Fun 208 final

What are key vitamins and minerals in athletic performance?

B vitamins most importan, vitamin E, Vitamin C, calcium, iron,

Nutrient density refers to the amount of energy provided compared to the weight of the food.

False

All of the following are sources of simple refined carbohydrates EXCEPT?

Milk

an organism that lives in or on another organism and derives nourishment form it

Parasite

Cycling the volume, intensity, and activities of workouts throughout the training season

Periodization

What is the difference between type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM)?

T1DM is an autoimmune disorder while T2DM is a result of lifestyle

What is the function of bile? Select one: a. protects the stomach lining b. aids in protein digestion and absorption c. aids in fat digestion and absorption d. provides lubrication to move food through the GI tract

The correct answer is: aids in fat digestion and absorption

Dietary fats provide all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. rich texture and mouthfeel b. creaminess c. flavor d. protein

d. protein

How does the pancreas function in fat digestion and absorption? Select one: a. secretes insulin into the small intestine b. secretes bicarbonate into the stomach c. produces bile d. secretes lipase and other enzymes into the small intestine

d. secretes lipase and other enzymes into the small intestine

Identify the mineral that also functions as an antioxidant. Select one: a. calcium b. sodium c. phosphorus d. selenium

d. selenium

Protein turnover describes the amount of protein Select one: a. found in foods and the body b. absorbed in the diet c. used to make glucose d. synthesized and degraded

d. synthesized and degraded

The _____ amino acids the body can make, while the _____ amino acids must be ingested from food.

non-essential, essential

The study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes is known as

nutrigenomics

The science of foods and the nutrients and other substances they contain, and their actions within the body is known as

nutrition

What is the structural composition of sucrose?

one glucose and one fructose molecule

The first organ to respond to a rise or increase in blood glucose concentration.

pancreas

The process of heating food products to kill pathogenic microorganisms

pasteurize/pasteurizing

The movement of layers of muscles along the gastrointestinal tract that relax and contract.

peristalsis

A high-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP. It is used primarily during bursts of activity, such as lifting and jumping

phosphocreatine

All of the following are functions of the stomach EXCEPT?

secrete sodium bicarbonate

A person consumes 1200 calorie per day, and 145 grams of carbohydrates. Does their carb intake fall within the AMDR range for carbohydrates? TRUE = YES FALSE = NO

True 145 x 4 = 580 580/1200 = .48 or 48%

A meal contains 37 grams of protein. How many calories does this represent? Select one: a. 37 calories b. 148 calories c. 259 calories d. 333 calories

b. 148 calories

What is the AMDR % range for fats and lipids? Select one: a. 10-35% b. 20-35% c. 35-50% d. 45-65%

b. 20-35%

An organic, ie carbon containing molecule in muscle cells that serves as a part of a high-energy compound termed ________ phosphate or phospho______ capable of synthesizing ATP from ADP

creatine

A 2,800 calorie diet provides 30 grams of fiber. How many calories does the fiber provide?

0

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 grams per kilogram

What are intentional food additives?

- Added directly to food - More than 2800 substances

What are incidental food additives?

- Indirectly added as contaminant (e.g., pesticide residues) - As many as 10,000 substances

A person consumes 260 grams of carbohydrates per day on average. How many calories does this represent?

1040

How many amino acids are in the body? Select one: a. 9 b. 11 c. 16 d. 20

20

The AMDR % range for carbohydrate intake is

45%-65%

Fats and lipids provide how many calories per gram?

9

Aerobic energy source

ATP, Fat(lipids), Protein

Anaerobic energy sources

ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), Carbohydrates

In 2-3 sentences, discuss what is meant by protein sparing in terms of carbohydrate consumption. part 1

Adequate ingestion of carbs is vital for protein sparing in the body.

Should competitive athletes take amino acid supplements? Why or why not? part 1

Amino acids are the 'building blocks' for the body's tissues and materials which includes: muscle, skin, flesh, bones, and chemicals - for example digestive enzymes and hormones. Each amino acid has a particular function to perform and is used in the body in different ways.

Provide examples and identify why they are key part 1

B6, B12, Folate are involved in the formation of healthy red blood cells which transport oxygen.

In 2 - 3 sentences, briefly explain why body composition is a better indicator of overall health compared with BMI.

BMI is an indicator of weight to height ratio. Body composition looks at lean body mass and fat mass, which take into consideration location of body fat, and amount of LBM, which is more metabolically active than fat. BMI can be identical for two individuals of very different body shape and composition.

single-cell microorganisms; some produce poisonous substances, which cause illness in humans. They can be carried by water animals and people. They survive on skin, clothes, and hair, and thrive in foods at room temperature.

Bacteria

Should competitive athletes take amino acid supplements? Why or why not? part 5

But sometimes too much tyrosine can cause restlessness and anxiety and too much of others can cause frequent bowel movements. Generally using amino acid supplements with a regular diet should cause no side effects.

What are ways to reduce exposure to pesticides?

Buying food from safe areas.

Promotes food safety

CDC

Useable form of energy in the body (aerobic).

Carbohydrates, fat, protein

What is the AMDR for carbs, fat, protein?

Carbs 45%-65%, fat 20%-35%, protein 10%-35%

perfringens, grow only in anaerobic environments, low oxygen environments in soil or lake sediment and forms heat resistant spores

Clostridium Botulinum

green beans, corn and beets

Clostridium Botulinum foods

In your own words define 'complementary protein' and provide two examples.

Complementary protein: two food protein sources that together give essential amino acids which are inadiquate by themselves. Examples peanutbutter and whole wheat bread, beans and brown rice.

a bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and other animals, where it usually causes no harm. Some strains can cause severe food poisoning, especially in old people and children.

E. coli

undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk and juices, raw fruits and vegetables and contaminated water

E. coli foods

Regulate pesticides, Establish water quality standards

EPA

enforces pesticide tolerances in all foods

FDA

A major health risk associated with a BMI of 18.5 is type 2 diabetes Select one: True False

False

If one peptide chain is made up of three amino acids, it would be called a dipeptide. Select one: True False

False

The main difference between the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Adequate Intake (AI) in your own words, is what? part 2

From the text the AI is what we "use to evaluate your current intake of nutrients but realize that this designation implies that further research is required before scientists can establish a more definitive recommendation".

The main difference between the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Adequate Intake (AI) in your own words, is what? part 1

From the text the RDA is what we "use to evaluate your current intake for a specific nutrient". This is based on science and averaged for specific demographics within the population.

is one of several types of viruses that cause inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function

Hepatitis A virus

water, ice, salads, coldcuts, sandwiches, shellfish, fruit, fruit juices, milk products, vegetables

Hepatitis A virus foods

What is the risk for weight loss from dehydration?

If you lose more then 2% of body weigh through exercise.

When is fat used as a fuel source in exercise?

In moderate intensity exercises

terms of a vegetarian diet, what is meant when we refer to the quality of a food? Why is it important?

In terms of food quality in vegetarian diets, we are generally referring to protein quality. For protein quality the amino acid profile, or amount of essential amino acids that a food contains naturally is important to ensure appropriate nutrient intake and adequate nourishment throughout life preventing deficiencies, malnutrition, etc.

In 1-2 sentences, define ketosis.

In the absence of adequate carbohydrate intake, fats are metabolized. Fat metabolism is inefficient. Fats are not broken down completely and form ketone bodies. Ketosis is an unusual state and disturbs the body's acid-base balance, which can lead to other health problems.

In 2-3 sentences identify the primary function of insulin.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin works to primarily move glucose from the bloodstream into the body cells, including the synthesis of glycogen.

Provide examples and identify why they are part 2

Iron is involved in red blood cell production and oxygen transport and energy production. Calcium (especially need by women) calcium is needed for optimal bone health.

When is protein used as a fuel source in exercise?

It is used when glycogen stores are exhausted.

In general, once additional muscle mass is attained, should or how should protein intake be modified?

It should increase depending of the activity and intensity of the sport and the gender.

If an athlete struggles with fatigue, what is one of the first considerations?

Lack of carbohydrates for example we could give a sugary sports drink like Gatorade. (consume 30g to 60g of crab per hour.)

a type of bacterium that infects humans and other warm-blooded animals through contaminated food. food poisoning or other disease caused by infection

Listeria

Ready-to-eat deli meats and hot dogs, Unpasteurized (raw) milk and dairy products, Soft cheese made with unpasteurized milk, such as queso fresco, Feta, Brie, Camembert, Refrigerated smoked seafood, Raw sprouts.

Listeria food

Know the temperature danger zone

Most grow best in danger zone temperatures of 40º to 140ºF

Where does most of the energy come from?

Most of the energy come from metabolism of the branched chainged amino acids for example leucine, isoleucine, and valine.

#1 pathogen contributing to domestically acquired foodborne illnesses

Norovirus

raw fruits and vegetables

Norovirus foods

Briefly describe how do phytosterols work to lower cholesterol level?

Phytosterols reduce cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, lowering its return to the liver. The liver responds by taking up more cholesterol from the blood. Essentially phytosterols complete with cholesterol at receptor sites.

acidic or alkaline agents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, curing and pickling agents

Preservatives

In 2-3 sentences, discuss what is meant by protein sparing in terms of carbohydrate consumption. part 2

Protein sparing means that enough carbohydrate are consumed to allow protein to be used for structural growth and development, and not for energy through gluconeogenesis.

In 2 - 3 sentences define protein sparing and provide what conditions need to exist for protein sparing.

Protein sparing occurs when adequate calories from carbohydrate are present to be utilized as our bodies primary energy source. Protein sparing literally means to spare protein from being used as energy so that it can be used for its primary functions.

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the diet?

Provide energy

Ken is 275 lbs (125 kg), 6'4". His calorie requirement is 3250 calories per day. What is the RDA for protein for Ken?

RDA = .8 grams of protein / kg body weight 125 x .8 = 100 grams The correct answer is: 100 grams

Know the food and product responsibilities of the following U.S. agencies

Responsibility shared by FDA, EPA, Food Inspection Service of USDA

raw or undercooked eggs, raw milk, contaminated water, and raw or undercooked meats

Salmonella foods

compounds that bind free metal ions, reduce ability of ions to cause rancidity in foods containing fat

Sequestrants

a bacterium that is an intestinal pathogen of humans and other primates, some kinds of which cause dysentery.

Shigella

including salads (potato, shrimp, tuna, chicken, turkey, macaroni, fruit, and lettuce), chopped turkey, rice balls, beans, pudding, strawberries, spinach, raw oysters, luncheon meat, and milk

Shigella foods

Should competitive athletes take amino acid supplements? Why or why not? part 6

So an athlete can take amino acid supplements to increase muscle without any cause for concern.

In 1-2 sentences, what is the primary function of protein in the body?

The primary function of protein is in structure and function, growth and development. Protein is found in every cell in the body.

What is the purpose of the scientific method in nutrition?

The purpose of the scientific method is to allow research to set the foundation for nutrition knowledge and application. The SM is a testing procedure used to design and eliminate error.

What is meant by the term 'made with organic ingredients' on food packaging?

The term 'made with organic ingredients' means that only 70% of the ingredients in a food must be organic.

What is meant by the terms 'good' and 'bad' in reference to cholesterol?

These terms do not refer to dietary cholesterol, or cholesterol found in foods. 'Good' and 'bad' cholesterol refer to the type of circulating cholesterol in the body. HDL cholesterol is high density, so a larger amount of protein, and generally referred to as 'good'. LDL cholesterol is low density, so a larger amount of lipids, and generally referred to as 'bad'. Good and bad here reflect how the different types of cholesterol in circulation impact the risk for CHD.

Should competitive athletes take amino acid supplements? Why or why not? part 4

They are needed so that our body can make various repairs, make needed chemicals, and avoid certain illnesses. If a person takes too much amino acid supplement, then they usually are just discarded by the body.

What method of transport that requires a carrier protein and energy to move nutrients from the small intestine to the cells?

active transport

What is stored fat broken down to what? What part of the fat molecule is primarily used for energy?

Triglycerides get broken down into three fatty acids and a glycerol then the fatty acids are used for mostly the energy part.

Chemical substances found primarily in green plants that may contribute to health beyond our understanding are called phytochemicals.

True

Should competitive athletes take amino acid supplements? Why or why not? part 3

Twenty amino acids are known and 8 of these are essential because they cannot be produced by the body. They are: tryptophan, lysine, methionine, valine, leucine, lsoleucine, threonine, phenhylalanine, and histidine.

enforces wholesomeness and quality standards for grains and produce while in the field , meat, poultry, milk, eggs, and egg products

UDFS

What is the difference between a sports drink and an energy drink?

Unlike sports drinks energy drinks typically contain sugar, herbal extracts, large amounts of caffeine, and water-soluble vitamins

the smallest known type of infectious agent, many of which cause disease in humans. It is essentially a piece of genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein. They do not metabolize, grow, or move by themselves. They reproduce only with the aid of a living cellular host

Virus

Provide examples and identify why they are key part 3

Vitamin E and Vitamin C are antioxidant and is needed because exercise leads to increased production of free radicals.

What conditions do bacteria require to grow?

Water, nutrients, and warmth, most grow best in danger zone tempatures of 40drees to 140degrease Fahrenheit

Should competitive athletes take amino acid supplements? Why or why not? part 2

Without one particular type of amino acid, the repairs in the body will not be done. Amino acid supplements provides all the essential amino acids that the body needs.

Which of the following CANNOT be found in plants? Select one: a. Cholesterol b. Triglycerides c. Essential fatty acids d. Nonessential fatty acids e. fat soluble vitamins

a. Cholesterol

All of these foods contain cholesterol EXCEPT Select one: a. beans b. shrimp c. low fat milk d. chicken breast

a. beans

Which of the following is a naturally occurring source of vitamin D? Select one: a. egg yolks b. red meat c. tomato juice d. whole wheat bread

a. egg yolks

A person with an intake of 3,200 calories and an output of 3,900 calories would be said to be in Select one: a. negative energy balance b. basal metabolism c. energy equilibrium or energy balance d. positive energy balance

a. negative energy balance

What is the fate when excess dietary protein is consumed? Select one: a. protein is utilized for energy or stored as fat b. protein enhances muscle mass c. protein improves immune function and promotes water loss d. protein circulates in the blood until it can be used in the body

a. protein is utilized for energy or stored as fat

Toxic levels of water soluble vitamins generally only occur when Select one: a. taking a supplement b. not enough water is consumed c. cells are saturated, and excesses are free-flowing in the blood d. transport proteins aren't functioning properly for nutrients to enter the cells

a. taking a supplement

What is the scientific name for weight gain above the waist that is most associated with chronic disease?

android obesity

A method by which food and container are separately and simultaneously sterilized; it allows manufacturers to produce boxes of milk that can be stored at room temperature

aseptic processing

In a person's total energy expenditure, what is the % range expended by BMR? Select one: a. 50-60% b. 60-75% c. 70-85% d. 40-50% e. Can't determine

b. 60-75%

What is the amino acid pool? Select one: a. The total amino acid content derived from a 24-hour dietary intake b. A measure of the circulating essential amino acid levels available for protein synthesis c. The total amount of free amino acids in the circulation destined for deamination and excretion d. A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake

b. A measure of the circulating essential amino acid levels available for protein synthesis

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin Select one: a. A b. D c. E d. K

b. D

All of the following are functions of protein EXCEPT Select one: a. facilitate chemical reactions b. aid in digestion of minerals c. helps maintain fluid balance d. transport substances

b. aids in digestion minerals

The rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used in known as what? Select one: a. nutrition b. bioavailability c. absorption d. chemical potency

b. bioavailability

The protein that requires vitamin C for its formation is Select one: a. keratin b. collagen c. albumin d. bone matrix

b. collagen

All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D EXCEPT Select one: a. skin b. intestines c. liver d. kidney

b. intestines

What form of LDL cholesterol contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development? Select one: a. hypersaturated b. oxidized c. benign d. inverted

b. oxidized

A fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. Select one: a. unsaturated b. saturated c. polyunsaturated d. monounsaturated

b. saturated

What feature makes each amino acid unique? Select one: a. acid end b. side chain c. methyl end d. whether or not it contains choline

b. side chain

Why are vitamin E deficiencies rarely observed in humans? Select one: a. the vitamin is not essential b. the vitamin is widespread in foods c. vitamin E is a main ingredient in most supplements d. the vitamin can be synthesized in the body

b. the vitamin is widespread in foods

The main function of sodium is Select one: a. to add flavor to foods b. to maintain normal fluid balance c. to add with loss of appetite d. to assist in the absorption of iron

b. to maintain normal fluid balance

What is the recommendation for cholesterol intake per day? Select one: a. < 100 mg b. > 200 mg c. < 300 mg d. < 400 mg

c. <300 mg

Which one of the following is a complementary protein? Select one: a. Beans and broccoli b. Beans and chicken c. Beans and tortillas d. Rice and tortillas

c. Beans and tortilla

Good food sources of vitamin A include Select one: a. oatmeal, pinto beans, ham b. whole wheat bread, green peas, tuna c. apricots, turnip greens, liver d. corn, grapefruit, sunflower seeds

c. apricots, turnip greens, liver

What is the main function of vitamin K? Select one: a. calcium utilization b. energy metabolism c. blood clotting d. epithelial tissue renewal

c. blood clotting

An example of a high quality protein food would be Select one: a. peach b. broccoli c. eggs d. whole grain rice

c. eggs

Which of the following foods is a significant source of Omega 3 fatty acids? Select one: a. beef and other red meats b. lard and shortenings c. fatty fish d. peanut and almond butters

c. fatty fish

Which type of vegetarian would consume meatless meals occasionally or regularly, for any reason? Select one: a. vegan b. fruitarian c. flexitarian d. lacto-ovo

c. flaxitarian

What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults? Select one: a. rickets b. keratomalacia c. osteomalacia d. hyperkeratosis

c. osteomalacia

Which of the following group of foods are sources of saturated fatty acids? Select one: a. olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil b. safflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil c. palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil d. all of the above

c. palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil

A bacterium that typically infects the bowels. Now the leading cause of bacterial food poisoning, it is most often spread by contact with raw or undercooked poultry. A single drop of juice from a contaminated chicken is enough to make someone sick.

campylobacter jejuni

Raw and undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water.

campylobacter jejuni foods

is a strategy used by endurance athletes, such as runners, to maximise the storage of glycogen (or energy) in the muscles and liver.

carbohydrate loading

What is the chief function of pepsin? Select one: a. Emulsifies dietary proteins b. Activates hydrochloric acid c. Activates pancreatic proteases d. Cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides

d. Cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides

An example of an anthropometric assessment would include all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. skinfold thickness b. height c. body circumference d. blood pressure

d. blood pressure

Vitamin D can be synthesized from a precursor that the body makes from Select one: a. bilirubin b. tocopherol c. betacarotene d. cholesterol

d. cholesterol

Two or more foods combine their individual amino acid compositions and work together in such a way that they essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other - this is called what? Select one: a. reference protein b. amino acid supplementation c. protein energy malnutrition d. complementary proteins

d. complementary proteins

Which of the following is NOT a function of fats and lipids in the body? Select one: a. potential or stored energy b. insulation and protection c. production of cholesterol in the body d. enzymes

d. enzymes

This type of vegetarian would consume an omelet and yogurt at breakfast. Select one: a. vegan b. flexitarian c. fruitarian d. lacto-ovo

d. lacto-ovo

All of the following are indications that body weight is unhealthy EXCEPT Select one: a. hypertension b. upper body fat distribution c. high LDL cholesterol d. normal blood glucose

d. normal blood glucose

The known dangers of taking vitamin and mineral supplements include all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. vitamin or mineral toxicity b. the consumer may ignore warning signs of a disease d. pathogenic bacteria overgrowth in the large intestine from excess intake of certain nutrients can lead to an increased risk of infection

d. pathogenic bacteria overgrowth in the large intestine from excess intake of certain nutrients can lead to an increased risk of infection

Work-producing. An _________ aid is a mechanical, nutritional, psychological, or physiological substance or treatment intended to directly improve exercise performance.

ergogenic

Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?

muscle and liver

Manipulating the diet and physical training regimen so that muscles become more efficient at metabolizing fat as fuel during aerobic activity

fat adaptation

The six classes of nutrients that are essential to life are

fat, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, water

sickness caused by the ingestion of food containing harmful substance

foodborne illness

Functional foods are defined as

foods that contain specific compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions

Hormone secreted in response to food in the stomach.

gastrin

Anaerobic examples

high jump, long jump, intense weight lifting, 200 meter sprints

Activating digestive enzymes, the partial digestion of protein, and making minerals soluble for absorption is the role of which component of digestive juice?

hydrochloric acid

What structure separates the colon (large intestine) from the small intestine?

ileocecal valve

List the two hormones that function in regulating blood sugar concentration.

insulin and glucagon

A process in which radiation energy is applied to foods, creating compounds (free radicals) within the food that destroy cell membranes, break down DNA, link proteins together, limit enzyme activity, and cell functions of microorganisms that can lead to food spoilage

irradiation

Aerobic examples

jogging and distance swimming

A person who is unable to completely break down milk sugar may have a deficiency of

lactase

A three-carbon acid formed during anaerobic cell metabolism; a partial breakdown product of glucose; also called lactate

lactic acid

The synthesis of vitamins and short-chain fatty acids occurs in this organ

large intestine

What is the World Health Organization recommendation for total calories coming from added sugars in the diet?

less than 10%

The inability to digest dietary fat could result from a lack of what enzyme in the body?

lipase

One-way system for fluid from tissue spaces to enter the blood.

lymphatic

Glucose + Glucose makes this disaccharide.

maltose

What is the function of the liver in digestion of foods?

produces bile

literally, energy that is emitted from a center in all directions. Various forms of _________ energy include X-rays and ultra-violet rays form the sum

radiation

a bacterium that occurs mainly in the intestine, especially a serotype causing food poisoning. food poisoning caused by infection with __________ bacterium.

salmonella

Most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients and substances in the body occur in which organ?

small intestine

Regulates the flow of food particles.

sphincter

is a gram-positive bacterium that is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about a quarter of humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can produce energy (and thus survive) either in the presence or absence of oxygen.

staphylococcus aureus

ham, egg, tuna, chicken, potato, and macaroni. Bakery products, such as cream-filled pastries, cream pies,. Sandwiches.

staphylococcus aureus foods

After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the regions of the gastrointestinal tract?

stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon

What is the function of the gallbladder?

stores bile

What is the definition of a prebiotic?

substance that stimulates growth of bacteria in the large intestine

What is the most variable component of the energy balance equation?

they do not dissolve in water

What is the significance of having peer review (step 4) in the scientific method?

to critically review and evaluate the results

What is the primary role of a sphincter?

to prevent things from flowing backwards or up the GI tract towards the esophagus

What is the function of the enzyme maltase?

to reduce maltose to two molecules of glucose

Poisonous compounds produced by an organism that can cause disease

toxins

Name for the larger, finger-like projections of the small intestinal lining.

villus

(rare) too much water too quickly

water intoxication

Be able to discuss lifestyle factors have made foodborne illness is so common part 3

• Centralized food production • Imported ready-to-eat foods • Antibiotic-resistant strains - Use of antibiotics in animal feeds

What is the purpose of using food additives? part 2

• Increase safety of food distribution • Reduce the activity of enzymes that can change flavor and color of food

What is the purpose of using food additives? part 1

• Limit spoilage • Prevent undesirable changes in color and flavor

What is the significance of the GRAS List? part 1

• Manufacturers do not have to prove safety - Already regarded as safe • FDA - Responsible for proving that a substance does not belong on GRAS list - Some have been removed (e.g., red dye #3)

Be able to discuss lifestyle factors have made foodborne illness is so common part 1

• Mishandling of foods • Preference for meat cooked "rare"

What is the significance of the GRAS List? part 2

• Synthetic chemical is the same as the natural form

Be able to discuss lifestyle factors have made foodborne illness is so common part 2

• Use of immunosuppressant medications • Increase in number of older adults • Increased shelf life of products