FT 2-3
17
(-17) - (-34) = ?
-25
(-25) + (42) + (-62) + (20) = ?
-323
(17) x (-19) = ?
29
(20) / (-4) + (-2) x (-10) - (-2) x (7) = ?
180 x 10 to the power of -6
(250 x 10 to the power of -6) - (7 x 10 to the power of -5) = ?
8 x 10 to the power of -2
(480 x 10 to the power of -5) divided by (60 x 10 to the power of -3) = ?
32.5 x 10 to the power of 4
(75 x 10 to the power of 3) + (25 x 10 to the power of 4) = ?
5 27/77
4/7 x 9 4/11 = ?
1 1/58
7 3/8 ÷ 7 1/4 = ?
0.99999
8.13 X 0.123 = ?
Look for a cable that runs under the carpet; it is likely that the cable has a short from the carpeting tack strip.
A customer reports a problem of no dial tone (NDT). Upon inspection, the technician notices that new carpeting has been installed. What should the technician do next?
75 mW
A transmitter outputs 100 mW. An antenna cable connects the transmitter to an amplifier, and power into the amplifier's input measures 50 mW. The amplifier increases signal to the original transmitter's power level and sends signal to the antenna. The antenna receives signal from amplifier at 75 mW, and then transmits at 150 mW. What is the intentional radiator's (IR) power level in this radio frequency (RF) circuit?
It narrows the scope of likely problem sources.
After a digital TV (DTV) service problem has been analyzed and possible causes considered, what is accomplished by isolating the various network elements?
6 - Verify the solution. Verify that the problem has been resolved and service is running perfectly on all phones.
After resolving a problem with a premises wiring issue, which of the following is the next step in the six-step process that the technician should take?
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
All 802.11 standards use one of two frequency bands. What are these frequency bands?
Direct Sequencing Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
Although there are many different implementations of spread spectrum technology, what two types are specified by the FCC in Codes of Federal Regulation (CFR), volume 47, part 15?
Each 6 dB increase in EIRP equates to a doubling of range.
As a general rule, how does an increase in effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) relate to the link budget range?
Operate the analog TV channels at higher amplitude level than the QAM channels.
Because the spectral density of a QAM channel is much higher than that of an analog TV channel, what is done to ensure equal power in all channels in a network with analog and digital modulation channels?
IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth is a short range wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology that is covered under which Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard?
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS).
Bluetooth uses which spread spectrum technology?
More likely to improve your motivation and be a better problem solver.
By taking control of the expectations you have, you are...?
> Service authorization > Received signal quality > Return path operations
Digital set-top box diagnostics can aid a technician with the following parameters while troubleshooting
Diagnosing symptoms
During which step of the six-step troubleshooting process for a digital TV (DTV) service problem are QAM channel measurements typically taken?
500 mW
Given an AP with 100 milliwatts of output power connected through a cable with 3 decibels of loss to the antenna with a 10 decibels isotropic gain, what is the approximate Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power level from the antenna in milliwatts?
Before stripping the plastic coating from the fiber
Heat shrink tubing is installed over the fusion-splice to strengthen and protect it. When should the heat shrink be installed on the fiber?
Identical at opposite ends, or straight-through.
How are 8-position, 9-contact (8P8C) modular connectors pinned to UTP cable, which is used for connecting computers and broadband modems to a LAN?
Used as passive branching devices that divide an optical signal across multiple output fibers
How are optical splitters used in the forward path?
IP multicast traffic is only sent to specific modem addresses on the network; IP broadcast traffic is sent to all modems on the network.
How does IP multicast differ from IP broadcast?
A significant change in attitude with a noticeable movement toward negative, hostile, cynical, or paranoid thoughts
It is essential to pay attention to warning signs of stress overload. Poor attitude is one of the behaviors that may indicate that you are overstressed. What are the symptoms of poor attitude behavior?
Lesson 5
Lesson Five - Troubleshooting Digital Television Service
Lesson 7
Lesson Seven - Troubleshooting telephone wiring and twisted-pair cable
Lesson 6
Lesson Six - Troubleshooting High Speed Data Service
Lesson 8
Lesson eight - Wireless networking
Lesson 11
Lesson eleven - Spread Spectrum Technology
Lesson 4
Lesson four - Thinking skills for troubleshooting
Lesson 9
Lesson nine - Introduction to wireless Local Area Networks
Lesson 1
Lesson one - FTTX Basics
Lesson 10
Lesson ten - Radio Frequency Fundamentals
Transposing
Moving a quantity or term from one side of the equal sign to the other side and changing its sign is called?
IEEE 802.11ac devices also operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM range.
Operation as an IEEE 802.11ac device occurs only in the 5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) radio band, so how are 802.11ac devices able to maintain compatibility with earlier standards that operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM radio bands?
Orientation of an electromagnetic wave's electric field in relationship to the Earth's surface or plane.
Polarization is defined as what?
Wireless capability.
Residential gateways have been around for quite some time, but what capability was added to connect to IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac compliant devices?
1 - Identify the Problem 2 - Analyze the situation 3 - Isolate the elements 4 - Diagnose the symptoms 5 - Resolve the problem 6 - Verify the solution
Six Step Troubleshooting Process
Green/White Green Orange/White Blue Blue/White Orange Brown/White Brown
T568A pin configuration
Orange/White Orange Green/White Blue Blue/White Green Brown/White Brown
T568B pin configuration
125 mW.
The FCC rules regarding power output for frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) state that a maximum output to the intentional radiator (IR) with 5 MHz of carrier frequency bandwidth must not exceed?
You observe and take notes relevant to the issue.
The attribute of being "active" as a critical thinker means?
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
The first version of DOCSIS was approved as an international standard by what organization?
deductive reasoning
The process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations is called ?
Processing gain.
The ratio of chipping code to data bits for a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal is called What?
49
The square of 7 = ?
9
The square root of 81 = ?
Tell yourself "not now" and move onto a positive thought whenever negative thoughts occur.
To break the habit of a negative self-talk cycle...?
Divide-and-conquer method for troubleshooting, which can begin with measurements on customer premise equipment that offer easier access for testing.
To resolve where the source of a digital video problem lies, a technician uses...?
Prevent digital set-top box (STB) from overheating.
What DTV trouble call could have been avoided with customer education if the customer's STB is not vented properly?
Identify the source of emotional overload.
What is a method for controlling expectations?
Excessive data cabling.
What specific problem does a WLAN resolve for corporations and home users?
Decibels isotropic (dBi).
What unit of measurement is used to express gain of an antenna?
Wireless client devices on printed circuit cards that are to be installed in peripheral component interconnect or industry standard architecture adapters.
Which wireless client devices require drivers to be installed on a client node?
The enterprise wireless gateway enables a wireless network administrator to manage large wireless networks using only a few central devices instead of a very large number of access points.
Why should a wireless network administrator consider installing an enterprise wireless gateway in their network?
Lesson 14
Wireless Local Area Network Organizations and Standards
32.5 × 10^4
(75 × 10^3) + (25 × 10^4) = ?
RF LOS is accompanied by a Fresnel Zone, a series of concentric ellipsoid-shaped areas around the visual LOS path.
How does radio frequency line-of-sight (RF LOS) differ from visual LOS?
By transmitting over a wider frequency spectrum.
How does spread spectrum technology reduce probability of signal jamming?
Reversed at opposite ends, or cross-pinned.
How is silver satin cable used to connect telephone equipment to wall outlets typically pinned?
100 megahertz (MHz).
How wide is each of the three WLAN Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) bands?
E/R
If E = I x R then I = ?
To enable connection to a Wi-Fi network without a Windows interface.
In regard to Wi-Fi networks, what is WPS used for?
The QAM channel quality is on the edge for reliable reception, and the source of the problem is likely in the distribution network or customer premises.
What does a STB diagnostic page of a QAM channel showing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) near or below 30 dB indicate?
Finds interference sources and overlapping WLAN channels in the immediate area around a WLAN.
What does the spectrum analyzer utility do?
Optical line terminal (OLT)
What element of a passive optical network (PON) uses a Bragg grating filter?
Optical distribution network (ODN)
What element of a passive optical network (PON) uses patch panels?
WPA2.
What encryption method is the most secure for a wireless network?
Optical splitters
What fiber distribution component is used in a passive optical network (PON)?
It switches off DC voltage on that port.
What happens when an active Ethernet switch fails to sense a power over Ethernet (PoE) device on a port?
The power actually radiated by an antenna element.
What is Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?
Centralized management of only a few devices allowing an administrator to easily manage a large wireless deployment using only a few central devices.
What is a big advantage of using enterprise wireless gateways?
If a ceiling is too high, the coverage area might not reach the floor where users are located.
What is a consideration when mounting a high-gain omnidirectional antenna indoors on a ceiling?
AES.
What is the standard encryption method used with WPA2?
The 802.11ac.
Which 802.11 standard uses all three U-NII bands?
Infrastructure.
Which mode uses a wireless access point (WAP) connected to a wired network?
Spread spectrum technology allows wireless networking to create a short range, personal communications network.
Why is spread spectrum technology used in applications such as Bluetooth wireless personal area networks (WPAN)?
Protocol filtering allows an administrator to decide and control which protocols are used across a wireless link.
Why might media access control (MAC) or protocol filtering functionality be included on APs?
Notes and recorded data are tools that can help you accurately remember events at a site that can help you determine a plan of action or evaluate the decisions you made.
Why should you take the time to take notes and accurately record data at each job location?
4 , -5
0.00004 = ___?___ x 10 to the power of ___?___.
3.7669014
0.5349 divided by 0.1420 = ?
Milli
10 to the power of -3 has a metric prefix of ___?___.
7
-49/-7 = ?
Check the line of sight between remote control and set-top box.
If a digital video service customer reports that their set-top box does not respond to the remote control, what is the quickest and easiest thing to do first?
Presuming that all members of a group have certain characteristics.
What best describes stereotyped thinking?
Apply security.
What is the last step of basic wireless access point (WAP) setup?
Data Link Layer.
In which OSI reference model layer do WLANs operate?
Fiber-optic cable with pre-connectorized ends
What describes a fiber pigtail?
A wireless bridge.
What is a half-duplex device that is only capable of OSI reference model Layer 2 connectivity?
802.11g
What standard uses the 2.4-GHz band and runs at 54 Mbps?
WLANs, Bluetooth, and GPS.
Which networks or products use spread spectrum technologies?
19 5/9
3 6/9 + 6 1/3 + 9 5/9 = ?
The symptoms of the problem can be viewed, and any unusual screens or customer entries can be identified.
When analyzing a problem, what can the technician learn by asking customer to show or demonstrate the problem?
Lesson 13
Lesson thirteen - Antennas and Accessories
Lesson 3
Lesson three - Using equations and powers of numbers
10 meters or 33 feet.
What is the maximum range of Class 2, 2.5 mW, Bluetooth devices?
22 MHz and 5 MHz.
What is the width of DSSS channels and how far apart are their center frequencies spaced?
1.2:1
Which of the voltage standing wave ratios (VSWR) shown below is best for transferring RF energy between connections? > 2:1 > 1.2:1 > 1.4:1 > 1.5:1
Equally in all directions around its axis.
In what direction does an omnidirectional antenna radiate RF energy?
Order requests are unable to be received at headend due to poor or nonexistent return path connectivity.
What is a reason why a customer may not be able to order video-on-demand (VOD)?
A hemispherical or cylindrical pattern.
What is a typical coverage pattern of a semidirectional antenna?
The ability for more FHSS systems to be co-located than DSSS systems.
What is an advantage of FHSS over DSSS?
4 watts.
What is the FCC regulation for maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) from a point-to-multipoint (P22P) WLAN antenna?
802.11 standard.
IEEE first specified the use of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in 2.4 GHz Industrial, scientific and Medical (ISM) band with which standard?
The spread spectrum signal remains intact. Instead of being lost, data on the interfered frequency is retransmitted on one of the other nine frequencies.
In a frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) system that uses 10 frequencies across a 12 MHz frequency band, what happens if narrowband interference occurs at only one of the 10 frequencies?
A critical step in troubleshooting is verifying signal levels and signal quality at the tap to establish baseline performance for installation.
In addition to being accurate and detailed, a successful troubleshooter knows that...?
The telephone wiring polarity is incorrect, and the customer has a mix of older and newer DTMF touch-tone telephones.
In the customer premises, what could cause some dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) touch-tone telephones to have continuous dial tone caused by polarity reversal, but not other DTMF telephones?
Ground fault.
In unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, what's the term that describes when an information-carrying conductor makes contact with a grounded conductor?
IP version 4 (IPv4), IP version 6 (IPv6), alternate provisioning mode (APM), and dual-stack provisioning mode (DPM).
What IP address modes can a DOCSIS 3.0 and 3.1 modem be provisioned in?
A DC picker or tap.
What PoE device picks off the DC voltage that has been injected into a CAT-5e cable by an injector and makes it available to equipment through a regular DC power jack?
Refraction.
What RF behavior is defined as "the bending of a wave as it passes through a medium of different density"?
An access point (AP).
What WLAN device can be described as a half-duplex device with intelligence equivalent to that of a sophisticated Ethernet switch?
Allowing or denying wireless traffic using OSI reference model Layer 4 ports to filter Layer 7 applications.
What best describes protocol filtering that has been implemented in a wireless bridge?
40 mW.
What does IEEE specify as the maximum allowable power output into an intentional radiator for IEEE 802.11a-, 802.11n-, and 802.11ac-compliant devices operating on lower Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) radio band?
Provides capability to attach a different antenna to the AP using whatever length of cable necessary.
What is an advantage of an AP with a detachable antenna?
ad hoc mode
What is it called when several computers are sharing files without a WAP. Also known as peer-to-peer mode?
A Transposition
What is the term for the error caused when one end of an unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable is terminated in the T568A configuration and the other end in the T568B configuration?
Layer 1, Physical layer Layer 2, Data Link Layer Layer 3, Network Layer Layer 4, Transport Layer
What layers of the OSI reference model are specific to cable networks and are present only between DOCSIS modems and the cable modem termination system (CMTS)?
The option to increase the top frequency of the upstream to 85MHz.
What was introduced in DOCSIS 3.0 to allow more bandwidth for upstream carriers from previous DOCSIS versions?
76 Mbps.
What would be the downstream throughput if two QAM channels with a throughput of 38 megabits per second (Mbps) were bonded?
Someone with an inquisitive and relentless desire to solve and fix problems.
What's a good characteristic of a successful troubleshooter?
The Fresnel Zone defines an area around the RF line-of-sight (RF LOS) that can introduce RF signal interference if blocked.
Why is a Fresnel Zone important to the integrity of an RF link or path?
Identifying the Problem
You are at a customer's home and you are asking a customer whether their problem is intermittent or constant. Which step are you using from the six-step troubleshooting process?
802.11
Which WLAN standard specifies both spread spectrum RF and infrared (IR) transmission technologies?
Bluetooth
Which wireless technology utilizes frequency hopping?
Use voltmeter function; both network interface device (NID) and embedded multimedia terminal adapter (EMTA) provide a steady on-hook voltage.
How should a digital multimeter (DMM) be used to troubleshoot problems in telephone wiring?
Distributed star
What type of star topology used in a passive optical network (PON) places the PON splitters into fiber access terminal (FAT) located deep in the network and closer to the customer premises than the centralized split?
Single-port direct current (DC) voltage injectors Multiport DC voltage injectors Ethernet switches designed to inject DC voltage on each port on a given pair of pins.
What types of PoE devices are available?
true Axioms
When A=C and B=C, then A=B because both are equal to C. Quantities equal to the same quantity are equal to each other.
To avoid telling hackers exactly what the device is.
When configuring a wireless router, why is changing the service set identifier (SSID) from the device default recommended?
Reinforces technician's confidence that the problem will be resolved by replacing the splitter.
When replacing a splitter to resolve a DTV service problem, what does confirming splitter output levels before attaching output connectors do?
Identify where polarity of the telephone wiring is reversed.
When troubleshooting a continuous dial tone problem, what is it necessary to do?
STB reception of authorization message data.
When troubleshooting a digital TV (DTV) authorization issue, what can be verified using the set-top box (STB) diagnostic page?
32 dB or greater.
When using a digital signal analyzer to troubleshoot data throughput in the DOCSIS network, what is the minimum MER into the cable modem for a 256 QAM carrier?
Break loop into smaller sections and retest two sections to identify which one has wiring error. Continue to divide section with the error into smaller sections until wiring error is identified. Divide and eliminate.
If telephone wiring is in bus topology and twisted-pair cable tester is connected at embedded multimedia terminal adapter (EMTA) with remote unit connected to last outlet in the loop, what is the quickest way to locate incorrectly wired outlet if tester indicates a wiring error?
Compared to the downstream path, the narrower bandwidths and lower orders of modulation used to transport data over the return path cause the downstream and upstream data throughput to be unequal or asymmetrical.
In a DOCSIS network, why is the data throughput over the return or upstream path typically less than the throughput of data over the forward or downstream path?
As a building-to-building bridge used to link corporate network segments.
In what application might a WLAN be deployed in a distribution layer role?
Lesson 12
Lesson twelve - Wireless Local Area Infrastructure Devices
Lesson 2
Lesson two - Using Positive and Negative Numbers, Decimals, and Fractions
Step 1: Identify the problem.
Which step in the troubleshooting process requires a discussion with the customer to gather more detail about the problem?
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
What communications access technology does DOCSIS 1.0 use to send data upstream over the network's radio frequency (RF) return path?
Quality of service (QoS) controls, enhanced security, and adaptive equalization in the upstream path.
What requirements were needed for PacketCable to deliver a quality and reliable telephone service over a DOCSIS access network?
Class of service (CoS).
What security service in an enterprise wireless gateway enables a wireless network administrator to assign levels of service to a particular user?
Shielding problems in station wiring, poor terminations, or poor grounding and bonding connections.
What should be checked as a possible cause of hum on a customer's telephone line?
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology.
What technology does 802.11n and 802.11ac employ to help provide dramatic improvements in reliability, throughput, and operating range?
Multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) technology and spatial multiplexing.
What two technologies does the IEEE 802.11n wireless standard use to achieve data rates as high as 600 Mbps?
Point-to-point (P2P).
What type of connectivity is needed to connect networks between two buildings located across the street from each other?
Mobile classrooms, mobile offices, or even remote campus buildings where a small group of users need access into the main network.
Where are workgroup bridges (WGB) useful?
11
How many channels are available with IEEE 802.11g?
A bandwidth control unit (BCU).
What device would a WLAN administrator install between an access point (AP) or bridge and a network to give indoor LAN users as much bandwidth as possible?
900 MHz devices are more expensive and provide slower data throughput.
Why have 900 MHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band WLANs lost favor in comparison to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency systems?
Its ease of implementation and high data rates.
Why is DSSS the most widely known and most used spread spectrum type?
Verifying the solution.
You are at a customer's home and you believe you have solved the problem. When you check to be sure the resolution did not introduce any new problems, which step are you using from the six-step troubleshooting process?
802.11n
Which one of the following wireless standards utilizes the 5 gigahertz (GHz) frequency band for its signal transmissions? > 802.11b > 802.11f > 802.11g > 802.11n
There may be more than one contributor to a specific DTV service problem.
What must a technician be aware of when analyzing a digital TV (DTV) problem?
STB with DOCSIS Set-top Gateway (DSG) client software and embedded DOCSIS modems.
What type of set-top box (STB) operates more like DOCSIS cable modems with return channels on the same frequencies used for cable modems?
From the CMTS, which interfaces with the operations support system (OSS) and acts as a proxy or messenger that transfers messages and files between the modems and the respective servers.
Where do DOCSIS modems receive their configuration files, billing system messages, and access control messages from?
interframe spacing
Which component of frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) system creates more overhead than any similar component in a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system?
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).
Which enterprise wireless gateway feature allow you to quickly assign identical network access rights to persons within the same workgroup?
The Physical and Data Link Layers.
Which two OSI reference model layers does the MAC Layer in DOCSIS overlap so that the MAC can be used by the cable modem termination system (CMTS) to differentiate between cable modems?
WLANs are generally incapable of meeting requirements of network core layer, which needs to be very fast and stable, able to handle a tremendous amount of traffic with little difficulty, and must experience no down time.
Why WLANs usually deployed in an access capacity instead of as the network's core layer?
A semidirectional antenna.
What antenna type is ideal for making a point-to-point (P2P) network connection between two office buildings that are across the street from one another?
> An open circuit caused by a break in a conductor > Poor contact in a modular connector > An incorrect wire connection
What are likely causes when there is dial tone on one phone connected to an outlet, but not on two other phones connected to two different outlets?
Telnet/ssh (secure shell), universal serial bus (USB), and a built-in web server for browser access.
What are some common methods used to configure and manage APs?
Tighten connections between cables and connectors and use impedance-matched hardware throughout.
What are some measures that can be taken to prevent high VSWRs in transmitters and receivers?
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and low-density parity-check (LDPC).
What are two features that were added in DOCSIS 3.1 to extend the viability of hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks into the next decade?
Distance to access points (AP), rooftop access, lightning, trees, mountains, tower access, and other physical obstacles to connectivity.
What challenges do Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISP) have to overcome in order to provide "last mile data delivery" to customers?
Compliance with DOCSIS standard and interoperability between suppliers.
What criteria does DOCSIS certification process ensure?
placing direct current (DC) voltage onto a CAT-5e cable.
What describes a passive injector?
Ease administration tasks considerably when changing from one wireless network to another.
What do the profile configuration utilities do?
RFoG can operate in parallel with GPON or EPON, which eliminates the need for any downtime during the transition
What is it about radio frequency over glass (RFoG) that made broadband cable operators envision using it to make a seamless transition from the legacy hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) architecture over to a gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) or Ethernet passive optical network (EPON)?
Changing the infrastructure all at once would cause too many service disruptions
What is one reason why broadband cable operators install fiber-optic cable in stages instead of changing the infrastructure all at once?
In a straight line in all directions at once.
In what manner do radio waves propagate away from the source (antenna)?
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA).
What allows subsets of subcarrier paths to be assigned to single users, enabling simultaneous low-bit rate concurrent transmissions from multiple users?
An FTTC is allowed a smaller number of RF amplifiers between the optical fiber and the customer premises
What is the difference between the fiber-to-the-node (FTTN) and fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC) topologies?
The placement of pair numbers 3 and 4.
What is the difference between wiring configurations for a residential, 8-position, 8-contact (8P8C) modular plug and jack in the Universal Service Order Codes (USOC) and ANSI/TIA/EIA 570-B?
The DOCSIS Media Access Control (MAC) Layer.
Which Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) layer is used by the cable modem termination system (CMTS) to differentiate between cable modems?
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Which organization regulates the use of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices in the United States?
The cost of wireless technology has decreased and the quality has increased.
Why has it become cost-effective for enterprise companies to integrate wireless local area network (WLAN) segments into their networks?
