Court of original jurisdiction where a case begins

Majority opinion

Court ruling participated in by the majority of justices hearing a case.

Legislative Courts

Courts established by Congress for specialized purposes, such as the Court of Military Appeals

What did Klemens von Metternich Not want to accomplish at the Congress of Vienna?

Create beginnings of European democracy

What event best illustrates geopolitics?

Crimean War

Presidential primary

Elections held in individual states to determine the preference of the voters and to allocate the number of delegates to the party's national convention.

How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War?

Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists and the Puritans held the King Prisoner

Nero

Cruel Roman emperor. Killed his mother, wife and mistress. Persecuted Christians, blamed them for the Fire (which he may have started). Put Peter and Paul to death.

Mithraism

Cult dedicated to the god Mithras. Adopted by soldiers, it focused on Sun & light, divine sanction of human life, and and purposeful moral behavior.

Elizabeth II

Current queen. Overseen decolonization.

By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was

Czechoslovakia

The Munich Conference was held to address the problems of German threat to the nation of ?

Czechoslovakia

Indira Ghandi

Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980-84. Focused on helping poor and independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards.

Theodora

Daughter of a bear keeper and was married to Justinian.

ides of march

Day Caesar was assassinated.

Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact

Deal between Hitler and Stalin to divide up Eastern Europe as allies.

Maginot line

Defensive line built by France before WWII, which Germans just went around in WWII.

universities

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407)

Weimar Republic

Democracy after WWI, Fredrick Erber. Hindenburg, Germany

Safe districts

Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more. (Ch. 11)

Maoism

Doctrine of Mao calling for continuous revolution

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

Normans

Descendants of Vikings, living on the peninsula of Normandy in France. Served Carolinians and later Capetians. Constructed centralized rule with Dukes.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)

Ptolemies

Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)

Reign of terror

Destruction of all resistance to the French Revolution.

Marshall Plan

Developed by President Truman's Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, and implemented after World War II beginning in 1947, it gave massive aid to help rebuild Europe after the war.

Manichaenism

Developed by Prophet Mani, "the elect" were especially holy abstaining from pleasures. "the hearers" led conventional lives while supporting the elect. All looked towards personal salvation.

Andrei Sakharov

Developed soviet H-bomb. Later became critic of Soviets, exiled and awarded Nobel.

nonaligned Nations

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

How did the French govern the people of French Indochina?

Direct Colonial Control

Reverse discrimination

Discrimination against whites or males, usually with regard to employment or education. Those who oppose affirmative action programs often claim reverse discrimination as a result of such programs. Alan Bakke is an example.

Lost generation

Disillusioned youth after WWI in Europe and America that refused to integrate into the mainstream.

search warrant

Document issued by the courts to allow the police to search private property. TO obatain this, the police must go before a judge and explain (1) where the want to search, and (2) what they are looking for. This also limits where the police may search and what they may take as evidence (Fourth Amendment).

Pastoralism

Domestication and raising of animals for companionship, security, help in hunting, and food. Allowed humans to manipulate environment to greater degree

Agriculture

Domestication of plants. Because agriculture required great effort and organization, it encouraged closer social ties and formation of long-lasting settlements.

Solid South

Dominance by the Democratic Party in the South following the Civil War. The Republicans made strong inroads when Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980 and after the Republicans gained control of the Congress in 1994.

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)

Malapportionment

Drawing the boundaries of political districts so that districts are very unequal in population. (Ch. 18)

Congress of Vienna

Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years.

Free French?

During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy and liberated Paris.

proxy wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. (p. 855)

State of Chu

During the Zhou dynasty, in the central region of the Yangzi river, and challenged them for supremacy.

Boers

Dutch and other European settlers 19th century, British occupations

Boer Wars

Dutch people fighting independence of boer republic. British won. (1899-1902)

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)

Oracle Bones

Early Shang writing was found on these.

Homo sapiens - Neanderthal

Early form of Homo sapiens that inhabited much of Europe and the Mediterranean lands during the late Pleistocene Epoch, about 100,000 to 30,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains have also been found in the Middle East, North Africa, and western Central Asia. Name derives from the discovery in 1856 of the first remains of the type in a cave above the Neander Valley in Germany, not far from Düsseldorf. Advanced tools, clothing, semi or permanent dwellings and social groups.

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' (p. 383)

Why ddi the Maji Maji Rebellion fail?

East Africans believed that magic water would protect them from bullets

free-trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

WHich 2 countires worked together to build the Suez canal?

Egypt and France

Why did Britain take control of the Suez Canal?

Egypt could not pay its foreign debt

Amon

Egyptian god related to the creator god.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian leader who took Suez Canal in 1956. Also launched unsuccessful 6 day war against Israel.

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian president who signed peace with Israel, but later assassinated for it.

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (p. 867)

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)

Yuan Empire

Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349)

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)

Song Empire

Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277)

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)

Cathars

Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle.

nomination

Endorsement to run for office by a political party.

By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except

England

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English King who fought in the Crusades. Robin Hood was loyal to him.

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)

Rothschilds

English banking family the financed Britian's efforts against Napolean. Still functioning today.

Captain James Cook

English explorer of Australia, New Zealand Hawaii, antarctica and West Coast of North America.

Sir Walter Raleigh

English explorer to americas, introduced tobacco and potato from American to England.

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

Henry VIII

English king who made himself head of the Church of England when Pope would not recognize his divorce. Since then, England has been Protestant.

Edward 1

English monarch, issued the Statues of Realm (1301), it set a precedent for changing law by legislation rather than administrative decision

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

Edmund Burke

English politician who supported American revolutionary war, but opposed French Revolution.

Party regulars

Enrolled party members who are usually active in the organization of a political party and support party positions and nominated candidates.

popular culture

Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal. (p. 897)

Social welfare

Entitlement programs such as Social Security and programs such as Aid to Dependent Children paid for by the federal government.

Missi Dominici

Envoys Charlamagne sent to oversee local rulers.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man guaranteed everything except?

Equal rights for women

tropics

Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370)

Mughals

Established by Turkish invaders in 1520 lasted until mid 19th century

Mapp Vs. Ohio

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence can not be used in court

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act?

Established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau (a "disappointed office seeker"). The Act was passed into law on January 16, 1883.

What African countries were never colonized?

Ethiopia and Liberia.

Volga River

European continent's longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic, and has immense economic, cultural, and historic importance.

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)

What caused low food supplies in Africa during European colonization?

Europeans insisted on the growth of cash crops, such as cotton

objective good faith

Exception to the exclusionary rule that allows the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial if the court determines that police believed they were acting within the limits of their search warrant.

Cro-Magnon

Existed 40,000 years ago and is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art and existed in Europe.

Legitimate Trade

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)

Monsoon

Extensive rains in the spring and summer in India. Governing trade routes on the Red Sea ports.

Homo habilis

Extinct species of early hominid that inhabited parts of sub-Saharan Africa about 2 million to 1.5 million years ago, and generally accepted as the earliest member of the genus Homo, following Australopithecus and preceding H. erectus. Remains of H. habilis were first discovered in 1959 and 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. Name, by Leakey, refers to able or "handy" man.

Homo erectus

Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H.erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin and furs, and larger brain than H. erectus

Adolph Hitler

Facist German Nazi leader 1933-1945. Strong centralized state. Tried to take over world and responsible for holocaust

Francisco Franco

Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32)

Romanovs

Family that ruled Russia from 17th century until Russian revolution.

Captain William Kidd

Famous English pirate in 17th-18th century.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

Philip 2

Father of Alexander the Great, conquered Greece

Libertarian

Favors free market economy and no gov't interference in personal liberties.

Gender division of labor

Feature of Stone Age society. Due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Did not necessarily mean men's roles were superior to women. Over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.

Manchus

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

The nobility's main source of income was?

Feudal dues collected from peasants

Sir Francis Drake

First English explorer to travel around the world. Participated in destruction of the Spanish Armada.

William and Mary

First Protestant kings of England.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232)

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)

Rehnquist Court

First nominated by Richard Nixon in 1971, William Rehnquist was confirmed as the 16th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after Warren Burger retired in 1986. He was known as a conservative jurist and his stewardship over the court reflected a court of judicial restraint and conservative tendencies.

Pope John Paul II

First non-Italian pope in long time, travelled extensively, loved by millions.

Nocolaus Copernicus

First to argue that the Earth moves around the sun

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

Symbolic speech

Form of free speech interpreted by the Supreme Court as a guarantee under the First Amendment to the Constitution, such as wearing a black armband to protest a governmental action or burning an American flag in protest for political reasons.

Monarchy

Form of gov't in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens

Fascism?

Form of government characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, and a oneparty dictatorship.

totalitarianism

Form of government in which government's powers are unlimited.

oligarchy

Form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals.

representative democracy

Form of government under which citizens vote for delegates who in turn represent citizens' interest within the government. The US is this.

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)

Party organization

Formal structure of a political party on the national, state, and local levels.

Etruscans

Forming around 800BCE they controlled much of Italy while manufacturing bronze, iron, silver, and gold.

Batavi

Fort established ca.1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 543)

Reserved Power clause

Found in the Tenth Amendment, it gives states powers not delegated to the national government.

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Guantana in 500 BCE. 4 noble truths and 8th fold way. Don't desire.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 430)

PFIAB?

Founded in 1956 by President Eisenhower, the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. According to its self-description, it "...provides advice to the President concerning the quality and adequacy of intelligence collection, of analysis and estimates, of counterintelligence, and of other intelligence activities. The PFIAB, through its Intelligence Oversight Board, also advises the President on the legality of foreign intelligence activities.

St. Francis

Founded order of mendicant (beggars) friars. (1182-1226) who preached for alms (money) to live holy lifestyles.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)

The Popular Front helped preserve democracy in ?

France

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

Second Bill of Rights

Franklin D Roosevelt's State of the Union Address in 1944: 1 the right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries, shops, farms, or mines of the nation; the right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation; the right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return that would give him and his family a decent living; the right of every business man, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad; the right of every family to a decent home; the right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health; the right to adequate protection form the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment; the right to a good edu

gens de couleur

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L'Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

Personal Liberty

Freedom to engage in a variety of practices, free from gov't discrimination

Jean Calvin

French Protestant who stress the doctrine of free destination. Establish Central of group in Geneva Switzerland

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

Georges Clemenceau

French leader at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles and compenate France.

What was the immediate results of the French Revolution in 1789?

French middle class had increased power

Huguenots

French protestants of the 16th-17th century persecuted by Roman Catholic Church. Louis XIV banned them, and many fled to America.

Marie Antoinette

French queen beheaded with her Husband Louis XVI in French Revoltuion

Georges Danton

French revolutionary who called for execution of the king and others. Later considered not radical enough and was himself killed by other revolutionaries.

US. v. Lopez significant?

From 1937 to 1995, the Supreme Court of the United States did not void a single Act of Congress for exceeding Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, instead holding that anything that could conceivably have even a slight impact on commerce was subject to federal regulation. It was thus seen as a (narrow) victory for federalism when the Rehnquist Court reined in federal regulatory power in United States v. Lopez (1995) and United States v. Morrison (2000).

tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)

Moinchus

From North East of China and took power and created Qing dynasty after collapse on the Ming,

Political subculture

Fundamental assumptions about how the political process should operate that distinguish citizens by region, religion, or other characteristics. (Ch. 4)

Trust funds

Funds for government programs that are collected and spent outside the regular government budget; the amounts are determined by preexisting law rather than by annual appropriations. The Social Security trust fund is the largest of these. See also Appropriation (Ch. 13)

Who was behind the group known as Young Italy?

Garibaldi

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Armenian massacres

Genoicide committed by the Turks in late 19th, early 20th century.

Homo sapiens sapiens

Genus and species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong and to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, and perhaps as much as 400,000 years old.

australopithecines

Genus of extinct hominids that lived in Africa from the early Pliocene Epoch (beginning about 5.3 million years ago) to the beginning of the Pleistocene (about 1.6 million years ago), and believe to be ancestral to modern human beings. The australopithecines were distinguished from early apes by their upright posture and bipedal gait.

What was the pen name of a woman writer?

George sand

Catherine the Great

German born, Russian Zarina. Combined ideas with a strong policy. Converted nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them the power over the peasants.

What event caused ITaly to refuse to support its ally Germany?

German invasion of Belgium

What prompted Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany?

German invasion of Poland

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709)

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774)

Nazis

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. (786)

Kaiser

German word for emperor.

A non aggression pact with the Soviet Union in 1939 was signed by ?

Germany

During the global depression, war debts caused great suffereing in?

Germany

Which nation's actions caused the US to fight in WWI?

Germany

Who was forced to assume the sole responsibility for the war under the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany

In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was?

Give more power to elected parliaments

Central Powers

Germany and its allies in WWI.

What did the Central Powers gain over Russia at the battle near Tannenberg? (3)

Germany drove the Russians into full retreat, G regained East Prussia, G seized numerous guns and horses

What did the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare refer to?

Germany's policy to sink any ship in Britain's water without warning

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)

natural law

God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law

Kubla Khan

Grandson of Ghengis. Concurred China. Established the Yaun Dynasty in 1271.

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Granted voting rights to women.

In the late 1800's, who competed for industrial domination of Europe?

Great Britain and Germany

Magna Carta?

Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility. It was the first step in a long historical process leading to the rule of constitutional law.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)

the Himalayas

Great mountain system of Asia forming a barrier between the Tibetan Plateau to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south. The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet.

Which was a part of the transformation of the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state? (3)

Great purge, 5year plans, establishment of collective farms

Amazon River

Greatest river of South America and the largest drainage system in the world in terms of the volume of its flow and the area of its basin. Total length of the river—measured from the headwaters of the Ucayali-ApurÃmac river system in Peru — is about 4,000 miles, which is slightly shorter than the Nile River. Its westernmost source is high in the Andes Mountains, within 100 miles of the Pacific Ocean, and its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean.

The english poet Lord Byron fought in the war for the Independence of?

Greece

What was the dominant language of the Roman Empire?

Greek

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132)

classical antiquity

Greek and Roman times

Ptolemy

Greek astronomer who said planets and sun rotate around Earth. Dominated astronomy until Copernicus.

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

Greek fire

Greek fire (also called Byzantine fire, wildfire and liquid fire, Greek Υγρό Πυρ, igró pir) was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, and was very effective both on sea and land. However, it was used primarily at sea. It is rumored that the key to Greek fire's effectiveness was that it could continue burning under almost any conditions, even under water. It was known to the Byzantines' enemies as a "wet, dark, sticky fire" because it stuck to the unfortunate object it hit and was impossible to extinguish. Enemy ships were often afraid to come too near to the Byzantine fleet, because, once within range, the fire gave the Byzantines a strong military advantage. The last testimony of Greek Fire usage was in the Siege of Constantinople, where the secret itself was destroyed in the flames of the Ottoman torches.

Why did Hitler blame the Jewish population for all of Germany's troubles?

Hatred of Jews, or anti-semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology

Herodotus

Greek scholar, nickname was the "father of history", wrote "The Histories" (about Persian War vs. Greek city states)

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)

What was most likely NOT influenced by nationalism during the 1800's?

Groups of accepting a long establish form of government.

Clans

Groups of extended families which tended to cluster together, bound together by ties of kinship

chartered Company

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

US Vs. Lopez

Gun free school zones act exceeded congress' authority to regulated innerstate commerce

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

percussion cap

Gunpowder-filled capsules that, when struck by the hammer of a gun, ignite the explosive charge in a gun. Their use meant that guns no longer needed to be ignited by hand. (p. 681)

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)

Why is Ram Mohun Roy considered the "father of modern india"?

He called for an end to traditional practices such as widow suicide

Who supported Caesar?

He was greatly supported by the lower classes, but fought constantly with the Senate.

Yasir Arafat

Head of PLO 1968 until Recently. Won Nobel Prize in 1994 for Oslo Peace accords.

Heinrich Himmler

Head of SS and Gestapo. Also supervised holocaust.

Hermann Goering

Head of luftwaffe during Battle of Britain.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

Grigori Rasputin

Healer for czar Nicolas during WWI, gave advice on how to run the government. Later killed by jealous noblemen.

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

Yahweh

Hebrew name for God

Bannermen

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)

What was an immediate economic cause of the french revolution?

High government spending with low tax collection from the nobles.

Alfred Dreyfus

Highest ranking jewish officer in the french army around 1894. Falsly accused of being a spy.

Sati

Hindu ritual for burning widows with there dead husbands.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Latin West

Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col

new monarchies

Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

The leader of the Third Reich was?

Hitler

Non Aggression Pact 1939

Hitlers agreement with Stalin. peace between them

How were the Holocaust and Hitler's final solution related?

Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the "final solution"

Augustus

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151)

What trait did Napoleon Not possess?

Humility

Ibn;Rushdi

Iberian Muslim philosopher. Helped to make works done by Plato and Aristotle become well known.

pocket veto

If the president fails to approve a bill passed during the last 10 days of a Congressional session, the bill does not become a law.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

What was the farthest west that the Ottoman Empire reached?

In 1529, it lay siege to Vienna. It was unsucessful, and never went farther west.

Mayflower Compact

In 1620, the travellers aboard teh Mayflower signed an agreement establishing a body politic and a basic legal system for the colony. This agreement created a legal authority and a legislative assembly. It also asserted that the government's pwer derives from the consent of the governed, a concept central to limited government.

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

UN Earth Summit?

In 1992, a meeting of 172 nations in Rio de Janeiro. It was unprecedented for a United Nations conference, in terms of both its size and the scope of its concerns. The issues addressed included: systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste, alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change, new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smog, the growing scarcity of water, An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.

When did Christianity get it's big break?

In 313, Roman emporer constantine I adopted it as his and the empire's religion, resulting of its spread westward from palestine.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

yin/yang

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. (p. 63)

Edwardian period

In England prior to WWI, known for its extravagance and unpreparedness for the 20th Century.

mansabs

In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)

karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)

Jihad

In Islam “Striving in the name of the lordâ€. The term is ambiguous and has been subject to varying interpretations, from the practice of conducting raids against local neighbors to the conduct of “holy war†against unbelievers

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)

Litmus test

In chemistry a way of finding out whether a liquid is acid or alkaline. The term is used in politics to mean a test of ideological purity, a way of finding out whether a person is a dyed-in-the-wool liberal or conservative or what his or her views are on a controversial question. (Ch. 14)

Liberal

In general, a person who favors a more active federal government for regulating business, supporting social welfare, and protecting minority rights, but who prefers less regulation of private social conduct. See also Conservative (Ch. 5)

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Oceans of the world

In order of size, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean also being the deepest.

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

When did Islam begin?

In the 7th century, stated by Muhammed in Mecca.

plantocracy

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)

Opium wars

In the nineteenth century, Britain bought lots of tea from China through the east india trading company. The chinese did not want any British products, leading to a major trade deficit for Britain. TO counter this, Britain began smuggling opium into china, creating millions of addicts. The Chinese government tried to throw out the British as a result, but the British won. This lead to european powers setting up ports in China, and greatly expanding trade. This eventually led to the Boxer rebellion of 1900, which the western powers won once again.

Kush

Independent kingdom. 1000 BCE. Had own writing. Used iron. Affected other cultures in the region

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. (p. 761)

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

What country did Buddhism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

India by Buddha. Meditation, individual enlightenment.

What country did Hinduism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

India. Reincarnation and levels of spirituality and society.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)

Jawaharial Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)

How did indirect control compare to direct control?

Indirect control allowed limited self-rule

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Trial balloon

Information provided to the media by an anonymous public official as a way of testing the public reaction to a possible policy or appointment. (Ch. 10)

Caligula

Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate.

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704)

United Nations

International organization established following WWII. It aims to preserve international peace and foster international cooperation.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)

Inca Socialism

Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

William the Conqueror

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066. Established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the first typewriter. Gutenberg bible first book printed from it.

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)

Sasanid Empire

Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. (p. 204)

What was the goal of Hitler's final solution

It was genocide of people the Nazis considered inferior

Sufis

Islamic mystics who felt Muslims should worship in their own way and not trust reason.

Borneo

Island in Indonesia SW of the Phillipines

Azores

Islands in the Atlantic belonging to Portugal

Six Day War

Israel captured golan heights, West Bank and Sinai. Later traded Sinai back to Egypt in exchange for recognition.

Meir Golda

Israeli PM 1969-74, tried to lesson Arab-Israeli conflicts through diplomacy. Surprise attacked by Arabs 1973.

David Ben-Gurion

Israeli leader at formation of Israel. First PM.

Yitzhak Rabin

Israeli side during Oslo Accords. Later assassinated by right wing Israeli student.

humanism?

It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual's potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc...

Schenck v. United States (1919)?

It established the "clear and present danger" doctrine, in establishing that the right ro free speech can be curtailed in wartime. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the opinion.

Railway Labor Act?

It governs labor relations in the railway and airline industries in the United States. The Act, passed in 1926 and amended in 1936 to apply to the airline industry, seeks to substitute bargaining, arbitration and mediation for strikes as a means of resolving labor disputes.

How did zoroastrianism influence judaism and christianity?

It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, and afterlife.

Viche regime?

It was a dictatorship government in france, after the armistice with Hitler and the dissolution of the Third Republic, mainly from 1940-1942. It wanted to return france to a conservative ideal. It helped the Nazis oppress french citizens, and even fought against the allies in north africa. It was headed by Maréchal Philippe Pétain. In 1942, germany invaded the southern half of france, which had been free, as a result of the allied invasion of north africa. At this point, the vichy regime was basically just a figurehead.

Edict of Milan?

It was a policy under Constantine the great under the Roman empire to end persecution of the christians in the eastern Roman empire, which became the Byzantine empire after Constantine's death.

30 years war?

It was fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive.

Yalta conference?

It was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. The delegations were headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, respectively. They discussed houw Germany would be occupied, how europe would be rebuilt, and Russia pledged to enter the war against Japan soon after Germany was defeated. They also set the date for the UN charter conference, which would be held in San Francisco.

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. (813)

Who joined the Axis Powers?

Italy Japan and Germany

Shoguns

Japanese military leaders who ruled from 12th-19th century.

Marshall Court

John Marshall's tenure as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, whose leadership resulted in the landmark decisions of Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden. These cases shifted power to the judiciary and federal government.

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. (270)

Who embraced fascism? (3)

Juan Peron, Hitler, Mussolini

Substantive Due Process

Judicial interpretation of the Due Process Clause that protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust laws

Supreme Roman God

Jupiter

What was the title given to teh ruler of the new unified German empire?

Kaiser

Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800's and most of WWI?

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who was not included in the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference?

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Press secretary

Key White House staff position; the press secretary meets with the White House press corps.

Boxer Rebellion

Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans

Rwandan genocide

Killing of more than 500,000 Tutsie by rival Hutu militias in 1994. UN powerless.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)

George III

King of Britain during American Revolutionary War.

Sargon

King of Kish who conquered other city states to start his empire.

Alexander

King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)

Attila the Hun

King of the Huns who conquered much of Europe.

Capital of Congo, Democratic Republic

Kinshasa

Korean Air Flight 007?

Korean Air Flight 007, was a Korean Air civilian airliner shot down with all on board by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. KAL 007 carried 269 passengers and crew, including a U.S. congressman. There were no survivors. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian, and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities. The shoot-down attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly the United States.

Koryo

Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)

Saladin

Kurdish general who conquered Jerusalem in the 12th century. Paved way for the crusades.

Panama isthmus and canal

Land link extending east-west about 400 miles from the border of Costa Rica to the border of Colombia. It connects North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) from the Gulf of Panama

Sanskrit

Language of Vedas

Guptas

Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)

clipper ship

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)

Louis XVI

Last king of France before French Revolution. Tried to compromise with constitutional monarchy. Later fled, but was captured and beheaded.

Ernesto 'Che' Guevara

Latin American revolutionary who helped Castro come to power. Later became guerrilla leader in Latin America and was killed in Bolivia in 1967. Now symbol of martyr for radical students in many countries.

shield law

Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the anonymity of their sources. Many states have passed shield laws, but there is no federal shield law.

Lawrence of Arabia

Lead Arab rebellion against the Turks in WWI.

Hapsburgs

Lead Austrian empire 13th - 20th century

Joan of Arc

Lead army to establish rightful king on the French throne. Later burned as a witch. Later still made a saint.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)

Jean-Paul Marat

Leader of Jacobins in French Revolution

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of Pan-African movement in Ghana.

Khruscher

Leader of SU, followed melankov; attacked Stalins method of rule. Lost power because of conservative opposition

Nelson Mandela

Leader of South African movement against Apartheid. Imprisoned for 30 years, later released, became President and won the Nobel Prize.

Francois Toussanit Loveture

Leader of slave rebellion on french island of St. Dominique. Created independent republic of Haiti 1804

William Pitt

Led British government in 7 years war. Worked to change George III's harsh policies towards American colonies.

Marshal Tito

Led Yugoslav resistance during WWII. Later became communist ruler. Broke with Stalin.

Henan Curfs

Led to Expeditions to Mexico in 1519 defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule.

Oral argument

Legal argument made by each attorney in proceedings before the court in an attempt to persuade the court to decide the issue in their client's favor.

Parliament

Legislative body of Great Britain. It is divided into 2 houses, although one house, the House of Lords, has little power. The other house is the democratically-elected House of Commons.

Who was the major leader of the Bolsheviks?

Lenin

Matching funds

Limited federal funds given to presidential candidates that match private donations raised during the campaign.

twenty-second amendment

Limited the number of years an individual may serve as president

Twent-second Amendment (1951)

Limited the number of years an individual may serve as president. According to this, a president may be elected no more than twice.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)

Sumura

Literally “retainers†Similar to European knights

What novel is considered realism?

Little Dorrit

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)

Footbinding

Male imposed practice to mutilate women’s feet in order to reduce size, produce pain, and restrict movement. Confined women to household

White House staff

Managed by the White House Chief of Staff, who directly advises the president on a daily basis, it includes the more than 600 people who work at the White House, from the chef to the advance people who make travel arrangements. The key staff departments include Intergovernmental Affairs. It includes the support services of Scheduling, Personnel, and Secret Service and the policy offices of the National Security Affairs, Domestic Policy Affairs, and cabinet secretaries.

division of labor

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

sampling error

Margin of error in public opinion poll.

Olmecs

Mesoamerican "rubber people" arose about 1200BCE. Excess amounts of rainfall called for irrigation to avoid flooding.

In the first practical process of making photographs, on what were photographs printed?

Metal

Routine stories

Media reports about public events that are regularly covered by reporters and that involve simple, easily described acts or statements. For example, the president takes a trip or Congress passes a bill. (Ch. 10)

Hippocrates

Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. (p. 537)

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

Villa Pancho

Mexican revolutionary leader. He attacked New Mexico, which almost caused war.

Ferdinand and Isabela

Monarchs of Christian Kingdoms. Marriage created the future Spain and initiated exploration of the new world.

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). (p. 581)

vice-admiralty courts

Military courts, in which defendants are not entitled to a trial by jury of peers. These were established in the colonies to try colonial smugglers because colonial juries often sympathized with smugglers and would not convict them.

Red guards

Militias who attacked Mao's foes during Cultural Revolution.

Fracis Xavier

Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast and lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)

Webster Vs. Reproductive Health Services

More leeway for states in regulating abortion

Worldviews

More or less comprehensive mental pictures of the critical problems facing the United States in the world and of the appropriate and inappropriate ways of responding to these problems. (Ch. 20)

Was diplomacy after WWI more or less open / democratic?

More.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)

How did Cardinal Richelieu work to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy?

Moved against the Huguenots and weakened the power of the nobles

Which leaders used modernization to keep their countries independent?

Muhammad Ali and King mongkut

Hijra

Muhammad's emigration from Mecca to Yathrib

Moguls

Muslim dynasty that ruled India in 16th-17th century. Built Taj Mahal.

Acheh Sultanate

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541)

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Mamoluks

Muslim slave warriors. Established dynasty in Egypt The defeated the Mongols

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225)

Shi'ites

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Logrolling

Mutual aid among politicians, whereby one legislator supports another's pet project in return for the latter's support of his. The expression dates from the days when American pioneers needed help from neighbors in moving logs off of land to be farmed. (Ch. 15)

Spin doctor

Name given to political consultants who try to shape the story or actions of their clients to the media in a positive manner.

Tiwanaku

Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315)

Suez Canal crisis

Nassar nationalized Canal. Britain and France got Israel to attack, prompting British and French intervention. US denounced plan. Severely damaged Anglo-american relations

Wagner Act?

National Labor Relations Act of 1935; legalized union practices such as collective bargaining and the closed shop and outlawed certain antiunion practices such as blacklisting. Part of FDR's programs.

What are some exemptions to the 1966 FOIA?

National security, personal right to privacy, law enforcement, and well water geographic data. Most other info must be provided within 10 days under the 1966 Freedom of Information Act.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)

What was one important effect resulting from the political changes made at the Congress of Vienna?

Nationalistic feelings grew in countries under foreign rule

Pearl Harbour

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. (p. 793)

Which German political party sought to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism?

Nazi

Adolf Eichmann

Nazi architect of holocaust. Escaped after WWII to Argentina, but Israel hunted him down.

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews?

Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business and synagogues

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

Neoorthodoxy?

Neo-orthodoxy is an approach to theology that was developed in the aftermath of the First World War (1914-1918). It is primarily associated with the Swiss Protestant Karl Barth (1886-1968) and theologian Emil Brunner (1899-1966). The neo-orthodox thinkers had strong disagreements between themselves and so neo-orthodoxy cannot be considered to be a unified system. Nevertheless, this type of theology has a number of distinctive traits: Revelation, Transcendence of God, Existentialism, Sin.

War Powers Act

Passed in 1973 - President is Limited in deployment of troops overseas to a 60-day period in peacetime unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

Revalations is in what part of the bible?

New Testament.

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)

Shaw Vs. Reno

No Racial gerrymandering

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic invaders from central Asia.

Bedouin

Nomadic tribes originally from Northern Arabia who became important traders after the domestication of the camel during the first millennium. Early Converts to Islam, their values and practitioners included Bernini, Rubens, Handel, and Bach.

Straw vote

Nonbinding vote used to determine the views of a small cross section of voters.

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). (p. 8

NATO

North America and Western Europe; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance formed in 1949; provided mutual assistance if any of them was attacked. Later expanded to members of Warsaw Pact

Bering Sea

Northward extension of the Pacific Ocean between Siberia and Alaska.

Vidkun Quisling

Norwegian collaborator during WWII. Made had of government under German control.

Jesus

Of Nazareth, a charismatic Jewish teacher. Deemed, Christ, the son of god performing miraculous feats, preaching peace, and was executed in 30CE.

New Jersey Plan

Offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on equal representation by the states.

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)

What are the 3 components of Social Security in the US?

Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance. Because of this, SS is sometimes called OASDI.

Talmud?

One of the Jewish Holy Books. It is a compilation of oral tradition.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)

Marco Polo

One of the first Europeans to travel to Asia.

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)

Yamagata Arimoto

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. (p. 722)

Rules committee

One of the most important committees of the House of Representatives; its function is to create specific rules for every bill to be debated by the full House.

Presidentialist

One who believes that Article II's grant of executive power is a broad grant of authority allowing a president wide discretionary powers

Luddites

Opponents of the introduction of labor-saving machinery.

Wesberry Vs. Sanders

Ordered house districts to be as near population as possible

Guilds

Organizations of artisans in the Middle Ages

Third World

Originally a French term (tiers monde) referring to nations neutral in the cold war between the United States and the former Soviet Union. The term now refers to the group of developing nations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. See also Cold war (Ch. 20)

straw poll

Originally, a small, informal opinion survey. Today, a straw poll is generally a large-scale, scientifically determined public opinion survey based on a random sample of the population. Straw polls are commonly used to test public opinion of candidates running for office.

dalai lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)

In the 1860's, the expansion of Prussia was achieved under the leadership of who?

Otto von Bismark

Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)

Outlawed poll taxes, which had been used to prevent the poor from voting.

Vikings

Outstanding seafarers who had shallow draft boats and raided Enland, France, and Russia.

Pope John XXIII

Oversaw Vatican II, which liberalized church.

fidel Castro

Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism.

Norman conquest

Overthrow of England by the French in 1066 by William the conqueror.

Russian revolution

Overthrow of the Czar that brought Communists to poer under Lenin.

David Lloyd George

PM of Britain at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles.

Thirty-second spots

Paid political ads 30 seconds in duration.

Lorenzo de Medici

Patron of great renaissance artists, including Botticelli, Michelangelo and da Vinci.

Lockerbie bombing?

Pan Am Flight 103 was from Heathrow to JFK. On December 21, 1988, the aircraft was blown up as it flew over Lockerbie, Scotland. It was widely regarded as an assault on a symbol of the United States, and with 189 of the victims being Americans, it stood as the deadliest attack on American civilians until September 11, 2001. United Nations sanctions against Libya and protracted negotiations with the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi secured the handover of the accused on April 5, 1999.

Political consultant

Person who specializes in running a political campaign. James Carville and Karl Rove are examples of political consultants.

Treaty of Paris? 1947

Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland

Bay of Biscay

Part of Atlantic, bordered west coast of France, north coast of Spain

Bay of Gengal

Part of Indian Ocean between India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and SE Asia

Natural rights

Part of Locke's philosophy; rights that are God given such as life, liberty, and property.

the Indus and Ganges Rivers

Part of network of rivers running through lush forest and jungles of Indian subcontinent. Indus, in modern Pakistan, gave birth to world's first civilized societies. Ganges is not longest of India's rivers, but has tremendous cultural and religious significance.

Arabian Sea

Part of the Indian Ocean whose main arms include the Gulf of Oman and the Gulf of Aden

What are The Gospels?

Part of the new testament, 4 books recording jesus' life and teachings, often in his own words.

Superdelegates

Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses. Party rules determine the percentage of delegate seats reserved for party officials. (Ch. 7)

Walsh-Healy Act?

Passed in 1936, the Walsh-Healy Act stated that workers must be paid not less than the prevailing minimumw age normally paid in a locality, restricted regular working hours to eigh hours a day, and 40 hours a week, with time and a half pay for additional hours, prohibited the employment of convicts and children under 18, and established sanitation and safety standards.

the Ugly American

Pejorative term for Americans traveling or living abroad who remain ignorant of local culture and judge everything by American standards. The term is taken from the title of a book by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer.

Asia minor

Peninsula in Western Asia consisting of the Asian part of Turkey

Vandals

Peop[le of northern Europe who plundered Rome in the 5th century.

Social Contract Theory

People are Free and Equal by God-Given right, so people must give their consent to be governed

Indo-Europeans

People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia and imposed their rule and language on the people.

Registered voters

People who are registered to vote. While almost all adult American citizens are theoretically eligible to vote, only those who have completed a registration form by the required date may do so. (Ch. 6)

Orthodox

People who believe that moral rules are derived from the commands of God or the laws of nature; these commands and laws are relatively clear, unchanging, and independent of individual moral preferences. They are likely to believe that traditional morality is more important than individual liberty and should be enforced by government and communal norms. See also Progressive (Ch. 4)

Marxists

People who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political one. (Ch. 1)

Populists

People who hold liberal views on economic matters and conservative ones on social matters. They prefer a strong government that will reduce economic inequality, regulate businesses, and impose stricter social and criminal sanctions. The name and views have their origins in an agriculturally based social movement and party of the 1880s and 1890s that sought to curb the power of influential economic interests. (Ch. 5)

Fifth column

People willing to cooperate with an aggressor against their own country

Cossaks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

Dark Ages

Period in Europe after the Fall of Rome known for its barbarism.

Standing committees

Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area. Examples are the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee. See also Select committees; Joint committees (Ch. 11)

In 1907, Russia and Britain agreed to Spheres of Influence in..?

Persia

Darius

Persian King who led first invasion of Greece, expanded Persia and built a canal from the Red Sea to the Meditteranian

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)

Photo ops

Photo opportunities.

White man's burden

Phrase used to justify European imperialism (civilize people of color).

Who greatly westernized imperial Russia?

Peter the great.

Name for an Egyptian King

Pharoah

The most powerful ruler in Spanish History was?

Philip II

utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616

Phoenicians

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plains of what are now Lebanon and Syria. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC.

Which society etablished the first formal alphabet?

Phoenicians

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

How are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle related?

Plato was Socrates' student. Aristotle was Plato's student. The three worked with the rationalizing and linearalizing of thought and ideas.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731)

Perestroika

Policy of 'openness' that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. (See also Gorbachev, Mikhail.) (p. 863)

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)

Regulatory policy

Policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples of regulatory policy include protection of the environment and consumer protection.

Greek City States

Polis. Has a government. A city that has its own country. Has Council.

Lech Walesa

Polish leader of Solidarity at end of Cold War. Later President of Poland.

Aden

Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385)

Minority Party

Political Party in each house of Congress with the Second most members

Majority Party

Political Party in each house of Congress with the most members

Susan B. Anthony

Political activist who spent her life campaigning for women's right to vote.

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)

Legitimacy

Political authority conferred by law, public opinion, or constitution. (Ch. 1)

terrorism

Political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage. Though an old technique, terrorism gained prominence in the late 20th Century (890)

Marginal districts

Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, typically with less than 55 percent of the vote. (Ch. 11)

soft money

Political donations made to parties for the purpose of general party maintenance and support. This type of contribution is not limited by federal law. It can be used for get-out-the-vote campaigns, issue advocacy, and advertisements that promote the party (but not individual candidates).

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)

Gang of Four

Political leaders close to Mao. Later convicted of committing torture during Cultural Revolution.

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jos? Antonio P?ez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)

Third political parties

Political parties that can be described as ideological, single-issue orientated, economically motivated, and personality driven. Examples include the Free Soil Party, Know-Nothings, Populist, and Bull Moose Parties. In 1996 Ross Perot created a new national third party called the Reform party.

Whig Party

Political party from the 1830s to the 1850s. Loosely affiliated group of progressives and religious Americans whose common bond was their opposition to the Democratic Party. This disintegrated because of internal disputes concerning slavery.

Congress party

Political party of Ghandi and Nehru during Indian independence.

Republican Party

Political party that evolved from the Whig Party, coming to power after Lincoln's election. It is one of the two current major political parties.

New federalism

Political theory first espoused by Richard Nixon and carried out by Ronald Reagan. New federalism advocates the downsizing of the federal government and the devolution of power to the states.

Talking heads

Politicians who use sound bites or other means to present a superficial look at a policy position rather than an in-depth approach in explaining their views.

Tracking poll

Polls conducted by media outlets to gauge the potential outcome of a political election on a periodic basis.

representatives

Popularly elected officials who serve in state legislatures and in the House of Representatives in Congress. Representing the local districts from which they are elected, representatives support the interests of their constituents by proposing bills and programs. Elected for two-year terms, representatives in Congress must be sensitive to their constituents’ concerns in order to be reelected.

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Post WWII dollar shortage?

Postwar world capitalism suffered from a huge dollar shortage. The United States was running huge balance of trade surpluses, and the U.S. reserves were immense and growing. It was necessary to reverse this flow. Dollars had to leave the United States and become available for international use. In other words, the United States would have to reverse the natural economic processes and run a balance of payments deficit. The modest credit facilities of the IMF were clearly insufficient to deal with Western Europe's huge balance of payments deficits. The problem was further aggravated by the reaffirmation by the IMF Board of Governors in the provision in the Bretton Woods Articles of Agreement that the IMF could make loans only for current account deficits and not for capital and reconstruction purposes. Only the United States contribution of $570 million was actually available for IBRD lending. In addition, because the only available market for IBRD bonds was the conservative Wall Street banking market, the IBRD was forced to adopt a conservative lending policy, granting loans only when repayment was assured. Given these problems, by 1947 the IMF and the IBRD themselves were admitting that they could not deal with the international monetary system's economic problems. Thus, the much looser Marshall Plan—the European Recovery Program—was set up to provide U.S. finance to rebuild Europe largely through grants rather than loans. The Marshall Plan was the program of massive economic aid given by the United States to favored countries in Western Europe for the rebuilding of capitalism. From 1947 until 1958, the United States deliberately encouraged an outflow of dollars, and, from 1950 on, the United States ran a balance of payments deficit with the intent of providing liquidity for the international economy. Dollars flowed out through various U.S. aid programs: the Truman Doctrine entailing aid to the pro-U.S. Greek and Turkish regimes, which were struggling to suppress socialist revolution, aid to various pro-U.S. regimes in the Third World, and most important, the Marshall Plan. From 1948 to 1954 the United States gave sixteen Western European countries $17 billion in outright grants.

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Toltecs

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Louis XIV

Practiced Absolute monarchy in France. L'etat, c'est moi.

Stone Age

Prehistoric cultural stage, or level of human development, characterized by the creation and use of stone tools. The Stone Age is usually divided into three separate periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period—based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools.

New world order

President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert.

Partnership for peace

President Clinton announced in 1993 a policy that allowed for the gradual admission into NATO of new member nations from the former Warsaw Pact and gave the designation of associate status in NATO to Russia.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823

Saddam Husain

President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). (p. 860)

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820

Hafaz Assad

President of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard-liner against Israel and Islamic fundamentalism.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. (p. 762)

national security council

Presidential advisory board established in 1947 to consult with the president on matters of defense and foreign policy.

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of GB in WWII. Kept brittain moral going during german aieral assults

The Austrian chief minister who presided over the Congress of Vienna was?

Prince Kelemens von Metternich

Alexander Nevski

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

recall election

Process through which voters can shorten and office holder's term. One of several Progressive Era reforms that increased the voters' power over the government.

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

Proclamation of 1763

Prohibited colonists from settling west of the rivers running through the Appalachians. It was issued in response to numerous Native American attacks on the settlers. This angered colonial settlers, who regarded it as unwarranted British interference in colonial affairs. The ban was repealed in 1766.

Josephy Goebbels

Propaganda minister for Hitler. A lie repeated often enough, gains the legitimacy of truth.

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)

The Edict of Nantes decreed that

Protestants could worship only in careas where they were majority

Palko Vs. Connecticut

Provided test for which parts of the bill of rights should be federalized

Title IX

Provision for the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students

Under Maria Theresa, Austria's greatest enemy was..?

Prussia

Who's work did Galileo contradict?

Ptolemy.

public works

Public facilities and improvements financed by the government for the public good. Public works include hospitals, bridges, highways, and dams. These projects may be funded by local, state, or federal appropriations. (See also pork-barrel legislation.)

Zelman Vs. Simmons-Harris

Public money can be used to send dissadvantaged children to private schools/religious schools in tuition voucher programs

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Queen victoria

Queen 19th-early 20th century during British industrial revolution and height of empire's power. Also highly moral, leading to Victorian Age

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Cleopatra

Queen of Egypt. Girlfriend of Caesar and Mark Antony. Committed suicide with Antony.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)

newly industrialized economies

Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)

The Thirty Years War was triggered by?

Rebellion of Czech protestants against Catholic Ferdinand

business cycle

Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)

Poverty line

References the point at which an individual is considered living in what has been called a "culture of poverty."

Watergate

Refers to the office complex in Washington, D.C., where members of the committee to re-elect Richard Nixon, posing as burglars, broke into the offices of the Democratic Party's national headquarters. They were caught, and the scandal ultimately led to Nixon's resignation.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711)

Robespierre's execution marked the end of the..?

Reign of terror

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355)

Feudalism

Relationship among military elite during middle ages. Greater lords provided protection for lesser lords in return for military service

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

Francis Bacon

Renaissance leader in England.

Ming Dynasty

Replaced Yaun Dynasty in China 1363-0664. Focused on internal development.

The Tennis Court oath was made by?

Representatives of the 3rd estate

Sunshine Law

Requires all government meetings and records to be open to the public

Rerum Novarum?

Rerum Novarum is an encyclical issued in 1891. It was an open letter passed to all the bishops that addressed the condition of the working classes. It supported the rights of labor to form unions, but rejected socialism and affirmed private property rights. It discussed the relationships between government, business, labor, and the church proposing a social and economic structure that was later called corporatist. Rerum Novarum is generally accepted to be the founding document of Christian Democracy. While individual positions or statements have been debated, the work was remarkable as a summary of many issues raised by the industrial revolution and modern democratic societies. It began by describing many of the grievances of the working class. But it refuted as false the theories of Marxist socialists and defended private ownership. It stated that solutions would come from the combined actions of the Church, the State, the employer and the employee. It set out principles that should be used in seeking justice in industrial, social, and economic life. One profound effect was to push the Catholic Church and its hierarchy into the modern world. At the time his support for unions and a living wage were viewed as radically leftist.

Term Limits

Restrictions that exist in some states about how long an individual may serve in state and/or local elected offices

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819

The fall of the Bastille led quickly to the formation of?

Revolutionary government in Paris

Universal suffrage

Right of all qualified adults to vote.

Unalienable rights

Rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which are derived from the doctrine of natural rights.

Rubicon

River Caesar crossed with his army into Italy, starting the civil war.

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Rivers that run from Turkey through Iraq and to the Persian Gulf. They irrigate the desert reaches of the Middle East, and allowed the emergence of the oldest civilizations.

What did the Roman empire contribute to the world?

Roads, bridges, aqueducts, and a codified legal system. It lasted 800 years.

Politico

Role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or delegates, depending on the issue

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)

in 1920, a dictatorship ruled

Russia

pax romana

Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154)

Cato

Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage.

Brutus

Roman politician who assassinated Caesar.

Spartacus

Roman slave who lead slave revolt against Rome in 1st century BC

What was the main reson for the Crimean War?

Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain access to the Mediterranean

How did life change for Russians after the sucess of the Bolshevik revolution?

Russia was organized into several self-governing republics

What is an accurate description for Goethe, Chopin, Coleridge, and Constable?

Romantic

What city became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of the papal states?

Rome

Leon Trotsky

Rose with Lenin, opposed to Stalin. Stalin exiled and later assassinated him.

The thory of divine right proposed that ?

Ruler derived absolute monarch to rule from God

Mansa Kankan Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)

Sudanic States

Rulers supported Islam by building mosques

Mandates

Rules imposed by the federal government on the states as conditions for obtaining federal grants or requirements that the states pay the costs of certain nationally defined programs. (Ch. 3)

Process regulation

Rules regulating manufacturing or industrial processes, usually aimed at improving consumer or worker safety and reducing environmental damage. (Ch. 15)

regulations

Rules that govern the operation of a particular government program that have the force of law

Bourbons

Ruling family of France until the French Revolution.

Lenin

Russian Bolshevik Leader who was responsible for turning Russia to communism

October Revolution

Russian revolution brought Bolsheviks to power

Ivan the Terrible

Russian czar of 16th century, who battled with his nobles and was known for his cruelty.

Muscovy

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)

What combination led to the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad?

Russian troops and the Russian winter

Mikhail Romanov

Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)

What political trends helped lead to the formation of the Second Reich?

Ruthless leadership

Berlin Airlift

SU sorounded Berlin; US flew 13000 tons of supplies into berlin daily. 1949

Leif Ericson

Said to have discovered North America in 1000.

Public opinion polls

Scientific surveys aimed at gauging public preference of candidates and issues.

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

The greatest threat to England during Elizabeth's reign were

Scotland and Spain

Stuarts

Scottish family that ruled England from 17th-18th century. Afterwards went to the House of Hanover.

How did civilians join the war effort?

Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing

Black Sea

Sea between Europe and Asia between Ukraine and Turkey

Aegean sea

Sea between Greece and Turkey

Adriatic Sea

Sea between Italy and Balkans

Viking

Sea going Scandinavian raiders who devastated coastal areas of Europe. From the 8th to the 11trh century. Cross Atlantic to Iceland to Greenland to North American.

Caribbean Sea

Sea that is point of connection between North and South America, resource rich, and first territories reached by European settlers in 15th and 16th centuries

Danube River

Second longest river in Europe after the Volga, which rises in the Black Forest mountains of western Germany and flows for some 1,770 miles to its mouth on the Black Sea. Along its course, it passes through nine countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine.

supremacy clause

Section of the Constitution that requires conflicts between federal law and state law to be resolved in favor of federal law. State constitutions and laws that violate the US Constitution, federal laws, or international treaties can be invalidated through this.

Mata Hari

Seductive female Double Agent of France and Germany in WWI.

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)

House of Hanover

Series of English kings and queens who strengthened parliament.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413) (1337-1453) France vs. England, France won, lasted 116 yrs-a series of conflicts

Political Ideology

Set of coherent values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of gov't

Dharma

Set of laws

Constantinople

Set up by ruler Constantine. 312-337CE. Se up his capital city to regulate Eastern Roman Empire

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Why did American sugar planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani?

She wanted to restore the political power of the native Hawaiians

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

Motor Voter Act of 1993

Signed into law by President Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments.

Bands or tribes

Social group which resulted from clans becoming larger and mixing with neighboring groups

Herding societies

Social groups that domesticated animals, but not plants. Had to move from place to place on constant basis, in order to obtain grass or fodder. Herding societies were less likely to develop into civilized societies.

Family unit

Social unit resulting from ability to choose sexual partners, emotional bonding, and length of time needed to raise human offspring.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735)

Cape of Good Hope

Southern most point of Africa.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader 1950s-60s. Lead de-stalinization. Sought détente with West. Crushed resistance within Soviet Bloc. Helped Castro. Cuban Missile crisis.

As a result of the defeat of the Spanish Armada...?

Spain decreased as a European power

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish conquistador of 15th-16th century, who conquered Puerto Rico and Florida.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific and claimed it for Spain.

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

During Spain's civil war, Franco was the leader of ?

Spanish rebel groups

Slander

Speech that intentionally gives false information or defames the character of an individual.

Shinto

State religion in Japan. Derived from beliefs in natural spirits and until recently linked with belief in divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation.

Camp David Accords?

Started by President Carter in 1978, a framework for peace negotiations concerning Israeli-occupied Arab territories—Jordan's West Bank, and Egypt's Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula.

Kievan Russia

State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)

most-favored-nation

Status in an international trading arrangement whereby agreements between two nations on tariffs are then extended to other nations. Every nation involved in such an arrangement will have most-favored-nation status. This policy is used, particularly by the United States, to lower tariffs, extend cooperative trading agreements, and protect nations from discriminatory treatment. Most-favored-nation agreements can also be used to apply economic pressure on nations by deliberately excluding them from international trade.

What was the major cause of the collapse of the stock market?

Stocks sold for more than they were worth

The attack on the Paris prison by enraged citizens was called?

Storming the Bastille

Bosporus

Straight separating the European and the Asian portions of Turkey.

Joseph Stalin USSR

Succesor to Lenin as head of USSR. Stong nationalist. Very anti western. Control any opposition. died 1953

scramble for africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)

Whyd id some US business leasders want to US to annex Hawaii?

Sugar could be old for higher profits

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Supreme Court case that decriminalized abortion.

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court ruling that "separate but equal" facilities for the different races were not unconstitutional. This ruling opened the door to 75 years of state-sanctioned segregation in the South.

warren court

Supreme court best remembered for expanding rights of minorities and the accused.

Sovereignty

Supreme or ultimate political authority; a sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government. (Ch. 3)

The German Blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depened on what advantage?

Surprise and overwhelming force

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. (p. 846)

On the record

Term applied to information gathered for a news story that can be cited

Off the Record

Term applied to information gathered from a news story that cannot be used at all

Soccer mom

Term coined in 1996 presidential election referring to hose suburban women, some of whom are single parents, who supported President Clinton because of his articulation of their values.

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)

Caste System

System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific “ranksâ€

hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

Mercantile System

System that binds trade and it's administration to the National gov't

What came first, Alexander the Great, The Roman Empire, The Greek Empire, Plato?

THe Greek Empire, then Plato, then Alexander, Then The Romans.

Townshend Acts of 1767

Taxed goods imported directly from Britain. These also set soem of the tax collected aside for the payment of tax collectors, meaning that colonial assemblies coudl not withhold government officials' wages in order to get their way. Also, they suspended the NY legislature because it had refused to comply with a law requiring the colonist to supply British troops. THe colonists ultimately pressured the British into repealing these by organizing a successful boycott of British goods.

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)

The Eastern Question?

Term that applies to a host of problems surrounding the decay of the Ottoman empire. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question went forward in disregard, and often ignorance, of the wishes of the Balkan peoples. Because of its traditions and structures, old-style diplomacy was poorly equipped to deal with popular movements like nationalism. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question began in the Early Modern Period, before modern nationalism or representative governments. Economic and social change, international rivalry and unsolved problems combined to unsettle the Balkans. Neither local states nor Great Powers could control the situation. The result was a succession of Balkan crises, some of which had serious consequences for Europe as a whole.

What crucial lesson was learned in the Battle of Britain

That Hitler's advances could be blocked

Social Security Administration

The American system for distributing old age and disability pensions from the federal government. Initiated through the Social Security Act of 1935, Social Security pensions are financed by contributions from workers and employers. Benefits are also available to the survivors of workers covered under Social Security.

1986 Berlin discotheque bombing?

The April 5, 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing was a terrorist attack on the West Berlin La Belle discotheque that was frequented by U.S. soldiers. A bomb placed under a table near the DJ booth exploded at the club, killing a Turkish woman and two U.S. servicemen and injuring 230 people, including more than 50 American servicemen. Libya was blamed for the bombing after telex messages had been intercepted from Libya's East Berlin embassy, and the then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan retaliated by ordering airstrikes against the Libyan capital of Tripoli and city of Benghazi—see Operation El Dorado Canyon. At least 15 people died in the U.S. airstrikes on Libya - including a 15-month-old girl said to have been adopted by leader Colonel Gaddafi - and more than 100 were injured.

Battle of Waterloo?

The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. After his exile to Elba, he had reinstalled himself on the throne of France for a Hundred Days. During this time, the forces of the rest of Europe converged on him, commanded by the United Kingdom's Duke of Wellington, and Prussia's Gebhard von Blücher.The battlefield is in present day Belgium, about 12 km (7.5 miles) SSE of Brussels, and 2 km (1.2 miles) from the town of Waterloo. As far back as 13 March, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Napoleon knew that, once his attempts at dissuading one or more of the allies from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the Allies put together an overwhelming force. If he could destroy the existing Allied forces in Belgium before they were reinforced, he might be able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. He failed, and died in exile 6 years later.

Agricultural Revolution (ancient)

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (p. 17)

What empire controlled the most territory in human history?

The British Empire was, at one time, the foremost global power, and the most extensive empire in the history of the world. It was a product of the European Age of Discovery that began with the global maritime explorations of Portugal and Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921 the British Empire held sway over a population of about 470-570 million people; roughly a quarter of the world's population. It covered about 14.3 million square miles (more than 37 million km²), about a quarter of the world's total land are

Burlingame Treaty?

The Burlingame Treaty, between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in 1868. Importantly, Chinese immigration to the United States was encouraged. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Who must the president inform before conducting a covert military operation?

The Congressional intelligence committees. For the CIA, it is the senate foreign relations committe as well.

Crimean war?

The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856 and was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, The Piedmont-Sardinia, and (to some extent) the Ottoman Empire on the other. The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea. Cigarettes were invented during the war. First war to have tactical use of railways. First war to have live reporting (via telegraph). Russia lost.

Who determines the GAAPs for state and local governement?

The Governmental Accounting Standards Board, since 1984. It is a private, non-governmental, organization. The mission of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is to establish and improve standards of state and local governmental accounting and financial reporting that will result in useful information for users of financial reports and guide and educate the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of those financial reports.

Voting-age population

The citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching a minimum age requirement. In the United States a citizen must be at least eighteen years old in order to vote. (Ch. 6)

Dreyfus Affair?

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s. It involved the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason. The Dreyfus Affair split France into Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards. The sometimes-violent quarrel involved controversial issues in a heated political climate. To some extent, the division was between right-wing anti-Dreyfusards supportive of a return to monarchy and clericalism (the involvement of the Roman Catholic Church in public policy) and left-wing Dreyfusards supportive of the Republic and angry with the Church. However, some right-wingers supported Dreyfus for his courage and some left-wingers opposed him for his bourgeois background. The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades afterwards. The far right remained a potent force, as did the moderate liberals. The liberal victory played an important role in pushing the far right to the fringes of French politics. It also prompted legislation such as a 1905 enactment separating church and state.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference?

The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (or Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization), held beginning in August 1944 in a Washington, DC mansion (Dumbarton Oaks), was where the United Nations was formulated and negotiated. Discussions on the make-up of the UN included which states would be invited as members. The conference was attended by representatives of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China. Discussions included the formation of the Security Council and the right of veto that would be given to its permanent members. The conference was followed up by a San Francisco Conference, where the Security Council veto powers were established.

Russian Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian communion in the world with an estimated 300 million members worldwide.[1] It is considered by its adherents to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles nearly 2000 years ago

What labor arrangement does the federal governement operate under?

The Federal Government operates under "open shop" rules nationwide, although many of its employees are represented by unions. So, an employee cannot be compelled to join a union that may exist at the employer, nor can the employee be fired if s/he joins the union. In other words, the employee has the "right to work", whether as a union member or not.

Clovis

The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity.

What was the Great Turkish War?

The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. It marked the end of the Ottoman incursion into Europe. 1683-1699. The Ottomans ceded most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to Austria while Podolia passed to Poland. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula).

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)

What was the first empire after the death of the Charlemagne?

The Holy Roman Empire, started by Otto the Great.

Japanese Instrument of Surrender?

The Instrument of Surrender of Japan was the armistice ending World War II. It was signed by representatives of Japan, US, China, UK, USSR, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, and New Zealand on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, and which thereby ended the Pacific War and with it World War II.

Austronesean

The earliest inhabitants of New Guinea that led seafaring lives. In 3000BCE established themselves on many islands.

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)

My Lai Massacre?

The Mỹ Lai Massacre was a massacre by U.S. soldiers of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children, on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. Becoming a symbol of U.S. war crimes in Vietnam, it prompted widespread outrage around the world and reduced public support for the war in the United States. The explosive news of the massacre fueled the outrage of the American peace movement, which demanded the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. It also led more potential draftees to file for conscientious objector status. Those who had always argued against the war felt vindicated; those on the fringes of the movement became more vocal. The more pivotal shift, however, was in the attitude of the general public towards the war. People who had not previously been interested in the peace/war debates began to analyze the issue more closely. The horrific stories of other soldiers began to be taken more seriously, and other abuses came to light.

National Economic Council?

The National Economic Council (NEC) is a United States government agency in the Executive Office of the President. Created by President Bill Clinton in 1993 by Executive Order, its functions are to coordinate policy-making for domestic and international economic issues, coordinate economic policy advice for the President, ensure that policy decisions and programs are consistent with the President's economic goals, and monitor implementation of the President's economic policy agenda. The Director of the NEC is also Assistant to the President for Economic Policy.

During the cold war, who was India mainly allied with?

The USSR.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)

What event signified the formal end of the Byzantine Empire?

The Ottomons attacked the city of Constantinople (shocked the Christian world)

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)?

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is an agency of the U.S. government established in 1971 that helps U.S. businesses invest overseas and promotes economic development in new and emerging markets. OPIC operations cost nothing to American taxpayers because it charges market-based fees for its products and services. The agency has earned a profit in each year of operations — $175 million in 2002 — and built its reserves to more than $4 billion.

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)

Bombing of the Panay?

The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937, immediately preceeding the Rape of Nanking. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and reports of the Nanking Massacre caused US opinion to turn sharply against the Japanese. In spite of this outrage, American isolationism kept them out of war, even when it was clear that the act was intentional.

Pearson Commission on International Development?

The Pearson Commission on International Development investigated the effectiveness of the World Bank's development assistance in the 20 years to 1968 and made recommendations for future operation of the organization. In August 1968 Robert S. McNamara, then President of the World Bank, formed the commission, asking former Canadian Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize winner Lester Bowles Pearson to head the commission. On September 15, 1969 Pearson and seven colleagues on the Commission on International Development delivered their report, Partners in Development.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth?

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, actually called the "Republic of the Two Nations" or "Commonwealth of Both Nations" was a federal monarchic republic that was formed in 1569 by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and lasted until its final partition in 1795. The state covered not only the territories of what is now Poland and Lithuania, but also the entire territory of Belarus, a large part of Ukraine and Latvia and the most western part of today's Russia. The Commonwealth was an extension of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, a personal union between those two states that had existed from 1386. The Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous states in Europe and for over two centuries successfully withstood wars with the Teutonic Order, the Russians, the Ottomans, and the Swedes. The Commonwealth's political system, often called the Noble's democracy or Golden Freedom, was characterized by the sovereign's power being reduced by laws and the legislature controlled by the nobility. This system was a precursor of the modern concepts of broader democracy, and constitutional monarchy, as well as federation.

Potsdam conference?

The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the three largest and most powerful of the victorious Allies that defeated the Axis Powers in World War II. Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Truman—as well as Clement Attlee, who replaced Churchill after the Labour Party's defeat of the Conservatives in the 1945 general election—had gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

Prague Spring?

The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, and running until August 20 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invaded the country.

What book is Mohammed responsible for?

The Quran.

What empire controlled the highest percentage of world population in human history?

The Roman Empire.

Boyar

The Russian Nobility

Who was defeated in the Crimean War?

The Russians

Russo-Japanese War?

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. Japan won.

SEC

The SEC was created by section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Surface Transportation Board?

The STB is an economic regulatory agency that Congress created to resolve railroad rate and service disputes and reviewing proposed railroad mergers. The STB is decisionally independent, although it is administratively affiliated with the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Small Business Administration (SBA)?

The Small Business Administration, or SBA, is a United States Government agency that provides support to small businesses. The SBA was established on July 30, 1953 by the United States Congress with the passage of the Small Business Act.

Warren Court (1953-1969)

The Supreme Court durding the era in which Earl Warren served as the Chief Justice. It is best remembered for expanding the rights of minorities and the rights of the accused.

West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish

The Supreme Court struck down many of the FDR's New Deal reforms because they found they interfered with an individual's right to contract, implicit in the due process clause of the 14th amendmnet. This case, however, was when the supreme court basically overruled itself and started upholding many of FDRs laws, such as minimum wage, and laws limiting the number of working hours, etc. Effectively, one member of the court switched sides after FDR threatened to go to congress to ask to expand the number of supreme court justices so that he could attain a majority. The Judge's change of heart is known as the "switch in time that saved nine."

Taft-Hartley Act?

The Taft-Hartley Act, passed in 1947 and still largely in effect, severely restricts the activities and power of labor unions in the United States. The Act, officially known as the Labor-Management Relations Act, was sponsored by Senator Robert Taft and Representative Fred Hartley. U.S. President Harry S. Truman described the act as a "slave-labor bill" and vetoed it. The United States Senate followed the United States House of Representatives in overriding Truman's veto on June 23, 1947, establishing the act as a law. The Taft-Hartley Act amended the Wagner Act, officially known as the National Labor Relations Act, which Congress had passed in 1935.

Tehran conference?

The Tehran Conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 that took place in Tehran, Iran. It was the first war conference among the three world powers (the USSR, the U.S. and the UK) in which Stalin was present. It succeeded the Cairo Conference and was followed by Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. The chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. At the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize Iran's independence.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 1.36 million km² (525,000 square miles) to the United States in exchange for USD$15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.

Treaty of San Francisco?

The Treaty of Peace with Japan between the Allied Powers and Japan, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California. The treaty served to officially end World War II, to formally end Japan's position as an imperial power and allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. The Treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals.

Super Tuesday

The Tuesday on which a number of primary votes take place.

Who did Libya side with during the cold war?

The US

What takes presedence, US domestic law or international law?

The US considers its domestic law to hold sway over international law. European nations tend to hold international law in a higer regard.

During the cold war, who was pakistan mainly allied with?

The US.

USA Freedom Corps?

The USA Freedom Corps is a body within the Executive Office of the President of the United States, the President serving as its chair. Its creation was announced by George W. Bush in his State of the Union Address of January 29, 2002, and it was officially established on January 30, 2002, the next day. Housed at the White House, it identifies itself as a "Coordinating Council... working to strengthen our culture of service and help find opportunities for every American to start volunteering." [1] A USA Freedom Corps Network promotes individual volunteer service opportunities within the United States and abroad. The council is also involved with U.S. federal government service programs such as the Peace Corps, Citizen Corps, AmeriCorps and Senior Corps.

OSHA created?

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, signed by President Richard M. Nixon,on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. This same act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a research agency whose purpose is to determine the major types of hazards in the workplace and ways of controlling them. OSHA's statutory authority extends to most nongovernmental workplaces where there are employees. State and local government workers are excluded from Federal coverage, however, states operating their own state workplace safety and health programs under plans approved by the U.S. Department of Labor cover most private sector workers and are also required to extend their coverage to public sector (state and local government) workers in the state.

Wars of the Roses?

The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) is the name generally given to the intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses was not used at the time, but has its origins in the badges chosen by the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster, whose retainers tended to favour red coats or red roses as their symbol, and the White Rose of York, whose men often sported white coats, or white rose insignia. The Wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers. The House of Lancaster found most of its support in the south and west of the country, while support for the House of York came mainly from the north and east. The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, would usher in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England and ironically lead to the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty. The period would see the decline of English influence on the Continent, a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and by default a strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centralized monarchy under the Tudors. It arguably heralded the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance.

Office of National Drug Control Policy?

The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), a component of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, was established in 1988 by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. Its stated goal is to establish policies, priorities, and objectives to eradicate illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences in the United States.

Yi Kingdom

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. (p. 362)

Power

The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions. (Ch. 1)

What was the Allies plan for victory over the Nazis?

The allies would fight Germany on two fronts to weaken it

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

ratification

The approval from the legislative branch required to validate government agreements. In the United States, amendments to the Constitution require the ratification of state legislatures, and international treaties require the ratification of the Senate.

rugged individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. The phrase is often associated with policies of the Republican party and was widely used by the Republican president Herbert Hoover. The phrase was later used in scorn by the Democratic presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman to refer to the disasters of Hoover’s administration, during which the stock market Crash of 1929 occurred and the Great Depression began.

populism

The belief that greater popular participation in government and business is necessary to protect individuals from exploitation by inflexible bureaucracy and financial conglomerates. “Power to the people†is a famous populist slogan.

sexism

The belief that one sex (usually the male) is naturally superior to the other and should dominate most important areas of political, economic, and social life. Sexist discrimination in the United States in the past has denied opportunities to women in many spheres of activity. Many allege that it still does. (See also affirmative action, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, glass ceiling, and National Organization for Women.)

racism

The belief that some races are inherently superior (physically, intellectually, or culturally) to others and therefore have a right to dominate them. In the United States, racism, particularly by whites against blacks, has created profound racial tension and conflict in virtually all aspects of American society. Until the breakthroughs achieved by the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, white domination over blacks was institutionalized and supported in all branches and levels of government, by denying blacks their civil rights and opportunities to participate in political, economic, and social communities.

secretary of defense

The civilian head of the United States Department of Defense and a member of the cabinet, appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The secretary of defense works with civilian and military advisers to formulate American military policies and make foreign policy recommendations to the president.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

Operation Overlord?

The codename for the Normany Invasion in 1944 (WWII).

technology transfer

The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. (p. 358)

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)

override

The constitutional power of congress to supersede a president's veto by a two-thirds majority in both houses.

Substantive representation

The correspondence between representatives' opinions and those of their constituents. See also Descriptive representation (Ch. 11)

Allied Powers?

The countries of Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France that formed an alliance during World War II.

What event was strongly influenced by economic problems?

The declaration of war by France on Prussia

Political participation

The different ways an average citizen gets involved in the political process ranging from conventional means of influencing government to more radical unconventional tools that have influenced our elected officials.

Separate-but-equal doctrine

The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (Ch. 1896), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a state could provide "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans. (Ch. 19)

massive retaliation

The doctrine that the best way to deter aggression is to threaten a potential aggressor with devastation by atomic bombs. (See hawks and doves.)

privacy, right of

The doctrine, advanced by the Supreme Court most notably in Roe versus Wade, that the Constitution implicitly guarantees protection against activities that invade citizens’ privacy. The Constitution does not explicitly mention a right of privacy, but the First Amendment’s protection of free speech, the Fourth Amendment’s guarantee against “unreasonable searches and seizures,†the Ninth Amendment’s reference to “other†rights, the Court has ruled, imply a right of privacy. This doctrine exemplifies broad construction. (See Griswold versus Connecticut.)

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)

Siberia

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

Mugwumps or progressives

The faction in the Republican party of the 1890s to the 1910s composed of reformers who opposed the use of patronage and party bosses and favored the leadership of experts. After 1910 they evolved into a nonpartisan "good government" movement that sought to open up the political system and curb the abuses of parties. See also Political machine (Ch. 7)

What started the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

The failed 1689 battle of Vienna.

Nile River

The father of African rivers and the longest river in the world. It rises south of the equator in Uganda and flows northward through Sudan to Egypt, where it drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It has a length of about 4,132 miles.

Reaganomics

The federal economic policies of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. See also Supply-side theory; Monetarism (Ch. 16)

Public policy

The final action(s) taken by government in promotional, regulatory, or distributive form.

Necessary and proper clause

The final paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. Sometimes called the "elastic clause" because of the flexibility that it provides to Congress. (Ch. 3)

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

Chav?n

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chav?n de Hu?ntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chav?n became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)

laissez faire

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)

Second-order devolution

The flow of power and responsibility from states to local governments. (Ch. 3)

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)

Siddhartha Guatmaa

The founder of Buddhism.

Zarathustra

The founder of Zarathustrianism.

Belisarius

The general who reconquered the Western Roman Empire.

Osiris

The god associated with life, and rebirth due to his story of being cut up and put back together.

National nominating conventions

The governing authority of the political party. They give direction to the national party chairperson, the spokesperson of the party, and the person who heads the national committee, the governing body of the party. They are also the forums where presidential candidates are given the official nod by their parties.

Price supports

The government's price guarantees for certain farm goods. The government subsidizes farmers to not grow certain crops and also buys food directly and stores it, rather than let the oversupply in the market bring the prices down.

satrap

The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power. (pg118)

Secular Realignment

The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system

Privileges and immunities

The guarantees that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected by other states. Also a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that protects citizens from abuses by a state.

secretary of state

The head of the United States Department of State and, as leading member of the cabinet, fourth in line of succession to the presidency. The secretary of state is charged with formulating American foreign policy and conducting relations with other nations.

postmaster general

The head of the United States Postal Service. Until 1970, the postmaster general was head of the federal Post Office Department and a member of the president’s cabinet. In 1970, the Postal Service was set up as an independent agency in place of the Post Office Department. The Postal Service is operated like a private corporation, although postal workers receive the benefits of federal employees.

Medal of Honor

The highest military decoration in the United States armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor and bravery in action “above and beyond the call of duty.†There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862.

Which of the following was addressed by the Nuremberg Trials?

The holocaust

Caesaropapism

The idea that a king's rule has an aura of divinity and is sanctioned by God.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)

Media Effects

The influence of news sources on public opinion

power of the purse

The influence that legislatures have over public policy because of their power to vote money for public purposes. The United States Congress must authorize the president’s budget requests to fund agencies and programs of the executive branch. (See appropriation.)

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)

Preamble

The introduction to the Constitution, outlining the goals of the document.

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. (185)

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Library of Congress

The largest library in the United States, located in Washington, D.C., and maintained largely by federal appropriations. Its original purpose was to provide research facilities for members of Congress; today it serves the public as well. Most copyrighted publications are catalogued by the Library of Congress, whose classification system is used by major libraries around the country.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)

minority leader

The leader of the political party that holds a minority of seats in either house of Congress or of a state legislature. Selected by their own party caucuses, minority leaders act as chief spokespersons and strategists for their parties.

Majority leader

The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House of Representatives or the Senate. See also Minority leader (Ch. 11)

papyrus

The main Egyptian writing material

Tories?

The majority party in the British Parliament during the American Revolution; also the name for American colonists still loyal to the crown.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

Linkage institutions

The means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy.

When did the Black Plague affect europe?

The mid to late 14th century, killing 1/4 of europe.

Religious tradition

The moral teachings of religious institutions on religious, social, and economic issues. (Ch. 5)

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)

Bhagavad-Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185)

Eurasia

The name given to Europe and Asia as one continent

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Atlantic System

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

Five Pillars

The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: Confession of faith, Prayer, Fasting during Mamadan, Zakat, Hajj

Mesetizo

The offspring of intermarriage between Europeans(Spanish) and Native AMericans

Allah

The one true god of Islam.

Napoleonic code?

The original Napoleonic Code was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system, it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries. It dealt only with civil law issues

Alhambra Palace

The palace was in Granada, Spain and it reflects Islamic-Spanish civilization

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)

Party machine

The party organization that exists on the local level and uses patronage as the means to keep the party members in line. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall are examples.

Plaintiff

The party that initiates a lawsuit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his or her rights. (Ch. 14)

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

segregation

The policy and practice of imposing the separation of races. In the United States, the policy of segregation denied African-Americans their civil rights and provided inferior facilities and services for them, most noticeably in public schools (see Brown versus Board of Education), housing, and industry. (See integration, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and separate but equal.)

balance of power

The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455)

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694)

Personal following

The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks. (Ch. 7)

Majoritarian politics

The politics of policy-making in which almost everybody benefits from a policy and almost everybody pays for it. See also Interest group politics; Client politics (Ch. 15, 17)

Urban II

The pope that launched the crusades in 1095. Called for Christian kings to take back the holy land, Jerusalem.

veto

The power held by chief of executives (e.g. the president, governors) to reject acts of the legislature. A presidential version of this can be overridden by a 2/3s majority vote of both houses of Congress.

Police power

The power of a state to promote health, safety, and morals. (Ch. 3)

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

White primary

The practice of keeping African Americans from voting in primary elections (at the time, the only meaningful election in the one-party South was the Democratic primary) through arbitrary implementation of registration requirements and intimidation. Such practices were declared unconstitutional in 1944. (Ch. 6)

naturalization

The process by which a foreign citizen becomes a citizen of a new country. Millions of immigrants to the United States have become American citizens. Requirements for naturalization in the United States include residency for several years, ability to communicate in English, demonstrated knowledge of American history and government, and a dedication to American values that includes no membership in subversive organizations, such as the Communist party.

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)

Reapportionment

The process in which a state legislature redraws congressional districts based on population increases or decreases.

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 464)

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 462)

What was Wilson's stated reason the US declared war on germany in 1917?

The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in the atlantic.

Restoration

The return of constitutional monarcy in Britain in the late 17th century.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)

Suffrage

The right to vote guaranteed to African-Americans in the Fourteenth Amendment and women in the Nineteenth Amendment.

British raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659)

Shang Dynasty

The ruling elite of this dynasty (1766-1122BCE) monopolized bronze metallurgy to maintain power.

Ashikaga Shogunate

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

Veterans Administration

The second-largest cabinet department, the VA coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces and their dependents. The benefits include compensation for disabilities, the management of veterans’ hospitals, and various insurance programs.

Shia

The sect of Islam that supported Ali, the adopted son of Muhammad.

simony

The selling of church offices to the highest bidder

Taiku Reforms

The seventh century “Great change†reform that established the centralized Japanese state.

Solidary incentives

The social rewards that lead people to join local or state political organizations. People who find politics fun and want to meet others who share their interests are said to respond to solidary incentives. (Ch. 7, 9)

Strict scrutiny

The standard by which the Supreme Court judges classifications based on race. To be accepted such a classification must be closely related to a "compelling" public purpose. (Ch. 19)

Trustee approach

The view that an elected representative should act on his or her own best judgment of what public policy requires. (Ch. 12)

What was one part of Roosevelt's New Deal program to fight the Depression?

The stock market and banking system created their own reform council, gov. agencies took over businesses and farms, large publick works projects helped to provide jobs

What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?

The stock market crash of 1929

Merit System

The system by which federal civil service jobs are classified into grades or levels, to which appointments are made on the basis of performance on competitive examinations.

Shogunate

The system of govt. in Japan in which the emperor exercised only tutylar authority whiles the shogun.

Selective Service System

The system used in the United States to draft young people into armed service. Though the United States at present has no draft, young men are required by law to register with the Selective Service when they reach the age of eighteen.

variolation

The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. (p. 559)

Third-Partyism

The tendency of 3rd parties to arise with some regularity in a nominally 2-party system

England's Glorious Revolution?

The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. The event is sometimes referred to as the Bloodless Revolution but this name is a misnomer as there was much fighting, with loss of life, in Ireland and to a lesser degree in Scotland. The Glorious Revolution was one of the most important events in the long evolution of powers possessed by Parliament and by the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out any final possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards monarchical absolutism in the British Isles by circumscribing the monarch's powers. The King's powers were greatly restricted; he could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's permission. Since 1689, England, and later the United Kingdom, has been governed under a system of constitutional monarchy, which has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament has gained more and more power, and the Crown has progressively lost it.

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)

Schism

The term used to describe the split between the Roman Catholic Church in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople.

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

autocracy

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)

absolution

The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452)

Print Press

The traditional form of mass media, comprising newspapers, magazines, and journals

Prior restraint

The traditional view of the press's free speech rights as expressed by William Blackstone, the great English jurist. According to this view the press is guaranteed freedom from censorship--that is, rules telling it in advance what it can publish. After publication, however, the government can punish the press for material that is judged libelous or obscene. (Ch. 18)

agricultural revolution (18th Century)

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. (p. 763)

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)

Senate, United States

The upper house of the United States Congress. Two senators are elected from each state, regardless of state population, guaranteeing each state equal representation. Senators are elected for six-year terms. The Senate tends to respond more directly than the House of Representatives to issues of national, rather than local, concern, though both houses of Congress participate in all aspects of legislation and policymaking. The Senate has the exclusive right to try cases of impeachment, approve presidential appointments, confirm treaties, and elect a vice president if no candidate receives a majority from the Electoral College. The vice president serves as presiding officer of the Senate.

Third-order devolution

The use of nongovernmental organizations to implement public policy. (Ch. 3)

National Guard

The volunteer military forces of each state, which the governor of a state can summon in times of civil disorder or natural disaster. Through congressional and presidential order, the National Guard can be called into service in the regular United States army.

Party in the electorate

The voters who consider themselves allied or associated with the party

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China. (p. 355)

Organizational Party

The workers and activists who staff the party's formal organization

Stewardship Theory

Theory that holds that Article II confers on the president the power and the duty to take whatever actions are deemed necessary in the national interest, unless prohibited by the Constitution or law

Multiregional thesis

Theory, held by a minority of scholars, that modern humans appeared simultaneously throughout world, descending from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa.

Out of Africa thesis

Theory, which most scientists believe, that H. sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and migrated outward. Implies that Africa is source of features of human behavior such as complex social networks, economic strategies, personal adornment, and use of symbols and rituals in daily life.

Punic Wars?

There were a series of 3. Rome beat Carthage in all 3, burning the city to the ground in the end.

Why did coastal nations gain in power during the age of Exploration?

They became very rich and influential due to increased trade. Inland states such as Germany declined in power.

How did the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II help pave the way for revolution?

They both upheld an autocratic government without reforms

Seleucids

They controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals.

Why did millions of Germans turn against the leaders of the Weimar Repulblic?

They had signed the Treaty of Versailles

Significance of the writing systems

They helped codify laws, keep records, transmit knowledge

Why were thousands of U.S citizens put in internment camps during the war?

They were of Japanese descent and falsely labeled as enemies

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)

Naturalization Act of 1870?

This Naturalization Act limited American citizenship to "white persons and persons of African descent," barring Asians - who were coming to california in large numbers - from U.S. citizenship.

progressive income tax

This increases the tax rates for people with higher incomes. Those citizens at poverty level, for example, might pay few or no taxes. Middle-class citizens might be taxed at a 15% rate, while the wealthy are taxed at two or three times that rate. The goal of this is to allow those with greater need to keep more or what they earn while taking from those who need it least.

Mandatory spending

Those appropriation items in a budget that must be allocated. In the federal budget, the majority of spending items are mandatory and include Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, payment on the national debt, and certain components of defense spending.

Policy entrepreneurs

Those in and out of government who find ways of pulling together a legislative majority on behalf of unorganized interests. See also Entrepreneurial politics (Ch. 15)

Nonrenewable resources

Those natural resources such as oil, which based on consumption, are limited.

Renewable resources

Those natural resources such as solar energy that can be used over again.

Shared powers

Those powers that are concurrent, or overlapping, between the federal and state governments. Taxation is a shared power, for instance.

War on Poverty

Those programs of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society that were specifically aimed at assisting the poor were known collectively as this. Among these programs was Volunteers in Serivce to America (VISTA), Medidcaid, and the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity.

Unfunded mandates

Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states without federal funds to support them.

Ancien regime

Time before French revolution, built on belief of absolute monarchy and divine right of kings

Hansaetic League

Trade network in the Baltic and North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, and banking growth.

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)

Reagan Democrats

Traditional Democratic middle-class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s.

Rosetta Stone

Translator of hieroglyphics to Greek.

Treaty of Paris? (1259)

Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France

Treaty of Paris? 1763

Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended Seven Years' War

Treaty of Paris? 1783

Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended American Revolutionary War

Treaty of Paris? 1810

Treaty of Paris (1810) - ended war between France and Sweden

Treaty of Paris? 1814

Treaty of Paris (1814) - ended war between France and the Sixth Coalition

Treaty of Paris? 1815

Treaty of Paris (1815) - followed defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo

Treaty of Paris? 1856

Treaty of Paris (1856) or Congress of Paris - signed March 30 - ended Crimean War

Treaty of Paris? 1898

Treaty of Paris (1898) - ended Spanish-American War

Treaty of Paris? 1920

Treaty of Paris (1920) - united Bessarabia and Romania

Treaty of Paris? 1951

Treaty of Paris (1951) - established European Coal and Steel Community

Treaty of Tientsin?

Treaty signed in Tianjin in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856-1860). France, UK, Russia, and the United States were party. These treaties opened eleven more Chinese ports (see Treaty of Nanjing) to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity, and legalised the import of opium. They were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Beijing Convention in 1860, after the end of the war.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)

steppe

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to mongol military. (326)

Huns

Tribe from Western Asia who conquered much of Europe during the 5th century.

Tartars

Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan

Ottoman Empire

Turkish Empire established in Asia Minor. Expanding through Middle East and balkins. Concurred Constantinople. In 1453 it ended the Byzantine Empire.

Ottomans

Turkish people who settled in Asia minor during the 14th century, established empire in the middle east, North Africa, and eastern Europe lasted until just after WWI

What was significant about the Battle of Midway?

Turned the tide of the war against the Japanese

varna/jati

Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)

Yangtze and Yellow (Huang Ho) Rivers

Two giant rivers that are crucial for movement of goods and people through China. Huang Ho was where China's first civilized societies emerged. Both rivers are joined by human-made Grand Canal not far from Pacific Ocean.

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)

Unitary system of government

Type of government that centralizes all the powers of government into one central authority.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)

Dag Hammarskjold

UN Secretary General during Cold War and oversaw decolonization.

George Keenan "Containment"

US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was and not to let it spread

Panthalassa

Under Wegener's theory, the rest of the globe was covered by Panthalassa, an enormous world ocean that stretched from pole to pole and extended to about twice the width of the present-day Pacific Ocean at the Equator.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Qanat

Underground canals that crisscrossed the Persian empire.

During the mid 1800's, count Camillo di Cavour expanded the Piedmont-Sardinia's power and also..?

Unified Italy

King Menes

Unified rule came from this conquerer in 3100BCE and founded Memphis.

Non-departmental cabinet level poistions.

Vice President, Chief of Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, Administrator of the EPA, Director of the OMB, Director of the National Drug control Policy, USTR, Director fo the CIA, Ambassador to the UN, Under Secretary of Homeland Security, Emergency Preparedness, White House Counsel, National Security Advisor, Director of National Intelligence

senate

Upper house of Congress, in which each state has two representatives. Has power to approve cabinet, ambassadors, and judges, and treaties.

Senate

Upper house of Congress, in which each state has two representatives. This has the sole power to approve cabinet, ambassadorial, and federal judicial appointments. International treaties must receive 2/3 approval from the Senate.

Prospective voting

Voting for a candidate because one favors his or her ideas for addressing issues after the election. (Ch. Prospective means "forward-looking.") See also Retrospective voting (Ch. 8)

Split ticket

Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election. For example, voting for a Republican for senator and a Democrat for president. See also Straight ticket (Ch. 7)

Mahatma Ghandi

Used passive resistance to lead Indian independence movement. Later assissinated by Hindu nationalist in 1948.

Name the order of presidential succession.

VP, speaker of house, pres. pro tempore of senate, Sec. State, Sec. Treasury, Sec. Defence, Attorney General.

Khmerstams

Vietnamese people defeated by Northern govt. of Hanoy

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese revolutionary Marxist

Party platforms

Voted on by the delegates attending the National Convention, they represent the ideological point of view of a political party.

Retrospective voting

Voting for or against the candidate or party in office because one likes or dislikes how things have gone in the recent past. (Ch. Retrospective means "backward-looking.") See also Prospective voting (Ch. 8)

What was the major reason the US declared war on germany in 1917?

WWI was disrupting US trade with France and Britain.

Battle of Britain

WWII air battle. RAF defeated Germans, thus averting German invasion.

Spanish Civil War

War Between authoritarian/military leaders (facists) vs. Communist. facist won

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

Seven Years' War

War between Prussia and Britain on one side and Austria, France and Russia on the other. Prussia and Britian won. Britian got Canada, India. Fought also in US called the French and Indian War.

Reconquista

War in Spain; the military reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian rulers

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)

Rhine River

Waterway of western Europe, which is culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world.

Goose step

Way Nazi's marched.

cottage industries

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)

Battle of Zama

When Marcipial beat Hannabal in Africa

Battle of Hastings

When William the Conqueror of Normandy takes the English Crown

Dienbienphu

Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal.

Nonpreferential primary

Where voters choose delegates who are not bound to vote for the winning primary candidate.

Politics

Who gets what, when, how, and why.

Who may suspend the writ of habeas corpus and when?

Who: Good question. Traditionally it was thought that only congress could do so as the power to suspend HC was found in article I of the constitution, wherein the legislature's powers are defined. Lincoln did it, and though it was found to be unconstitutional, he merely ignored the ruling. PResident Grant also did it.

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)

WHat did the Glorious Revolution bring to England's throne?

William of Orange

Plurality

Winning number of votes received in a race containing more than two candidates but which is not more than half of the total votes cast.

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)

acllas

Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants. (p. 318)

Who said "The world must be made safe for democracy" ?

Woodrow Wilson in 1917 upon entering WWI.

Quaran

Word of god as revealed through Mohammed. Holy book of Islam.

Loaded language

Words that reflect a value judgment, used to persuade the listener without making an argument. For example, if someone likes a politician, he might call him "the esteemed Senator Smith"; if he doesn't like him, he might refer to him as "that right-wing or radical senator." (Ch. 10)

Sahara

World's largest desert in the northern third of Africa

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)

What did the war become once the participating countries began devoting all of their resources to the war effort?

total war

seniority rule

a legislative practice that assigns the chair of a committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee

What fear added to the appeal of fascism in Italy and Germany?

a Communist revolution

nonpartisan election

a local or judicial election in which cnadidates are not selected or endorsed by political parties and party affiliation is not listed on ballots

national party convention

a antioanl meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every fours years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules

Libertarian party

a minor party that believes in extremely limited gov; party members call for a freemarket system, expanded individual liberities such as drug legalization, and a foreign policy of nonintervention, free trade, and open immigration

liberalism

a belief in the positive uses of government to bring about justice and equality of opportunity

popular sovereignty

a belief that ultimate power resides in the people

political predisposition

a characteristic of individuals that is predictive of political behavior

Aristophanes

a comedic writer, was the author of The Clouds

open shop

a company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment

trabadour

a composer and performer of songs; traveling ballad singer

Domesday Book

a comprehensive survey of the lands of england

special or select committee

a congressional committee created for a specific purpose, sometimes to conduct an investigation

socioeconomic status

a division of population based on occupation, income, education

Sapphos of Lesbos

a female lyrical poet

treaty

a formal public agreement between the United States and one or more nations that must be approved by two thirds of the Senate

race

a grouping of human beings with distinctive characteristics determined by genetic inheritance

movement

a large body of people interested in a common issue, idea, or concern that is of continuing significance and who are willing to take action, seek to change attitude or institutions not just policies

The American Revolution was different from the French Revolution in that it produced what?

a lasting constitution

writ of certiorari

a legal document issued by the Supreme Court to request the court transcripts of a case, indicated that the Court will review a lower court's decision

party convention

a meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and in some cases to select party candidates for public office

party caucus

a meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy, republicans call them conferences

Reform party

a minor party founded by Ross Perot in 1995; focuses on national gov reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability; recently struggled with internal strife and criticism that i lacks an identity

Knight

a mounted warrior in Europe in the Middle Ages.

manifest destiny

a notion held by 19th centuryAmericans that the US was destined to rule the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific

what was common to both fascism and communism? (3)

a one-party system, a disregard for individual rights, supremacy of the state

Middle Ages

a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance

lobbyist

a person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches

Thales of Miletus

a philosopher who taught that everything was made of water

What were the Fourteen Points?

a plan for postwar world

Under the post war constitution of Japan, who was the head of government?

a prime minister selected by the diet

minor party

a small political party that rises and falls with a charismatic candidate or, if composed of ideologies on the right or left, usually persists over time; also called a third party

What is a totalitarian state?

a state in which the government controls every aspect of public and private life

rally point

a rise in public approval of the president that follows a crisis as Americans "rally round the flag" and the chief executive

Open Door Policy

a series of letter sent in 1899 by US secratery of state John Hay to britain, france, germany, italy, japan, and russia calling for equal economic access to the chinese market for all states and for the maintence of the territorial and administrative integrity of the chinese.

parliamentary system

a system of gov in which the legislature selects the prime minister of president

Linear B

a system of writing used to record an early form of Greek

The great aim of Louis XIV was to

acquire territories up to France boundaries

The Patriot Act (2001)

act passed in response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, granting broad police authority to the federal, state, and local governments to interdict, prosecute, and convict suspected terrorists

Lemon Vs. Kurtzman

allowed states to provide text books and busing services for students attending private schools

Meroitic Script

alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs, used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Kush. Developed 700â€"300 BCE. Appeared in the 2nd Century.

What action on November 11, 1918 brought an end to WWI?

an armistice was signed

socialism

an economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange

realigning election

an election during period of expanded suffrage and change in the economy and society that proves to be a turning point, redefining the agenda of politics and the alignment of voters within parties

winner-take-all system

an election system in which the candidate with the most votes wins

single member district

an electoral district in which voters choose on representative or official

libertarianism

an ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on a sharply limited government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in the moral and social spheres

social capital

democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations

trustee

an official who is expected to vote independetly basedon his or her judgment of the circumstances; one interpretation of the role of the legislator

political party

an organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so that is positions and philosophy become public policy

In what way did the Bourgeoisie differ from other members of the Third Estate?

believed in enlightenment ideas

Stephen Langton

archbishop of Canterbury during late 1100s

basin

are of land drained by a given river and its branches area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations

mosaic

artwork, images made with small pieces of glass

What is the most probable link between militarism and imperialism?

as a country gains colonies, its military grows to protect them

What did the Allies' strategy of island hopping in the pacific involve?

attacks on only islands that were not well defended

office block ballot

ballot on which all candidates are listed under the office for which they are running, making split ticket voting easier

What increased during the Great depression? (3)

bank closings, unemployment, business failures

Why were Germany and Austria-Hungary known as the Central PowerS?

because of their location in the heart of Europe

Why did westen nations desire lands in the Pacific Rim?

because of their natural resources and strategic location

Hitlers main method for achieving lebensraum was to ?

conquer other countries

unitary system

constitutional arrangement in which power is concentrated in a central government

national supremacy

constitutional doctrine that whenever conflict occurs between the constitutionally authorized actions of the national gov and those of a state or local gov, the actions of the fed gov prevail

imperium

consuls could take military power and authority

The soviet government decided to eliminate Kulaks because of their strong resistance to ?

collective farming

Oceania

collective name for the islands scattered throughout most of the Pacific Ocean. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas.

Triangle of Trade

common pattern linking Africa, The Americas, and Europe

Viet Cong

communist guerilla movement in vietnam

investiture (popes)

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)

According to Ram Mohun Roy, in order to successfully move towards independence, Indians had to...?

change some of their cultural and religious practices

Hagia Sophia

church rebuilt by Justinian. The model for churches all over the empire

How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire?

by taking over US British and French territories

Great Canal

canal system began by Yangdi Sui Dynasty around 600, joined yellow and yantze river.

tophet

cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)

investiture (feudal)

ceremony where the lord gave his vassal a clod of earth or sprig of leaves as a symbol of the land the vassal was receiving

writ of mandamus

court order directing an official to perform an official duty

metalworking

craft of shaping refined metal into tools; like metallurgy, a highly advanced skill

our federalism

created by Ronald Reagan, Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, William Rehnquist. presumes power of the fed gov is limited in favor of the broad powers reserved to the states

What was the US response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid-1941

cut oil supplies to Japan

canyon

deep and narrow valley with steep walls

lobbying

engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact

What reflects the chronological order of events in English history?

english civil war, restoration, glorious revolution

Pythagoras

discovered the harmonic intervals within the musical scale and states the Pythagorean Theorum

How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French-Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar?

divided French fleet into small groups and attacked

Balkanization

dividing up of territory into different states

The theory used to justify absolutist rule in Europe was called

divine right

reinforcing cleavages

divisions within society that reinforce one another, making groups more homogeneous or similar

Selective Incorporation

doctrine by which most - but not all - protections found in Bill of Rights are made applicable to states via 14th Amendment.

monopoly

domination of an industry by a single company by fixing prices and discouraging competition; also the company that dominates the industry by these means

Cuneiform

earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer

What was the purpose of the Soviet state's Five-year Plans?

economic development

Chaing Kai Shek

followed sun yat sen; military leader; leader of nationalist party in China in 1920's. driven out by communist in WWII

How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states?

elect governments whose power depends on landowners and merchants

runoff primary

election held between top two vote-getters in a primary election, when neither received a legally required minimum percentage of the vote, many states require a runoff when no candidate receives at least 40 percent of the primary vote for his or her party

Christianity

emphasized church interaction. Focused on missionary activity and wide spread conversion. Based on birth and resurrection of Jesus

revolving door

employment cycle in which individuals who work for governmental agencies regulating interests eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern

Aristotle

established The Lyceum, pupil of Plato, wrote The Politics

Senior Executive Service

established by Congress in 1978 as a flexible, mobile corps of senior career exeuctives who work closely with presidential appointees to manage government

absolute location

exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

regulatory agency

executive agency responsible for enforcing laws pertaining to a certain industry, the agency writes guidelines for the industry, such as safety codes, and enforces them through methods such as inspection

Office of Budget and Management

executive branch office responsible for drawing up the president's proposals for the federal budget

What led to the economic downfall of Spain? (3)

expensive war, Jew and Muslim expulsion, english raids on Spanish ships

What did Frederick the great believe a ruler should be?

father to his people

loess

fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)

System of mandates

followed WWI. Part of league of nations; Grant countries independence after being involved

Trojan War

fought between Greece and Troy, the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy

Zero of Cybrus

founded Stoicism

rule of law

generality: laws should be state generally/not singling out any group or individual, prospectivity: law should apply to the future/not punish something someone did in the past, publicity: laws cannot be kept secret and then enforced, authority: valid laws are made by those with legitimate power/the people legitimate that power through some form of popular consent, due process: laws must be enforced impartially with fair processes

What is identified with romanticism?

gothic novel

theocracy

gov by religious leaders, who claim divine guidance

majority rule

governance according to the expressed preferences of the majority

Under Stalin's command economy, all economic decisions were made by

government officials alone

The main difference between European colonies and protectorates in Africa had to do with their?

governments

The national boundaries that existed in Africa at the end of the 19th century can best be described as ...?

unnaturally imposed

Why did strong states form more slowly in central Europe than in western Europe ?

had weak empires and poor economies without a middle class

A major factor in Napoleon's failure to defeat Russia was?

harsh russian winter

How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia?

he exploited European rivalries and built a modern army

Why did Parliament remove James II of England?

he was a devout catholic

where were atomic bombs dropped?

hiroshima and nagasaki

Thucydides

historian writer, wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars

Cicero

historian, wrote On The Republic

What issue arose after the king called for the Estates General to meet?

how many votes each estate gets

Pangaea

hypothetical protocontinent proposed by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 as a part of his theory of continental drift

The new deal involved attempts to stimulate the American economy by ?

increasing government spending

Prerevolutionary French society was marked by great social?

inequality

Johannes Gutenburg

introduced movable type to W Europe in the 15th century

Stateless Society

is need-based, self protecting, self regulated. To be goverened is to be coerced and violated

From the 1200's to the early 1700's, Russia can best be described as...?

isolated

What impact did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk have on Germany?

it allowed Germany to focus all their efforts on the Western front

What was teh American public's opinion about joining the League of Nations?

it believed that the US should stay out of European affairs

What impact did the war have on the economy of Europe?

it drained the treasuries of Europe

How did the Lend-Lease act benefit the US?

it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany?

it left a legacy of bitterness in the hearts of the German people

What was significant in the Allied victory as the First Battle of the Marne?

it resulted in Germany's having to fight on two fronts

What impact did Russia's involvement in WWI have on the Russian gov?

it revealed the weaknesses of czarist rule and military leadership

What effect did the Dawes Plan have on the economy of Postwar Germany?

it saved Germany from an inflationary crisis and stabilized the economy

What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter both during and after the war?

it upheld rights of free trade and choice of government, and it became the plan for postwar peace

Why was india considered the "jewel in the crown"?

it was the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies

Ethnocentrism

judging foreigners by standards of ones own group

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 651)

What did Sergey Witte do to finance Russian industries?

launched a program of higher taxes and foreign investments

Gilgamesh

legendary king who was half man and half god. He went on a journey to find eternal youth with his friend Eucles. He died in the end.

Hellenistic

literally “To imitate the Greeks†The era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the near east and blended with the cultures of that region.

What was the significance of the English Bill of Rights?

made clear limits of royal power

powers prohibited to states

making treaties with foreign govs, authorising private persons to prey on the shipping and commerce of other nations, coining money/issuing bills of credit/making anything but gold and silver coin legal tender in payment of debts, taxing imports or exports, taxing foreign ships, keeping troops or ships in time of peace (except the state militia, now called the National Guard), engaging in war (unless invaded or in such imminent danger as will not admit delay)

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. (p. 37)

news media

media that emphasizes the news

What is an accurate description of the tax system in France in the years preceding the French Revolution

members of the 3rd estate paid all taxes

In the first falf of the 1800's, a political liberal was most likely to be

middle class merchant

What is the policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war?

militarism

Suharto

military President of Indonesia from 1968-98.

Delian League

military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism

realignment

occurs when a party undergoes a major shift in its electoral base and political agenda, the groups of people composing the party coalition may split up, resulting in a vastly different party. Realignments are rare and tend to be signaled by a critical election, last one occurred during the New Deal between the working-class and ethnic groups under the Democratic party

Virgil

most famous Latin poet

What does fascism stress?

nationalism

Demak

on the north coast of central Java province, on the island of java, Indonesia

legislative oversight

one of Congress's most importat tasks, the investigation and evaluation of the performance of corresponding executive agencies and departments to check the power of the executive branch

What was true about nationalism?

one's greatest loyalty is not to the king but to the nation of people and the people who ahve common culture

Between 1934 & 1939, the great purge was a campaign to eliminate?

opposition to Stalin's power

Which of the following was the basis of direct control?

paternalism

The man installed by the radicals to lead a temporary French gov. was a leading French?

poet

Homer

poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

cape

point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean

third century crisis

political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce. (157)

What person would most likely have been a radical in the 1800's?

poor student reading about democracy

Speaker of the House

presiding officer in the House of Representatives, formally elected by the House but actually selected by the majority party

limited government

principle of government that states that government powers must be confined to those allowed it by the nation's Constitution

Precedent

prior judicial decision that serves as a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature

recall

procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term

Features of the "city"

protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, and cultural values

city

protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs and cultural values; specialization of labor

What actions led to teh formation of new nations out of the Central Powers?

provisions of peace treaties signed with teh Central Powers

Who were the Bolsheviks?

radical Russian Marxist revolutionaries

What ere the goals of the five year plans? (3)

rapid industrial growth, stronger national defense, modernization of the Soviet economy

During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia ...?

rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land

Leon Trosky

revolutionary Russian, led bolsheviks in petrograd. Comisar of war

What strategy did czar Alexander I use to defeat Napoleon?

scorched earth policy

The Federalist

series of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788

permissive federalism

sharing of power and authority between the national and state gov, the states portion is upon the permission of the national government

Treaty of Brest-litovsk

signed between russia and germany to stop wwI for them, Russia gave Germany finland, poland, ukraine, and baltic proividences

theater-state

state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. (186)

Knossos

site of the most majestic Cretan palace

Montaigne stated that "all that is certain is that nothing is certain" this was and example of ..?

skepticism

prophet

someone who is an interpreter of the will of God

quid pro quo

something given with the expectation of receiving something in return

platform

statement of purpose and policy objectives drafted and approved by political parties at their national conventions, they rarely exert much influence on day-to-day politics

Planned Parenthood Vs. Casey

states can regulate abortion but not with regulations that impose a burden to the woman; more leeway like the 24 hour waiting period and parent concent to minors

US Regents Vs. Bakke

strict college admissions quotas unconstitutional but states may allow race to be taken into concideration as ONE factor in admissions decisions

original jurisdiction

term used to describe a court's power to initially try a case. Courts in which cases are first heard are those with originial jurisdiction in the case, appellate courts hear challenges to earlier court decisions

popular consent

the idea that a just gov must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs

purpose of federal grants

supply state and local govs with revenue, to establish minimum national standards for things such as highways and clean air, to equalize resources among the states by taking money from people with high incomes through federal taxes and spending it through grants in states where the poor live, to attack national problems yet minimize the growth of federal agencies

voter registration

system designed to reduce voter fraud by limiting voting to those who have established eligibility by submitting the proper form

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 127)

publican

tax collector

tithe

taxes (money) given to the church

Despite its unification as a nation, Italy suffered from which of the following problems?

tension between industrial N and agricultural south

statism

the idea that the rights of the nation are supreme over the rights of the individuals residing in that nation

What gamble did Germany make before the United States entered the war?

that their blockade would defeat Britain before US troops arrived

What region was referred to as the "powder keg" of Europe?

the Balkan Peninsula

in 1588, the Spanish Armada met defeat at the hands of?

the English

Why did the British style of gov. in Nigeria work better with the Hausa-Fulani than the Igbo and Yoruba?

the Hausa-Fulani were accustomed to a strong central gov.

party registration

the act of declaring party affiliation; required by some states when one registers to vote

What was the concept of wergeld?

the amount of compensation defined in money for loss of a persons life

What event in Sarajevo ignited the Great War?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

Euripides

the author of Medea and other tragedies

Domino Theory

the belief that if the communist succeed in vietnam other countries is SE and E asia would also fall to communism

What happened as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny?

the british gov. took direct command of India

majority

the candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election

Syncretism

the combining of different forms of belief or practice

plebians

the common people (lower classes)

Beism

the concept of god during the scientific revolution. The role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws of motion.

public opinion

the distribution of individual preferences for or evaluations of a given issue, candidate, or institution within a specific population

Which of the following factors led to the fall of France to the Nazis?

the fall of dunkirk, evacuation of the British forces, Italy's attack on France from the South

Zeno

the founder of Stoicism on the island of Cyprus

The Blck Death

the great plague, it killed 1/3 of Europeans (1347)

presidential ticket

the joint listing of the presidential and vice presidential candidates on the same ballot as required by the 12th amendment

Gaul

the modern day nation of France

Asia Minor

the modern day nation of Turkey, a war with the Byzantines took place there

Imperialism

the policy of extending one countries power over onother by conquest of by establishing direct enviorment, economy, or culture over another

policy implementation

the process by which executive departments and agencies put legislation into practive, they are often allowed a degree of freedom to interpret legislation as they write guidelines to enact and enforce the law

selective perception

the process by which individuals perceive what they want to in media messages

selective exposure

the process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases

turnout

the proportion of the voting age public that votes, sometimes as the nubmer of registered voters that vote

redistricting

the redrawing of congressional and other legilsative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population

preemption

the right of a federal law or regulation takes precedence over enforcement of a state or local law or regulation

Right to Privacy

the right to be let alone; a judicially created doctrine encompassing an individual's decision to use birth control or secure an abortion

theology

the study of religion

patricians

the upper classes

Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany after invading Poland?

they had promised to uphold the independence of Poland

How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies?

they provided for colonial peoples' needs but did not give them full rights

What does the use of kamikaze pilots show about Japanese culture?

they valued national honor more than individual life

Why did coalition governments usually prove unstable?

they were alliances of several parties who disagreed on many policies

Why did thousands of Boers move north in the Great Trek?

to escape the British

Why did Bismark seek alliances that later became the Triple Alliance?

to isolate France

What was the main purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

to prevent fighting of European nations over the division of Africa

What was trench warfare intended to accomplish?

to protect soldiers from enemy gun fire on the front lines

Nationalism was a force that (3)

tore apart century-old empiress, rise to nation-states, opposed by conservatives

Gueranica

town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens

party column ballot

type of ballot that encourages party line voting by listing all of a party's candidates in a column under the party name

What contributed to the weakness of the Weimar Republic? (3)

uncontrollable inflation, a lack of democratic tradition, a large number of political parties

What was stressed by socialist realism? (3)

value of hard work, glory of soviet life, achievements of Stalin

latifundia

vast plantations

What did the pogroms that occurred in the late 19th century Russia do?

violently persecute Jews

What does the word Plebiscite mean?

vote of the people

subinfeudation

when the lords regranted protions of their fiefs to other vassals

Absolute Monarchy

where the king or queen has absolute power over all aspects of his/her subjects' lives

Scriptoria

writing rooms in monestary

Augustine

wrote City of God, it showed there was order in history

Dante Alighieri

wrote Divine Comedy (1313-1321), it describes the poets journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven

Ovid

wrote The Art of Love

Plato

wrote The Republic, pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle

Giovanni Boccacio

wrote the Decameron, recounts how a group of young Florentines fled during the Black Death