Fundamentals of Management Ch. 13
With fixed interval reinforcement schedules, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.
True
The farm workers at Zacharice Farmpro, an agricultural production company, are given their weekly wages every Friday. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
Mellbalch is an electric appliance manufacturer. The employees of the company who are chosen as the best performers of the quarter are given financial incentives for their accomplishments. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
At Cuppamher, a paper carton manufacturing company, only the factory workers who meet their daily targets are eligible for the monthly bonuses that are disbursed along with their salaries. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
At Debrelas, a cosmetics manufacturing company, the salespeople are eligible for quarterly bonuses only if they meet their sales target for each month in that particular quarter. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?
A lab technician gets an incentive of $5 every time he analyzes 50 blood samples.
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?
A promotion to a higher position
Afecreen Inc. has an average of 85 working days in a quarter. The company conducts quality checks to assess the performance of its employees. The employees who perform well may receive a bonus after 70 days or 100 days, but the average interval between the completion of tasks and the receiving of bonus is 85 days. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A variable interval reinforcement schedule
Every member of the space selling team at Sportetine, a monthly sports magazine, is given a target of eight full-page advertisements. A member might receive his or her bonus after he or she secures seven, nine, or ten advertisements per month provided he or she manages to secure an average of eight advertisements. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Neil, a digital painter at an animation company, is given a monthly target of 15 projects. He completes 10 or 20 projects a month. He receives his monthly bonus as long as he manages to complete an average of 15 projects. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate?
A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Identify a step that managers can take to motivate employees using the expectancy theory.
Empower employees to make decisions
Leon, the production manager at a furniture manufacturing company, decides to underperform at work by not meeting his monthly targets. This is because he feels that no matter how well he performs, his incentives are only half of what the marketing manager receives. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?
Equity theory
Miguel is a fashion designer at an apparel company. Despite his seniority in the company, his salary is lower than that of the entry-level fashion designers in the company. As a result, Miguel is looking for another job. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?
Equity theory
Kathleen is elated after getting promoted to senior sales manager. She aims to get her next promotion by the end of the next fiscal year. She wants to gain more recognition in the organization and in the society. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Kathleen's _____.
Esteem Needs
At Ambrinsent, a start-up company, every employee chooses to go through an additional training process before promotion. The employees believe that their improved capabilities after training would be highly rewarded. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?
Expectancy theory
Derek is a manager. When Pamela, one of Derek's subordinates, was also promoted as a manager, he decided to work overtime so that he could finish more work and receive more incentives than Pamela. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?
Expectancy theory
Gordon, a bookings coordinator at a leading television channel, has been effectively supporting the work of the post-production personnel in the company. He believes that his efforts would make him eligible for promotion next year. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?
Expectancy theory
Extrinsic rewards are given to motivate people to look for better jobs outside a company.
False
Managers should reduce employees' outcomes to restore equity.
False
Pay, benefits, and job security/organizational financial stability are considered very important intrinsic factors that motivate employees.
False
Patrick, a marketing manager at Flares Inc., sets performance goals for his subordinates. He discusses the goals with one of his subordinates named Jim. Jim agrees to the specific goals and works toward achieving them. Which of the following components of goal-setting theory is illustrated in this scenario?
Goal acceptance
Which of the following defines motivation?
It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
Which of the following statements is true of reinforcement theory?
It says that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.
Which of the following statements describes positive reinforcement?
It strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences.
In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following statements is true of extinction?
It weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence.
In industrial psychology, which of the following equations best represents job performance?
Job Performance = Motivation × Ability × Situational Constraints
Which of the following steps is a manager most likely to take if he or she is using goal-setting theory as a motivational tool for his or her employees?
Making sure workers truly accept organizational goals
Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?
Reducing employees' inputs
A furniture manufacturing company in the city of Capontash has decided to start operations in the underdeveloped island country of Ballowan. None of its operations staff and trainers want to move to Ballowan because the towns there are not as developed as the towns in Capontash. Therefore, the company gives the top 10 best-performing employees of the next quarter an option to not relocate to Ballowan. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?
Reinforcement theory
After Herman was appointed the chief financial officer of an e-commerce company, the company recorded the highest ever profits. The company's board of directors decides to offer Herman a luxury car so that he would continue his good work and remain with the organization. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?
Reinforcement theory
Sam is a fashion designer for Flix, an apparel store. He usually goes beyond his primary role of designing clothes to suggesting marketing strategies to the marketing team. This gesture is well appreciated by his supervisor as the company sees an increase in the number of its customers. As a result, the supervisor rewards Sam with a bonus for his good performance. Which of the following theories of motivation does Sam's manager use in this scenario?
Reinforcement theory
The engineers at Westbloc Inc. who failed to complete their tasks on time were asked to work on weekends without additional pay. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?
Reinforcement theory
The human resources department of Mevertyn, a public relations firm, decided to stop giving meal coupons to the employees who come late to office. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?
Reinforcement theory
According to goal-setting theory, managers should assign challenging goals to motivate employees.
True
Alderfer suggests that people are just as likely to move down Maslow's needs hierarchy as up.
True
Employees who perceive layoff procedures to be fair tend to continue to support and trust their employers.
True
In the context of reinforcement theory, reinforcement contingencies directly affect the attractiveness of rewards.
True
Which of the following is a difference between fixed interval reinforcement schedules and variable interval reinforcement schedules?
Unlike fixed interval reinforcement schedules, with variable interval reinforcement schedules, the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specified average.
Which of the following is a difference between fixed ratio reinforcement schedules and variable ratio reinforcement schedules?
Unlike fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, with variable ratio reinforcement schedules, consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors that vary around a specified average number of behaviors.
Which of the following is a difference between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards?
Unlike intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards are offered to employees by the management for doing something well.
In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.
Which of the following is a difference between variable interval reinforcement schedules and variable ratio reinforcement schedules?
Variable interval reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on time, whereas variable ratio reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on behaviors.
Which of the following is a difference between fixed interval reinforcement schedules and fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?
With fixed interval reinforcement schedules, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior, whereas with fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors.
Lori is considered one of the most successful lawyers in Sambatton, a law firm. She likes working on challenging cases and prefers working independently. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Lori is most likely motivated by the need for _____.
achievement
Nathan, a civil engineer in a construction company, is one of the best performers in the organization. He is assigned challenging projects by his manager. He delegates low-risk tasks in projects and takes up the high-risk ones. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Nathan is most likely motivated by the need for _____.
achievement
Although Chad, an accountant at a supply chain management company, worked overtime this week, he readily agreed to his supervisor's request to work for five more hours during the weekend. This is because Chad likes to cooperate with his superiors. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Chad is most likely motivated by the need for _____.
affiliation
As part of his job, Keith was asked to relocate to a country far away from his home country. He has been feeling lonely ever since. As he is unable to adjust with the local language, people, and food, he requests his supervisor to transfer him back to his home country. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Keith's _____.
belongingness needs
Debra is a fashion model. She recently broke up with her boyfriend of four years. To cope with depression, she keeps herself busy with work and frequently parties with friends. She likes being surrounded by people, and she never misses social gatherings organized by her modeling agency. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Debra's _____.
belongingness needs
When the employees of a company feel that rewards are fairly allocated, it illustrates _____.
distributive justice
Billy initially started playing golf as a hobby. As he began to get better at the sport, he wanted to represent his club in the championships so that he could get sponsorships and get recognized for his talent. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Billy's _____.
esteem needs
Clarence used to work as a doctor in a federal government hospital. After retiring, he started a private clinic to continue practicing medicine and to maintain his reputation as a doctor. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Clarence's _____.
esteem needs
Melissa, a lawyer by profession, was considered one of the best singers in her previous company. After she switched jobs, she registered for all music-related activities in her new company so that her talent could be recognized in the new company as well. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Melissa's _____.
esteem needs
Ruth, a cashier at a private bank, strongly believes that no matter how much effort she puts in or how many hours she works overtime, she will not be offered a promotion in the next 10 years. In this scenario, Ruth's beliefs are in accordance with _____.
expectancy theory
Citrus Inc., a leading Internet service provider, provides its top managers with a bonus every year. However, this year the company performed poorly and its average stock price dropped below the industry standards. The company decided not to reward the managers this time around. This scenario typically illustrates the reinforcement contingency of _____.
extinction
Edwin has been working as a commissioning editor in a publishing firm for the past two years. To reward him for his excellent performance, the company promotes him to the position of head editor. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.
extrinsic reward
Jude, a salesman, received a bonus of $1,000 from his employer for meeting his quarterly sales target. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.
extrinsic reward
Victor, a software engineer, accepted a project for developing an easy-buy application for cell phones. The project had a stringent deadline that other engineers deemed impossible to complete. With proper planning and motivation, Victor was able to develop the application on time. Victor's accomplishment was rewarded with a pay increment. In this scenario, Victor was awarded a(n) _____ for his efforts
extrinsic reward
With continuous reinforcement schedules, a consequence:
follows every instance of a behavior.
According to _____, goals energize behavior and also create tension between the goal, which is the desired future state of affairs, and where the employee or company is now, meaning the current state of affairs.
goal-setting theory
Pyramid Inc. conducted its employee performance appraisals. One of the clerks, Fiona, is unsatisfied with her appraisal as she feels that she was underrewarded in comparison with her co-workers, despite her hard work. She is frustrated and tries to talk to her boss about it in the hope that the issue will be resolved. In this scenario, Fiona is trying to _____ to restore equity.
increase her outcomes
Brent, a waiter at a restaurant, always provides good service to the customers. He believes that his supervisor is fair and hopes that his supervisor would appreciate his performance by giving him a salary hike the next year. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.
instrumentality
In the context of expectancy theory, _____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.
instrumentality
Rick is a machine operator in a plastic manufacturing company. He believes that if he performs better, he will receive more incentives. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.
instrumentality
Lois has been working as an illustrator in a marketing communications company. She is good at her work and knows how to use different illustration software packages. She enjoys her job as she gets to learn new styles of artwork. She is extremely content with her growth in the organization. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.
intrinsic reward
Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by the _____.
need for power
McClelland stated in his theory that:
needs are learned, not innate.
Alex works as an accountant in a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has been affected because of his workload. Alex is eligible for a promotion. However, the new position would demand longer working hours with double the current salary. Alex values his health over his pay check at the end of the month. In the context of expectancy theory, the demand for longer working hours has a _____ for Alex.
negative valence
According to equity theory, employees compare the rewards they receive from their organization with the contributions they make toward their organization. This comparison is known as the _____.
outcome/input ratio
Although Marvin, a sales manager, did not perform well as a human resource manager, he performs exceptionally well in his current supervisory role. His subordinates complete their tasks despite complaining about his constant supervision and inflexible nature. Marvin's team has been meeting quarterly targets ever since he became the supervisor. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Marvin is most likely motivated by the need for _____.
power
As the chief innovation officer of a textile firm, Leroy has the ability to motivate employees to work toward organizational goals. He has an entrepreneurial outlook and an adventurous personality. He also has extensive knowledge of the company's products and target audience. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Leroy is most likely motivated by the need for _____.
power
After two of Mary's colleagues were laid off from their jobs for no specific reason, Mary started looking for a better job. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Mary's _____.
safety needs
Juan wants to take a few insurance policies for financial security. Therefore, he compares different insurance products online to find the ones with good returns. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Juan's _____.
safety needs
At the peak of her career, Evelyn, a tennis champion, wanted to launch her own sports shoe brand. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Evelyn's _____.
self-actualization needs
In the context of equity theory, _____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I) ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio.
underreward
In the context of equity theory, when people perceive that they have been under rewarded, they may try to restore equity by:
withholding their inputs.